Kusuka kumagazini: No. 4 2016
Isigaba: Ukuxhumana kochwepheshe
Yu.A. Masyuk, O.V. Abashkin, L. Ya. Kostina, Yu.P. Boyko, G.V. Grigoriev,
O.A. Starovoitova, D. V. Abrosimov, E. V. Oves, O.A. U-Aleksyutina, i-All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming
Abantu abaningi cishe baye babona izinambuzane ezincane, ezintekenteke zindiza zisuka kwenye indawo ngezindawo zinamehlo egolide aphimiselayo, akhazimulayo, ezithole ngazo igama lesiRashiya elithi “lacewings.” Ama-lacewings amadala avame ukundizela ezindlini, akhase engilazini noma ahlale ezindongeni. Lezi zinambuzane zingezohlelo lwe-Neuroptera (Neuroptera), umndeni wama-lacewings = Chrysopidae.
Cishe izinhlobo ezingu-6000 zama-lacewings ziye zachazwa ezilwaneni zomhlaba. Izinambuzane ezindala (imago) zifinyelela ku-6 kuya ku-180 mm ubude. Amehlo azo ayinkimbinkimbi, athuthuke kahle, futhi aheha ukunaka ngosayizi wawo omkhulu kanye nokucwebezela kwensimbi. Umlomo wama-lacewings ungowohlobo oluququdayo. Amaphiko avamise ukuphumela obala, kodwa kwezinye izinhlobo zaseningizimu ayabonakala. Emaphikweni kunemithanjeni eminingi emide futhi eguquguqukayo, eyakha iphethini yesici ngendlela ye-mesh, yingakho igama lesiRashiya - reticularis. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, amaphiko angemuva alingana nobude namaphiko angaphambili, ngezinye izikhathi mafushane kunamaphiko angaphambili, kulezi zimo ambozwe ngengubo emhlophe. Lezi zinhlobo zinemithambo embalwa kanye nomzimba omncane. I-lacewing ihlanganisa nesinambuzane esidume umhlaba wonke futhi esicishe sasakazwa emhlabeni wonke i-Antlion (Myrmeleon formicarius L.), esinemihlathi eqinile. Izibungu ze-Atlion zimba amafaneli esihlabathini esixega noma enhlabathini bese zidla izinambuzane ezigingqika kuzo, ikakhulukazi izintuthwane (yingakho igama). Kunezibungu ezilacewing ezihlala emanzini futhi eziphefumula ngamagill. Lapho zizingela izinambuzane ezincane nezibungu zazo.
Ama-lacewings aphikelelayo asonga amaphiko awo afana ne-pearlescent noma ama-iridescent ngendlela efana nophahla. Kunezinhlobo ezinombala ophuzi ngokukhanyayo, oluhlaza okotshani kanye nonsuqu.
Ama-lacewings ayingozi ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinambuzane ezingadini zemifino, amasimu, amasimu ezithelo namahlathi. Lezi zinambuzane zidla ikakhulukazi ama-aphid, abathwali abakhulu bezifo ezibangelwa amazambane, kanye nezibungu zesicabucabu, ezidala umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni zasengadini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zidla amaqanda nezibungu ezisanda kuzalwa zezinambuzane eziningi, kuhlanganise ne-Colorado potato beetle. Zidla nezibungu ezisanda kuzalwa zezinhlobo ezincane nezinkulu zezimvemvane, kuhlanganise nedlelo kanye namabhu ommbila; izibungu ezindizayo kanye namabhungane asanda kucwiliswa angakavuthwa ngemva kokuncibilika, izimbungulu ezidla uhlaza, amasawflies namathrips. Ama-lacewings amadala adla umpe nempova, izitshalo eziqhakaza impova
Ama-lacewings ayengenye yezokuqala ezakhiwe ngobuningi ukuze kuvikelwe izitshalo ezibamba ukushisa ezinambuzaneni, ikakhulukazi kuma-aphid. Izindlela zokuzalanisa kwabo ngobuningi ezindaweni zaselabhorethri nezimboni sezithuthukisiwe. Ukuzalanisa, abantu bemvelo be-pearl lacewing = izinhlobo ze-Chrysopus pearl zasetshenziswa. (Chrysopa perla Steph.), Chinese lacewing = Chrysopa sinica Tj, Ileyisi enhle = Taiwanese lacewing = Chrysopa formosa Br, Common lacewing = Chrysopa vulgaris = Chrysopa carnea Steph. = Chrysopa vulgaria Schn. (Chrysopa septempunctata Wesm.).
Izinambuzane ezikhulile zidedelwa ezindlini zokugcina izithombo nasemasimini ukuze zilwe nama-aphid nezinye izinambuzane ezincane.
Iningi lezinhlobo ze-lacewing zihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo. Ezweni lethu, abavame kakhulu abameleli bomndeni wakwaChrysopidae okuwukuphela kohlobo lweChrysopidae - cishe izinhlobo eziyi-10 sezizonke. Lezi zincane ezinhle (ubude bomzimba obusuka ku-6 kuya ku-25 mm, ububanzi bamaphiko busuka ku-19 kuya ku-50 mm) izinambuzane ezindizayo ezinendiza ebuthakathaka ezindizayo.
Zingatholakala yonke indawo. Amatasa kakhulu uma kuhwalala nasebusuku, endizela ekukhanyeni. Ama-lacewings wesifazane abeka okusaqanda, amaqanda aluhlaza okotshani, atholakala ewodwa noma ngamaqembu ubude (obude kakhulu kunezinwele zezitshalo zemvelo) iziqu ezincane ezinosilika, ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwamaqabunga, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho ama-aphid asakazeka khona, lapho izibungu zazo ziqala khona ukuzingela ngokushesha. ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa (akumele kudidaniswe namaqanda ama-aphid, angahlali phezu kweziqu, kodwa alale eduze nangaphansi kweqabunga). Ezisikazi ziphila cishe izinyanga ezimbili futhi zizalela amaqanda angaba ngu-800 ngayinye. Izibungu ziyi-fusiform emide enemihlathi emide emise okwesikela. Ngemuva kwezibungu zezinhlobo eziningi kunephethini ehlanganisa imigqa emnyama namabala. Kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, ingemuva limbozwe isihlangu esixegayo esenziwe ngezikhumba zezinambuzane ezizidlile noma izingcezu zamaqabunga omile, amagxolo ezitshalo nezinye izinsalela zezitshalo. Izibungu zikhula zibe izingxenye ezintathu, emva kwalokho zivuthele obala ezitshalweni, ngaphansi kwamagxolo ezihlahla, noma phezu kwezingqimba zomhlabathi. Ama-lacewings aya ebusika esiteji se-prepupa emifeceni esilika, eyindilinga, eminyene, emhlophe-esiliva noma empunga. Kwesinye isikhathi izinambuzane ezikhulile zikhula kakhulu ebusika.
Izinhlobo ngazinye zama-lacewings ziyehluka ngobukhulu, umbala wamaphiko nemithambo yazo, ukuvuvuka kwamaphiko, kanye nephethini ekhanda nasemzimbeni. Kunezinhlobo okunzima ukuzihlukanisa ezingabonakala kuphela ngokufunda ibhayoloji yazo, ukuziphatha, izindawo ezithandwayo zemvelo kanye nohlu lwezilwane ezizidlayo.
Izinhlobo ezilandelayo zama-lacewings zitholakala ezindaweni zethu:
Isifinyezo se-lacewing = Isifinyezo seChrysopa Curt. Kukhona indawo emnyama ngaphakathi kwezimpondo. Kunomugqa omnyama ngemuva kwekhanda. Imithambo ngayinye yamaphiko imnyama.
I-Altai lacewing = I-Chrysopa altaica Holz. I-sutures ye-thorax kanye nezingxenye zokuqala zesisu zimnyama futhi zivelele ngokumelene nesizinda somzimba. Kunendawo emnyama phansi kwemilenze yangaphambili. Ngokubukeka kwehluka kancane kukhefana le-Lacewing. Izibungu ziyazidla. Izinambuzane ezindala zidla umpe kanye nempova (umsoco ongeziwe) futhi zingabathuthi bempova bezitshalo, ikakhulukazi izilwane ezidla ezinye. I-Prepupae overwinter emifeceni ethambile.
I-lacewing astarte = I-Chrysopa iqala i-Holz. Kunamabala abomvu amnyama ekhanda. Izimpondo eziseceleni komqhele ezinombala obomvu. I-cross-veins yamaphiko imnyama emaphethelweni.
I-Valkyrie ye-lacewing = Umhambi weChrysopa McL. Kusatshalaliswa yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwaseNyakatho Ekude, eMpumalanga Ekude kanye namaRiphabhulikhi ase-Asia Ephakathi. Ama-cross-veins amnyama kuphela emaphethelweni, amanye awo aluhlaza.
I-Lacewing viridana = Chrysopa viridana Schn. Kusatshalaliswa endaweni eyi-steppe yaseRussia nasemariphabhuliki ase-Asia Ephakathi. Ekhanda kukhona amachashaza ngesimo semigqa ye-longitudinal brownish.
i-lacewing izinsini = I-Chrysopa hummei Tjed. I-sutures ye-thorax kanye nezingxenye zokuqala zesisu zimnyama futhi zivelele ngokumelene nesizinda somzimba. Kunendawo emnyama phansi kwemilenze yangaphambili.
I-Dasiptera lacewing = I-Chrysopa dasyptera McL. Kusatshalaliswa kumariphabhulikhi aseTranscaucasia naseCaucasus, ezifundeni ezisenyakatho nezimaphakathi zeKazakhstan, kanye namaRiphabhulikhi aseCentral Asia. Umqhele uwumbala owodwa. Amaphiko ambozwe ngokuminyene ngezinwele. Izinambuzane zabantu abadala ziyazidla.
I-Dubitan lacewing = Chrysopa dubitans McL. I-casing (ebunzini) inombala owodwa. Kunamachashaza amabili amnyama okweqanda emqhele. Izinzipho ze-tarsi zandiswe kakhulu phansi. Izibungu ziyazidla. Izinambuzane ezindala zidla umpe kanye nempova (umsoco ongeziwe) futhi zingabathuthi bempova bezitshalo, ikakhulukazi izilwane ezidla ezinye. I-Prepupae overwinter emifeceni ethambile. Itholakala ezitshalweni zemifino.
I-Pearl lacewing = I-Chrysopa perla Steph. Isatshalaliswa yonke indawo ngaphandle kwama-republic ase-Asia Ephakathi. EMpumalanga Ekude ihlala eKhabarovsk Territory. I-cross-veins emaphikweni imnyama ngokuphelele; imithambo ngayinye imnyama kuphela esisekelweni. Izibungu ziyazidla. Izinambuzane ezindala zidla umpe kanye nempova (umsoco ongeziwe) futhi zingabathuthi bempova bezitshalo, ikakhulukazi izilwane ezidla ezinye. I-Prepupae overwinter emifeceni ethambile.
I-lacewing eluhlaza = I-Chrysopa phyllochroma Wesm. Kunamabala amnyama ekhanda. Izimpondo ziluhlaza okuqinile. I-cross-veins yamaphiko ayimnyama yonke. Ikama (gonocrista) enamazinyo amakhulu. Izibungu ziyazidla. Izinambuzane ezindala zidla umpe kanye nempova (umsoco ongeziwe) futhi zingabathuthi bempova bezitshalo, ikakhulukazi izilwane ezidla ezinye. I-Prepupae overwinter emifeceni ethambile.
Lacewing obuseduze = Chrysopa intima McL. Iphethini ekhanda ifana nohlaka lohlamvu X. Abesilisa banemigqa emnyama emaceleni ku-pronotum. Izibungu ziyazidla. Izinambuzane ezindala zidla umpe kanye nempova futhi zingabathuthi bempova bezitshalo kanye nezilwane ezidla ezinye. I-Prepupae overwinter emifeceni ethambile
I-Chinese lacewing = Chrysopus chinica/I-Chrysopa sinica Tj. I-pronotum kwabesilisa inemigqa emnyama emaceleni. Izibungu ziyazidla. Izinambuzane ezindala zidla umpe nempova.
I-lacewing enhle = i-Taiwanese lacewing = I-Chrysopa Formosa Br. Kusatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezingama-steppe, non-chernozem, ama-steppe; enyakatho-mpumalanga; i-Ural; eMpumalanga yeSiberia naseTransbaikalia; eMpumalanga Ekude; emaRiphabhulikhi aseTranscaucasia naseCaucasus; emaRiphabhulikhi ase-Asia Ephakathi. Ingemuva lekhanda nezimpondo zinombala ofanayo. Imithambo yamaphiko imnyama Izibungu zidla inyama. Izinambuzane ezindala zidla umpe kanye nempova (umsoco ongeziwe) futhi zingabathuthi bempova bezitshalo, ikakhulukazi izilwane ezidla ezinye. I-Prepupae overwinter emifeceni ethambile. Itholakala emifino namakhabe.
I-Lacewing commata = I-Chrysopa commata Kiss et Uj. I-sutures ye-thorax kanye nezingxenye zokuqala zesisu zimnyama futhi zivelele ngokumelene nesizinda somzimba. Kunendawo emnyama phansi kwemilenze yangaphambili. Ngokubukeka ihluke kancane ku-Altai lacewing. Izibungu ziyazidla. Izinambuzane ezindala zidla umpe kanye nempova (umsoco ongeziwe) futhi zingabathuthi bempova bezitshalo, ikakhulukazi izilwane ezidla ezinye. I-Prepupae overwinter emifeceni ethambile.
I-lacewing magnicoda = I-Chrysopa magnicauda Tj. Ikama linamazinyo amancane. Izibungu ziyazidla. Izinambuzane ezindala zidla umpe kanye nempova (umsoco ongeziwe) futhi zingabathuthi bempova bezitshalo, ikakhulukazi izilwane ezidla ezinye. I-Prepupae overwinter emifeceni ethambile.
I-Lacewing nigricostata = Chrysopa nigricostata Br. Kusatshalaliswa endaweni yehlathi-asemaqeleni, indawo engeyona i-chernozem, indawo ye-steppe yaseRussia nasemaphabhuliki ase-Asia Ephakathi. Kunamachashaza ama-oval amancane ekhanda. Izimpondo ziwolintshi.
I-Lacewing = Chrysopa vulgaris = Chrysopa carnea/I-Chrysopa carnea Steph. = Chrysopa vulgaria Schn. Kusatshalaliswa yonke indawo ngaphandle kwaseSakhalin naseKuril Islands. Ikhanda linombala owodwa. I-clypeus nezihlathi zihlanganiswe nomnyama, ngokuvamile ezinombala obomvu, izinwele. Imithambo ephambanayo yamaphiko iluhlaza. I-pronotum yabesilisa inombala ofanayo emaceleni. Izinambuzane zabantu abadala overwinter. Izibungu ziyazidla. Abantu abadala badla umpe nempova yezitshalo futhi bangabathuthi bempova. Izinambuzane zabantu abadala overwinter.
I-lacewing enamabala ayisikhombisa = I-Chrysopus septempunktata. /Chrysopa septempunctata Wesm. Kusatshalaliswa yonke indawo. Kukhona amachashaza ayisikhombisa ekhanda, okulihlukanisa kwezinye izinhlobo ze-lacewing futhi linqume igama laso kusengaphambili. Amachashaza phakathi kwezimpondo nangaphansi kwawo awabonakali kahle futhi angahlangana ngemuva. Umzimba unombala owodwa. Inkulu kunezinye izinhlobo zalolu hlobo. Izibungu ziyazidla. Izinambuzane ezindala zidla umpe kanye nempova (umsoco ongeziwe) futhi zingabathuthi bempova bezitshalo, ikakhulukazi izilwane ezidla ezinye. I-Prepupae overwinter emifeceni ethambile.
I-Sogdinica lacewing = Chrysopa sogdinica McL. Kusatshalaliswa kuma-republic ase-Asia Ephakathi. Kunezindawo ezine ezincane emqheleni. Isikhala phakathi kothi siwumbala owodwa. Izinhlobo zezilwane ziye zacwaningwa kancane.
Kusukela ngo-2014, inani lama-lacewings esifundeni saseMoscow liye landa kakhulu. Lokhu kuhambisane nokwenyuka kanye kanye kwesibalo sezintwala, ikakhulukazi izintwala zamapentshisi, okuthe ngenxa yokufudumala kwesimo sezulu, zaphuma ezindlini zokugcina izithombo zasabalala kakhulu emasimini. Izitshalo ze-artichoke zaseJerusalema zikhangayo ikakhulukazi kuma-lacewings, lapho izinambuzane eziningi ezincane zigxila eziqongweni nasezimbali, zikhonza njengokudla kwazo.
Ama-Lacewings azwela kakhulu esenzweni sezibulala-zinambuzane, ngakho-ke kufanele usebenzise le ndlela yokulawula kuphela ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu zokuhlasela kwezinambuzane ezinjenge-avalanche.