Kusuka kumagazini No. 4 2015
Isigaba: Isifunda
Indawo yesifunda: 55,3 km2.
Inani labantu: Bangu-618703 abantu, abangaphezu kuka-70% abangabahlali basemadolobheni.
Isikhundla sendawo: Lesi sifunda sisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yengxenye yaseYurophu yezwe, ingxenye yesifunda saseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga Federal.
Isimo sezulu izwekazi elipholile, eliseduze nolwandle. Ibonakala ngomswakama owedlulele, iziphethu ezipholile, ezinde, ihlobo elipholile, ukufudumala, ikwindla ende nobusika obupholile. Ebusika, isifunda siba nesimo sezulu esiguqubele ngokuncibilika njalo. Ehlobo kuvame ukuna, ngokuvamile okwesikhathi esifushane (izinsuku eziyi-12-17 ezinemvula ngenyanga). Ekwindla, isimo sezulu esinamafu sinqoba ngenkungu ende (izinsuku eziyi-12-14 ngenyanga), imvula ikakhulukazi ngesimo sezimvula ezidonsa isikhathi eside, ngoNovemba kaningi ngendlela yeqhwa.
Izinga lokushisa lonyaka elijwayelekile lingu +4,9°C. Umswakama ophezulu womoya ohlobene ubonwa ngesikhathi sasekwindla-ebusika, ufinyelela ku-88% ngoNovemba-December. Isilinganiso sosuku lwesithwathwa sokugcina entwasahlobo singoMeyi 18, isithwathwa sokuqala ekwindla singoSepthemba 18. Isilinganiso sobude besikhathi esingenasithwathwa yizinsuku eziyi-143.
Ngesikhathi sokukhula (izinsuku ezingu-175), imvula engu-400-430 mm iwa (60% wesimiso sonyaka). Ihlobo (inkathi enamazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka +10°C) ithatha izinsuku eziyi-140. Isembozo seqhwa esizinzile sisungulwa maphakathi no-December (idethi yasekuqaleni nguNovemba 11) futhi iphikelela izinsuku eziyi-110-120.
Impumuzo. Entshonalanga yesifunda kukhona indawo ephansi yePriilmenskaya eyisicaba, ukuphakama kwayo akudluli ku-60-70 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Empumalanga kukhona i-Valdai Upland enezindawo eziphakeme ezifinyelela ku-300 m. Zombili lezi zingxenye zihlukaniswe izindawo ezihlukene ezinamafomu amancane okusiza. Lokhu kushiwo ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kweValdai Upland.
Umhlabathi. Isifunda sigcwele inhlabathi ene-soddy-podzolic, evame ukugcwala amanzi ngamazinga ahlukahlukene. Izici zabo ezihlukile ukushuba okuncane komkhathizwe olimayo, i-asidi ephezulu, okuqukethwe okuphansi kwezakhi kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-humus ephansi.
Indawo yezolimo: 10,8 amahektha ayizinkulungwane.
Isifunda saseNovgorod singesinye sabaholi ekukhiqizeni amazambane esifundeni saseNorthwestern Federal District. Ukuthuthukiswa kwale ndawo kwenziwa lula umhlabathi osezingeni eliphezulu nezimo zezulu kanye nokuba seduze kwezimakethe ezinkulu zokuthengisa. Ukutshala amazambane kuthathwa njengendlela enenzuzo kakhulu embonini yokutshala izitshalo. Inzuzo isukela ku-25 kuya ku-45%. Kungokwemvelo ukuthi amanani okukhiqiza amazambane athengiswayo akhula minyaka yonke. Masikhumbule ukuthi ngo-2000, kuphela amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingu-160-180 "isinkwa sesibili" akhule esifundeni saseNovgorod. Ngo-2015, abakhiqizi bezolimo esifundeni bakhiqiza amathani amazambane angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingama-368, okungama-20% ngaphezu kwemiphumela yangonyaka odlule (okubandakanya isivuno esikhulu ezinhlanganweni zezolimo sikhuphuke ngo-87%, emapulazini abalimi - ngama-85%). Ngakho-ke, kumhlali ngamunye esifundeni saseNovgorod kulo nyaka kunamazambane angama-595 kg, okujwayelekile kungu-95 kg.
Ngokuvamile, ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane kukhuphuke izikhathi ezingu-1,7 kule minyaka emihlanu edlule.
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ngempumelelo ezolimo kanye nokukhulisa ukuzinza kwezezimali kubakhiqizi bezolimo, ukusekelwa kukahulumeni kuyadingeka. Izinyathelo zokusekelwa okunjalo zihlinzekwa ngaphakathi kohlaka lohlelo lukahulumeni lwesifunda saseNovgorod "Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-agro-industrial complex yesifunda sase-Novgorod ngo-2014-2020" kanye nohlelo oluhlosiwe lomnyango "Ukuthuthukiswa kokukhula kwamazambane nokudalwa kwempahla ( izikhungo zewholesale nokusabalalisa) zokugcina, ukulungiselela ukuthengiswa kwangaphambili nokudayiswa kwamazambane, imifino nezithelo esifundeni saseNovgorod ngo-2014-2016." Njengengxenye yalezi zinhlelo, abakhiqizi bezolimo esifundeni bathola uxhaso lokuthenga nokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane, ukuthengwa kwemishini yokugcina, ukulungiselela ngaphambi kokuthengisa nokudayiswa kwamazambane, imifino nezithelo.
Ukukhiqiza imbewu
Ukuthuthukiswa kokukhula kwamazambane akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwezinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu zembewu. Amapulazi amahlanu akhiqiza imbewu yamazambane asedaliwe esifundeni. Namuhla, amabhizinisi asathuthuka ngenkuthalo. Kulo nyaka, indawo engaphansi kokutshalwa kwezambane elite inyuke ngo-8% (uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga lika-2014).
Kuhlelwe ukuthi la mapulazi azokhiqiza amathani angaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyisi-8 zembewu yamazambane ekhiqizwa kakhulu.
Isigaba esilandelayo ekuthuthukisweni kokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane kuzoba ukwakhiwa kwelabhorethri yokukhiqiza imbewu yamazambane ngaphandle kwegciwane.
Ingqalasizinda
Ukugcina, ukulungiselela ukuthengiswa kwangaphambili nokudayiswa kwamazambane, kwakhiwa izikhungo ezintathu ze-logistics esifundeni (ezimbili e-Novgorod neyodwa ezifundeni zaseBorovichi), ezingaphatha amathani amazambane ayizinkulungwane ezingama-45. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlinzeka abantu besifunda ngemikhiqizo esezingeni unyaka wonke, ukuhlinzeka ngamazambane amasha ezitolo eziwuchungechunge futhi kudayiswe ngaphandle kwesifunda, okunomthelela omuhle emalini engenayo yabakhiqizi.
Ekupheleni kwalo nyaka, izindawo ezintsha zokugcina amazambane ezinamandla amakhulu okugcina amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-5,1 zizosebenza esifundeni. Ngo-2016, kuhlelwe ukuthi kwakhiwe ezinye izindawo ezimbili zokugcina amazambane ezifundeni zaseSoletsky naseShimsky ezinomthamo wokugcina amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-30. Ngakho-ke, izimfuneko ezidingekayo zenziwa esifundeni ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane.
Ozimele
Izikhungo ezintathu zesekondari zemfundo yezolimo kanye ne-Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources zisebenza ngempumelelo esifundeni saseNovgorod. Bahlinzeka isifunda ngabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe. Minyaka yonke, lezi zikhungo zemfundo ziklomelisa ongoti abangaba ngu-400 bemfundo yezandla ephakeme nabangu-50 ngama-diploma. - imfundo ephakeme yobungcweti, iningi labathweswe iziqu liqhubeka nemisebenzi yalo yobungcweti emabhizinisini ahamba phambili ezolimo esifundeni.
Amapulazi amazambane
Amapulazi abalimi baka-Ivan Geletey kanye noSergei Yakovlev basesifundeni saseBorovichi babonisa imiphumela emihle njalo; Anatoly Lipatov, Denis Pavlyuk, Ivan Pireev kusukela Novgorod esifundeni. Isivuno kuzo sifinyelela ku-500 c/ha. Amazinga aphezulu okulima amazambane atholakala minyaka yonke emapulazini kaVladimir Kondranin, u-Arbi Kadyrov wesifunda saseShimsky, kanye noNikolai Kolesnikov wesifunda saseSoletsky. Isivuno kulawa mabhizinisi simisiwe ezingeni lika-250-280 c/ha.
Amaphrojekthi amasha okukhiqiza amazambane ezindaweni ezisanda kwethulwa nawo ayasetshenziswa esifundeni. Esifundeni saseVolotovsky, i-Novgorod Potato System LLC itshale amahektha ayi-100 amazambane kulo nyaka, isivuno sasingu-300 c/ha. Ngonyaka ozayo inkampani ihlela ukwandisa indawo yokutshala ibe ngamahektha angama-300. Esifundeni saseSoletsky, iBristol LLC yatshala amahektha angama-460 amazambane, isivuno sasingu-350 c/ha. Kunezinhlelo zokwandisa indawo ibe ngamahektha ayi-1200. Lapho ufinyelela umthamo wokuklama, umthamo wokukhiqiza amazambane uzoba amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-163.
Amathemba
Umgomo oyinhloko wesifunda emkhakheni wezolimo ukufeza ukuhlinzekwa okugcwele kwabahlali ngemikhiqizo yokudla ekhiqizwa emhlabathini waseNovgorod. Kulokhu, umkhakha wamazambane ungasebenza njengesibonelo kwabanye. Isifunda sesivele sizimele ngokuphelele kumazambane, nakuba, kunjalo, imiphumela ezuziwe ayiwona umkhawulo wamathuba.
Lesi sifunda sineziphakamiso zezindawo zokutshala imali ukuze kuthuthukiswe izindawo ezahlukahlukene, ezinye zazo sezivele zidingeka ngenxa yesimo esihle sokutshala imali esidalwe esifundeni. Konke lokhu kuzoba nomthelela ekukhuleni okuqhubekayo kwemikhiqizo yezolimo. Ngonyaka ozayo sihlela ukukhiqiza amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-400 wamazambane futhi siyaqiniseka ukuthi lo msebenzi ungokoqobo futhi ungaxazululeka ngokuphelele.
Abahleli bathanda ukubonga uMnyango Wezolimo Nokudla Wesifunda SaseNovgorod ngokulungiselela ukwaziswa.