Isifunda saseSaratov siseningizimu-mpumalanga yengxenye yaseYurophu yaseRussia, engxenyeni esenyakatho yesifunda saseLower Volga. Ukusuka entshonalanga kuya empumalanga insimu ifinyelela ku-575 km, ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu - ku-330 km.
Inani labantu besifunda ngokusho kweKomidi Lezibalo Lombuso laseRussia lingabantu abayizi-2. (496). Isabelo sabantu basemaphandleni singama-552%. Isifunda saseSaratov ngokwesiko siyindawo yezolimo. Ngomthamo wemikhiqizo yezolimo ekhiqizwayo, lesi sifunda sisezingeni le-2014 phakathi kwezifunda zaseRussia.
Ingqikithi yendawo yamapulazi (kuzo zonke izigaba zomhlaba) ingamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-8417,6. Isabelo samapulazi ezindaweni ezitshaliwe singama-45%.
Isimo sezulu esifundeni sinezwekazi elipholile: ihlobo elide, elomile, elishisayo, elinenani elibalulekile lezinsuku ezinezinga lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-30°C. Ubusika buyisithwathwa, intwasahlobo yimfushane. Ikwindla ayihlukani unyaka nonyaka ngokulingana kwesimo sezulu. Amafomu okumboza iqhwa azinzile ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ngoNovemba 25, nasezifundeni ezimaphakathi neziseningizimu - kusukela ngoNovemba 29 kuya kuDisemba 8.
Imboni yokutshala amazambane ithathwa njengenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-agro-industrial complex yesifunda saseVolga. Umhlabathi kanye nezimo zezulu zesifunda saseSaratov ngokuvamile zivuna ukutshalwa kwamazambane, okunquma ukubaluleka kwawo okubalulekile kwezomnotho esifundeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuye kwenzeka izinguquko ezinkulu ekukhuleni kwamazambane esifundeni eminyakeni yamuva. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obudinga amandla kanye nezinsiza zamandla alinganiselwe kuholele ekwenyukeni kwezindleko zokukhiqiza amazambane. Ngenxa yalokho, umkhakha womphakathi unciphise kakhulu indawo engaphansi kwamazambane kanye nomthamo wokukhiqizwa kwawo. Ngakho-ke, isabelo samabhizinisi ezolimo namapulazi (amapulazi) ekukhiqizeni amazambane esifundeni saseSaratov sehle sisuka ku-22% ngo-1990 saya ku-5% ngo-2012.
Isimo samanje sibe nomthelela omubi ekuhlinzekeni okuzinzile kwamazambane kubantu basemadolobheni, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sasebusika-entwasahlobo, okuholele ekuwohlokeni kwekhwalithi yemikhiqizo, kube nomthelela ekwehleni kokuncintisana kwamazambane endawo uma kuqhathaniswa nemikhiqizo evela. izifunda zasePenza, Tambov, Voronezh nezinye izifunda eziseduze zaseRussia, kanye naphesheya.
Izici zokukhula
Naphezu kobunzima benhloso, izici ezilandelayo zinomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kokukhiqizwa kwamazambane esifundeni:
- ukudliwa kwamazambane ngokwesiko okuphezulu nokuqhubekayo;
- izimo zemvelo ezivumayo kanye nesimo sezulu ezindaweni eziningi;
- ukuvunda okuphezulu kwenhlabathi ye-chernozem eBhange Lokunene, izingxenye ezisenyakatho nezimaphakathi zeBhange Lesobunxele, lapho kungenzeka khona ukuhlela ukukhiqizwa okuzinzile kwamazambane ngaphansi kokunisela;
- ithuthukise ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha nolwazi;
- ukuba khona kokuxhumana kokusekelwa kwesayensi kwemboni evela ku-All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming (VNIIKH, esifundeni saseMoscow), iSaratov State Agrarian University eqanjwe ngalo. N.I. Vavilov”, Isikhungo Socwaningo Lwezolimo eNingizimu-mpumalanga kanye nePenza Research Institute of Agriculture;
- ukuqaliswa kwamaphrojekthi amakhulu okutshalwa kwezimali ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa nokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokugcina amazambane (ngo-Okthoba 2012, isivumelwano senziwa nenkampani yaseMalino, esakha ubuchwepheshe besimanje bokutshala amazambane ezindaweni eziningi zaseRussia);
- Izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokusekela umbuso kubakhiqizi bamazambane kusuka kwisabelomali sesifunda.
Eminyakeni yamuva, amabhizinisi ezolimo namapulazi aphawule ukwanda okukhulu kwesivuno samazambane uma kuqhathaniswa namapulazi asendlini (ithebula). Kodwa-ke, izindawo ezitshaliwe zincane - ngo-2012, emabhizinisini ezolimo esifundeni, amazambane atshalwa endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-0,5 futhi ku-K (F) H - kumahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-0,7. Emapulazini amahlanu kuphela indawo etshalwe amazambane yayingaphezu kwamahektha angama-50 (i-RosAgro-Zavolzhye LLC esifundeni saseKrasnokutsk, ipulazi laseRubin esifundeni saseBazarno-Karabulak, VIT LLC, Shcherenko P.Yu. ipulazi labalimi kanye nepulazi laseKryuchkova M.P.." Isifunda sase-Engels). Ngo-2013, abakhiqizi bezolimo abangaphezu kuka-35 abakhulu, abaphakathi nabancane babelima amazambane esifundeni saseSaratov. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kakade emapulazini ayisishiyagalombili indawo yamazambane idlule amahektha angama-50.
Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kokutshala amazambane kufanele kuhloswe ukuhlinzeka abantu basemadolobheni esifundeni ngemikhiqizo yekhwalithi, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sasebusika-entwasahlobo. Umthamo wokusetshenziswa kwamazambane ngalesi sikhathi, ngokususelwa kumazinga wezokwelapha afanelekile (95 kg ngonyaka), ungadlula amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-60,0. Kusuka kumathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-10 kuye kwezingama-20 amazambane angeniswa esifundeni minyaka yonke, ingxenye enkulu yawo engakhiqizwa emapulazini amazambane esifundeni. Isimo esibaluleke ngokulinganayo sokuthuthukiswa kokukhula kwamazambane esifundeni kufanele kube yinhlangano yesistimu yokugcina, ukucubungula nokudayiswa.
Izinkinga zesitoreji
Ezimweni zesimanje zemakethe, kubalulekile hhayi kuphela ukukhiqiza amazambane asezingeni eliphezulu, kodwa futhi ukuwagcina kuze kube sekuvuneni okusha, ukunikeza imikhiqizo ukubukeka okudayiswayo, nokwenza amaqoqo amakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala okuvamile ezinhlanganweni ezithengisa izinto ezithengiswayo nezithengisayo. . Lokhu kungafezwa inqobo nje uma kunohlelo oluthuthukisiwe lokugcina nokucubungula.
Njengamanje, esifundeni azikho izinsiza ezanele zokugcina amazambane ezifakwe imishini, umoya osebenzayo kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula isimo sezulu. Amazambane agcinwa ikakhulukazi ezitolo zemifino noma ezinqolobaneni eziphelelwe yisikhathi. Izikhungo ezinkulu zesimanje zokugcina amazambane zisepulazini labalimi "Shcherenko P.Yu." kanye nepulazi labalimi "Kryuchkova M.P." Isifunda sase-engels.
Abakhiqizi bamazambane banamandla okugcina amazambane angaba amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-10. Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi izindawo zokugcina zisatshalaliswa ngokungalingani phakathi kwabakhiqizi bempahla: abakhiqizi bamazambane abayi-12 kwabangama-35 abakhulu, abaphakathi nabancane banabo.
Kusobala ukuthi izindawo zokugcina ezikhona azanele umthamo ohleliwe wokukhiqiza amazambane. Ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokugcina izinto ezintsha kuphazanyiswa yizindleko eziphakeme zokwakhiwa kwazo. Izindleko zokwakha indawo yokugcina amazambane enomthamo wamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1,5-2 zifinyelela kuma-ruble ayizigidi eziyi-11-12, ngevolumu yamathani ayizinkulungwane ezi-3-3,5 - ama-ruble ayizigidi ezingama-22-23.
Awekho ngokuphelele amabhizinisi okucubungula amazambane esifundeni angasiza abakhiqizi bezolimo ngokuthengisa kahle imikhiqizo, njengoba kwenzeka eHolland, eJalimane, eDenmark, eFrance, e-USA nakwamanye amazwe.
Ukwesekwa kukahulumeni
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhula kwamazambane esifundeni, uhlelo oluhlosiwe oluthi "Ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane esifundeni saseSaratov ngo-2013-2013" lwasungulwa ngo-2015. Ukuqaliswa kwalolu hlelo kunikeza ukwanda kancane kancane kwe-acreage yamazambane alinywa ngesisekelo sezindlela zesimanje zobuchwepheshe nezobuchwepheshe, ukwanda kwesivuno kanye nokukhiqizwa okuphelele kwemikhiqizo yamazambane, ukwakhiwa kwesisekelo esisha kanye nezobuchwepheshe emapulazini amazambane, kanye nokwakhiwa kwemisebenzi eyengeziwe.
Ngo-2013-2015, uHulumeni Wesifunda SaseSaratov uhlela ukuhlinzeka ngosizo ezinhlanganweni zezolimo kanye namapulazi abambe iqhaza ekukhiqizeni amazambane ekuthengeni imishini namathuluzi, imbewu kanye nomanyolo wamaminerali, okuzoqinisekisa ukwanda kwesivuno esikhulu samazambane ngo-2015 uma kuqhathaniswa 2012 kanye 2013 iminyaka 1,9 kanye 1,5 izikhathi, ngokulandelana.
Ukuqaliswa kwesethi yezinyathelo zokusekelwa kombuso ekukhuleni kwamazambane ngezindleko zesabelomali sesifunda saseSaratov kuzosiza ukukhulisa ukukhanga kokutshalwa kwezimali kwale mboni kumabhizinisi ezolimo namapulazi.
1. Ukusabalalisa amazambane okunengqondo esifundeni ngokwenani lokusetshenziswa, ukukhulisa ukubekwa kwezinhlobonhlobo kanye nokuhlela ukukhiqizwa kwembewu esezingeni eliphakeme.
Kuhlelelwe ukuthuthukisa ukutshalwa kwamazambane ezimbonini e-Bogara e-Bazarno-Karabulaksky, eNovoburassky, eLysogorsky nakwezinye izindawo ze-Right Bank. EBhange Lokunxele elomile, izindawo eziniselwayo zamapulazi e-Engels, Sovetsky, Krasnokutsky, Marksovsky nezinye izifunda zizokwabelwa ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane.
Izinhlobo ezikhiqiza kakhulu futhi ezivumelaniswe nomhlabathi nezimo zezulu zesifunda yizinhlobo ezikhethekile zamazambane ezimelana nesomiso ezidalwe abalimi basekhaya be-All-Russia Research Institute of Agriculture kanye nePenza Research Institute of Agriculture ikakhulukazi esifundeni saseVolga.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ukwandisa imigomo yokusetshenziswa, kunconywa ukuthi kukhule izinhlobo zamaqembu ahlukene okuvuthwa - izinhlobo zokuvuthwa zakuqala ukuze zisetshenziswe ehlobo; phakathi nenkathi - ekwindla; ukuvuthwa sekwephuzile - ukusetshenziswa ebusika nasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo.
2. Inhlangano yokukhiqizwa kwembewu esezingeni eliphezulu esifundeni.
Ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane ama-Elite kuzothuthukiswa ezinhlanganweni zezolimo ze-northern microzone, lapho kungekho khona amathuba okuthi izitshalo zitheleleke ngezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza imbewu obuqhubekayo busetshenziswa (ukutshala ehlobo, ukuhluma okuhlukahlukene, uhlelo oludidiyelwe lokuvikela izitshalo, njll.). Ochwepheshe abavela e-VNIIKH naseSaratov State Agrarian University bazohlinzeka ngosizo lwesayensi ekukhiqizeni imbewu esezingeni eliphezulu. Ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwembewu ye-zonal, kuyadingeka, okokuqala, ukudala izimo zokudayiswa kwezinhlobo zamazambane ezikhiqizwa abalimi basekhaya.
3. Ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe besimanje okonga izinsiza zokutshala amazambane.
Isenzakalo esibalulekile ekuqalisweni kwalolu Hlelo ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe besimanje bokutshala amazambane ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokongiwa kwezinsiza. Zonke izinto ezintsha eziqanjiwe kumele zihlukaniswe kuye ngomhlabathi kanye nezimo zezulu zezindawo ezincane ezihlukahlukene zesifunda kanye nesisekelo sempahla nezobuchwepheshe zamapulazi.
Ubuchwepheshe be-biologized bubandakanya ukutshalwa kotshani obungapheli kanye nomquba oluhlaza, ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yebhayoloji ekwelapheni izilimo eziyizigaxa nezilimo zamazambane (Baikal EM-1, mizorin, rizoagrin, flavobacterin, njll.), okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa umanyolo wamaminerali kanye ne-organic ngenkathi ugcina ibhalansi yezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuvunda komhlabathi. Ukusetshenziswa kwamalungiselelo ebhayoloji okuvikela izitshalo (i-boverine, i-trichogramma, njll.) kuzonciphisa izindleko zezibulala-zinambuzane futhi kuqinisekise ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo enobungani bemvelo. Ukunciphisa umthelela wokucindezeleka wesomiso endaweni yethu, kunconywa ukusetshenziswa kwama-agent akhethekile we-biological anti-stress.
4. Ukuthuthukiswa okubanzi kobuchwepheshe embonini yokutshala amazambane.
Ukuqhuba amazambane esimanje esifundeni, kuhlelwe ukuhlomisa amapulazi abakhiqizi bezolimo ngezinsiza-, imishini eyonga amandla nemishini yokukhiqiza, ukuhlunga nokugcinwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, kucatshangelwa izici zezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuphatha. Inqubo eyinhloko yokukhetha imishini: ukwethembeka, ukuguquguquka, ukutholakala kwezingxenye ezisele kanye nesevisi esheshayo eqinisekisiwe.
5. Ukwandisa indawo yamazambane aniselwayo ngokubuyisela izindawo ezikhona kanye nokudala izindawo ezintsha zokuchelela.
Ukukhulisa amazambane ngaphansi kokunisela akugcini nje ukunciphisa izingozi zemvelo, kodwa futhi kukhulisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwezomnotho kokukhiqizwa kwawo. Isivuno semikhiqizo evela ezindaweni zamazambane anisiwe siphindwe kabili kunezindawo ezifanayo ngaphandle kokunisela, kanye nokukhiqiza kwabasebenzi kanye nokusebenza kahle kokusebenzisa izinsiza ezibonakalayo kanye nezobuchwepheshe, kuhlanganise nomanyolo, ukwandisa izikhathi ezintathu kuya kweziyisihlanu.
Kanye nokwanda kwesimanjemanje kwemishini yokunisela yeFregat neVolzhanka ekhona, ezindaweni ezinomhlabathi okhanyayo naphakathi nendawo, kuhlelwe ukuthi kushintshele kuzinhlelo zokuchelela ezonga izinsiza zesimanje - imishini yohlobo lwezigubhu enevolumu ephansi, ehlakazekile futhi i-drip irrigation.
6. Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezinto ezikhona kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindawo ezintsha zokugcina amazambane.
Ukuhlinzeka umphakathi wesifunda saseSaratov ngamazambane unyaka wonke, kunconywa ukuthi kwakhiwe izindawo zokugcina amazambane zesimanje ezinomthamo okungenani amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-40 wezilimo eziyizigaxa, ezinezinhlelo zokungenisa umoya, ukulawula isimo sezulu kanye nezindlela zokulayisha nokuthulula ngomshini. Amabhizinisi ayisisekelo (imikhiqizo eseqediwe) kanye nokujula (utshwala, isitashi, ama-chips, ama-French fries, njll.) azokwakhiwa ezindaweni ezinkulu zokugcina amazambane.
7. Ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo zokugcinwa, ukucubungula nokudayiswa kwamazambane avela kubakhiqizi bezolimo bendawo.
Ukuhlelwa kwezikhungo ze-logistics kuzokwandisa kakhulu ukuncintisana kwamazambane avela kubakhiqizi bezolimo bendawo.
8. Ukuqeqeshwa kwenkontileka okuhlosiwe kochwepheshe.
Ukuqeqeshwa kwenkontileka okuhlosiwe kochwepheshe bokutshala amazambane kuzokwenziwa yiSaratov State Agrarian University. Kungenzeka ukuqeqesha iqembu elikhethekile lamakhosi emkhakheni wePotato Growing.
9. Iziqu ezithuthukisiwe zochwepheshe abavela ezinhlanganweni zezolimo nezinhloko zamabhizinisi ezolimo abandakanyeka ekukhiqizeni amazambane.
Lolu hlelo luhlinzeka ngokuqeqeshwa okuthuthukile kwaminyaka yonke kwabalimi bamazambane ezifundweni ezihlelwe esikhungweni sokuqeqesha e-Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Saratov State Agrarian University eqanjwe ngalo. N.I. Vavilov” kanye ne-ICS yesifunda.
Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwamazambane, kuhlelwe ukubamba uchungechunge lwezingqungquthela zesayensi nezisebenzayo ngesisekelo sokuhola amapulazi atshala amazambane esifundeni, okuhloswe ngawo kokubili ukuqeqeshwa kanye nokushintshisana ngolwazi phakathi kwabahlanganyeli bomcimbi. Njengengxenye yombukiso wesifunda waminyaka yonke kanye nombukiso othi "Usuku Lwensimu", abaphathi nochwepheshe bemboni yokutshala amazambane bazojwayelana namamodeli wakamuva wemishini yezolimo nezinsizakusebenza kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane ezithembisayo.