Kusuka kumagazini: No. 4 2016
Isigaba: Ukugaywa kabusha
Semyon Ganich, uMqondisi Jikelele we-Dry Food LLC
Njalo ngonyaka, amapulazi ezolimo abhekana nezinkinga zokugcina kanye nokumaketha kwemikhiqizo ekhulile. Ukuqaliswa kwezixazululo ezingajwayelekile kuvame ukudala ubunzima obuthile. Kwamanye amapulazi, kufika ku-50% wesivuno semifino kuyasetshenziswa.
Masikhumbule. Indlela elula yokugcina imifino nezithelo ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni noma, ngamanye amazwi, ukomisa. Amapulazi amaningi aseSoviet ake asebenzisa izitshalo ezincane ezomisa ukucubungula imikhiqizo engeyona ejwayelekile. Ngeshwa, cishe akukho lutho olusele embonini yokomisa e-Russian Federation, ngaphandle kwe-Institute of Canning and Drying Industry (ngaphandle kwama-workshops amancane amancane ahlakazekile). Kodwa “indawo engcwele ayibi nalutho.” Lesi sikhala saqala ukugcwaliswa ngokushesha ngemikhiqizo engenisiwe evela eChina, India, Poland, njll. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kunesidingo esiqhubekayo semifino eyomile e-Russian Federation.
Isidingo
Ukungeniswa minyaka yonke kwemikhiqizo eyomisiwe eRussian Federation, ngokwezibalo zamasiko, kungamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-189. Kuphi lokhu kugeleza?
Isici esiphawulekayo salesi sikhathi samanje ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwesistimu yezokudla yomphakathi. Inani lezindawo zokudlela, amakhefi, namaketanga ahlukahlukene okudla okusheshayo liyakhula. Futhi, ukuhlinzeka nge-sanatorium-resort, ezokwelapha, ezemfundo, izimboni namanye amabhizinisi nezinhlangano. Futhi yonke indawo kunesidingo semifino eyomile.
Ngokwehlukana, kufanelekile ukusho imakethe yabakhiqizi bemikhiqizo yokudla esheshayo nesheshayo. Ukuthengiswa kokugxila kokudla kwemvelo nokudla okusheshayo kwenziwa kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:
- inani labantu;
- abathengi abakhethekile (izikhungo zokugcinwa komthetho, uMnyango Wezimo Eziphuthumayo, uMnyango Wezokuvikela, i-GUIN, njll.)
- uhlelo lokuphekela umphakathi, kuhl. i-social sphere (ama-canteens ezikole, izinkulisa, amanyuvesi, izibhedlela, njll.);
- ukukhiqizwa kokudla (ukukhiqizwa kokudla okusemathinini, amajusi emvelo neziphuzo, imikhiqizo yabasubathi; ukubhaka, ukukhiqizwa kwe-confectionery, njll.);
- amabhizinisi okuhweba.
Izinga lesidingo semifino eyomile enamanani anjalo okukhiqiza lapha kunzima ukulilinganisa ngokweqile.
Ingabe amaRussia "angawina" i-niche evela kubahlinzeki bangaphandle? Nginesiqiniseko sokuthi abakhiqizi basekhaya kwadingeka babhekane nemisebenzi enzima kakhulu ngesikhathi sokushintshaniswa kwempahla evela kwamanye amazwe. Kulokhu, konke kulula: thatha futhi ube ne-sushi!
Ukomisa ubuchwepheshe
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kwemikhiqizo enomswakama ophezulu: ukomiswa kwe-convective, i-vacuum, i-vacuum-sublimation, i-infrared, ukomiswa kwe-microwave.
Uhlobo olulula nolujwayeleke kakhulu ukomisa nge-convective.
Izindawo ezilandelayo kufanele zihlinzekwe ku-workshop yokukhiqiza yalolu hlobo lokomisa:
- ukugcina ukunikezwa okuthile kwezinto ezingavuthiwe ukuze kuhlelwe ukusebenza okungaphazamiseki kokucubungula ukukhiqizwa;
- ukulungisa izinto zokusetshenziswa (ukuhlanza, ukusika);
- Igumbi lokumisa ngqo;
- izindawo zokugcina kanye nokugcinwa kwemikhiqizo eqediwe;
- izindawo zokukhiqiza ezisizayo.
Lesi sihloko asihlosile ukuveza yonke imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe yokukhiqiza. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuphinda ugcizelele ubulula benqubo yokugaywa kabusha.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko zamabhizinisi zokomisa izithelo nemifino zisezingeni eliphezulu, kodwa ezingekho ezingeni elijwayelekile (usayizi) izinsalela zemikhiqizo evela ezikhungweni zokugcina izimpahla nezokusatshalaliswa. Yebo, uma usebenzisa izitshalo zakho, unezinketho eziningi. Isibonelo, ungalawula izinga lomswakama ezintweni ezingavuthiwe ngokukhetha izinhlobo ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwento eyomile yokutshala. Ukuphakama kwento eyomile, isivuno somkhiqizo oqediwe siba sikhulu futhi kuthakazelisa kakhulu umnotho wokukhiqiza.
Uma uhlela ukukhiqiza ngokusekelwe ezintweni zokusetshenziswa ezithengiwe, kuzodingeka ulungise amanani okuthenga kuye ngekhwalithi yemikhiqizo yokuqala kanye nokukhiqiza okulinganiselwe.
Ezomnotho zephrojekthi
Umnotho wokomisa, yiqiniso, ubalwa ngamunye. Okuningi kuncike kumthamo wokukhiqiza, izinto zokusebenza ezisetshenziswayo, izindleko zezinto ezingavuthiwe nezinsiza endaweni ethile.
Kunezinketho eziningi zokuhlela ukukhiqiza: ama-mini-workshops anamandla angama-100 kg / ihora wezinto ezingavuthiwe; ama-workshops omthamo ophakathi - kusuka ku-1 ton / ihora; ama-workshops anamandla amakhulu - amathani angu-1,5-3 ngehora lezinto zokusetshenziswa (lena iphrojekthi engabizi kakhulu). Amabhizinisi akhiqiza kakhulu adinga izindleko ezinkulu zokuthutha nezokuthutha. Inqubo lapho ukhula khona.
Njengoba umkhuba ubonisa, ngokuhlelwa kahle komsebenzi, imikhiqizo yamabhizinisi amakhulu namancane iyaqhudelana ngentengo.
Nakuba ungakwazi ukugxila kuphela ezindleko eziphansi. Kunezimo lapho ibhizinisi, selilondoloze uhlobo oluthile lwemishini noma ubuchwepheshe, empeleni lithola umkhiqizo ongekho isidingo emakethe.
Ake ngikwenzele isibonelo (ngaphandle kwegama lenkampani). Inkampani X ithenge, nakuba ingeyona entsha, iyunithi yokomisa eyenziwe yaseYurophu enezici ezinhle zobuchwepheshe. Nganquma ukuhlehlisa ukuthengwa komsiki wemifino. Ngenxa yalokho, izici ze-organoleptic zomkhiqizo oqediwe zihambisana nezindinganiso ze-GOST, futhi ukuma okudabukile kokusikwa awanelisi noma yimaphi amaklayenti.
Imbangela yezinkinga eziningi ezingathi sína lapho uhlela umhlangano wokucobelelana ngolwazi ukunganakwa kobuchwepheshe obunconywayo. Ukonga ngokweqile esigabeni sokwakhiwa kwemigqa yokukhiqiza kuyiphutha lofuzo ekufakweni. Yebo, konke kuncike emandleni; siphoqeleka ukuthi sisebenze ngaphansi kwezimo zezinsiza ezilinganiselwe. Kodwa kungcono ukukhetha umugqa onokukhiqiza okuphansi, kodwa ngezindawo zokukhiqiza ezilinganiselwe kanye nemishini yekhwalithi ephezulu.
Obunye ubunzima ukukhethwa kwemishini ezocutshungulwa. Kukhona izinhlinzeko ezimbalwa eziyingozi emakethe yaseRussia. Lapho sisebenzisa amaphrojekthi wokuhlela ukukhiqizwa okomisa, siphoqeleka ukuthi siqoqe, njengobuhlalu bube ubuhlalu, izinto zokusebenza ezivela kubakhiqizi abahlukene namazwe ahlukene. Futhi dala ngalesi sisekelo indlela ehlanganisiwe yenqubo eqhubekayo.
Lapho unquma ukuhlela ukukhiqizwa okomisa, zibuze imibuzo yokuqala:
- Yiziphi izinsiza engivele nginazo (noma ezikhona): izakhiwo, igesi, ukuphakelwa kwamanzi nendle, ugesi?
- Yiziphi izinto zokusetshenziswa ezitholakalayo (ezingezakho noma ezithengiwe) ngaphakathi kwebanga elingu-200 km?
- Isiphi isabelomali engingasihlinzeka ngokuhlela ukukhiqiza?
- Ngasiphi isikhathi sesikhathi engifuna ukuqalisa ngaso iphrojekthi yami?
Ngemva kokuphendula le mibuzo, ungaqala izingxoxo nabahlinzeki bemishini noma nochwepheshe abavela ezinkampanini zonjiniyela abasebenza ngokukhethekile kulo mkhakha.
Ngokwehlukana, mayelana izaqathi
Izaqathe namuhla zingenye yezitshalo zemifino ezivame kakhulu eRussia. Ezimweni zokuncintisana okwandayo kubathengi, izitolo namaketanga zinikeza imikhiqizo emisha: emashalofini ungathola kalula izaqathe ezigeziwe, ezibilisiwe, njll. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, intengo yokuthengisa yomkhiqizo iyanda, kodwa, enye, izidingo zabahlinzeki. Abathengi baya ngokuya befuna izithelo "ezijwayelekile", "ezinhle". Umthengi uzimisele kancane ukuthenga izaqathe ezingahlangabezani nezidingo zakhe zosayizi nokubukeka. Ngenxa yalokho, isivuno esiningi (kwesinye isikhathi kufika ku-50%) sihlala singafunwanga. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, umlimi ubhekana nezinkinga zokuguquguquka kwentengo kanye nokulondolozwa kwesilimo esitshaliwe. Ngakho-ke, phakathi nenkathi, izindleko zezaqathe eziluhlaza ziyancipha kakhulu, futhi ukuze kulondolozwe amanani akhulile ebusika nasentwasahlobo, ukutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile ekugcinweni kuyadingeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba begcine isivuno, abakhiqizi bangase bangatholi inzuzo abayifunayo, lapho bebhekene nezinhlinzeko zokuncintisana ezivela kubahlinzeki bezaqathi abavela emazweni aseningizimu (i-Iran, i-Azerbaijan, njll.).
Ngenxa yalokho, abakhiqizi abaningi, ukuze ngandlela-thile "babuyise" izimali ezisetshenziswe ekukhuleni nasekuvuneni, baphoqeleka ukuthi "banikeze" isivuno kubathengisi ngamanani aphansi.
Ungayandisa kanjani inzuzo yakho futhi ugweme ubungozi bentengo? Setha ukukhiqizwa kokucubungula, okungukuthi, qala ukomisa izaqathi.
Nazi ezinye izinzuzo zalokhu kukhiqizwa: izaqathe ezomisiwe azidingi izimo ezikhethekile zokugcina nezokuthutha, ziyancipha ngevolumu (kufika ku-4 izikhathi) nesisindo (kufika ku-8 izikhathi). Impilo yeshelufu ikhuphuka ibe yiminyaka emi-3, ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwezilondolozi ezengeziwe. Kuhlala kunesidingo esiqhubekayo sezaqathi ezomisiwe; abathengi abakhulu izimboni ezilungisayo. Ukudala ibhizinisi akudingi ukutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile, isikhathi sokukhokha izinkathi ezingu-1-2.
Manje, ngokuyisisekelo, izaqathe ezomisiwe zingeniswa izinkampani zokuhweba ezivela phesheya, nakuba abathengi abaningi banesithakazelo ekuthengeni imikhiqizo yasekhaya. Lokhu kunciphisa ubungozi bemali yabo, izindleko zokuthutha nezokuthutha, nokuncika kwamanye amazwe kwemikhiqizo ephelile.
Ukutshalwa kwezimali kuyisici esibalulekile kubakhiqizi bezolimo. Izinkampani eziningi ezinkulu manje sezicabanga ngokujulile ngokutshala imali yazo kwezolimo. Amabhizinisi afunde kahle ukucutshungulwa kwemikhiqizo ekhulile, ngisho nangamavolumu amancane, athola izinzuzo ezibalulekile lapho ekhetha amaphrojekthi okuxhasa ngezimali.