Amazambane akhula eTajikistan, lapho ngaphezu kwe-90% yendawo ehlala izintaba, kuhlotshaniswa nobunzima obuthile. Kodwa-ke, abakhiqizi bezolimo baye bazivumelanisa nesimo sezulu nesimo sezwe ngokuhlanganisa izindlela zokusebenza zokhokho babo kanye nobuchwepheshe obuphambili. Ngenxa yalokhu, umkhakha ongaphansi uthuthuka kancane kancane, futhi impumelelo yawo igqugquzelwa yinqubomgomo yezolimo enekhono yeziphathimandla.
Ngamathuba amasha
Namuhla, amazambane alinywa kuzo zonke izifunda zeRiphabhulikhi yaseTajikistan, ehlala ezindaweni ezincane kakhulu emapulazini ngamanye: ukusuka kumahektha angu-0,1 kuye kwayi-0,5. Ngokushintsha kwesiko lokudla labantu bendawo, lesi sitshalo se-tuber saqala ngokufanelekile ukubizwa ngokuthi isinkwa sesibili. Futhi eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukutshala amazambane sekungomunye wemikhakha ebaluleke kakhulu yokukhiqiza izitshalo.
"Kusukela ngo-2018, kuye kwaba nokwanda kwenani lokukhiqiza izitshalo," kusho inhloko yelabhorethri yezofuzo kanye nokuzalanisa izitshalo e-Institute of Botany, Physiology and Plant Genetics ye-National Academy of Sciences yaseTajikistan, uDokotela Wesayensi Yezolimo. Isayensi, uProfesa RAE Kurbonali Partoev. - Kodwa ukukhula kubangelwa ngokuyinhloko ukwanda kwendawo yokutshala. Indlela ebanzi yokulima ayisebenzi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo kanye nokuntuleka kwendawo eniselwayo. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi nabalimi kuzodingeka bathole amathuba amasha okuqinisa ezolimo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.
Isilinganiso sesivuno sezitshalo eminyakeni eyisithupha edlule siye sahluka phakathi kuka-21,8-22,3 t/ha, futhi indawo engaphansi kwayo inyuke isuka ku-41 57 kuya kumahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-6. Kulesi sigaba, ngaphezu kwe-1% yazo zonke izindawo eziniselwa ngenkasa eTajikistan zithathwa amazambane. Minyaka yonke izwe likhiqiza phakathi kwezigidi eziyi-1,1-130 zamathani emikhiqizo, okungamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-XNUMX ayimbewu.
"Ukushoda kwamazambane okudla kungamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-15-18 ngonyaka," kuphawula iPhini Lomqondisi Jikelele we-Bokhtar Sozanda LLC, omele i-Agribusiness Association esifundeni saseKhatlon, ikhandidethi lesayensi yezolimo. isayensi Safarali Oripov. - Okwamanje, silungisa lesi sikweletu ngokunikezwa okujwayelekile okuvela kwamanye amazwe, isibonelo, ePakistan, eRussia, eBelarus. Kepha kuyadingeka ukuthi sithuthukise ukukhiqizwa kwethu ukuze siqinisekise ukuvikeleka kokudla kweriphabhulikhi yethu.
Lokhu kucacisa
Ngokuya ngezimo ezifundeni, izinhlobo zezitshalo zezikhathi ezihlukene zokuvuthwa ziyakhuliswa. Isibonelo, esifundeni saseKhatlon - amazambane okuqala, esigodini saseGissar naseGorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region - maphakathi no-ekuqaleni, esifundeni saseTajikabad - sekwephuzile.
“Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezidume kakhulu iPicasso, iTajikistan, iBig Rose, iRed Scarlett, iGala, iCosmos,” kusho. Safarali Oripov. - Abalimi badinga ngokulinganayo izinhlobo zokukhethwa kwamaDashi namaJalimane kanye nalezo ezifuywe ososayensi bethu ngokusekelwe kwabangaphandle. Kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ezidalwe ngokubambisana nabafuyi be-International Potato Center abavela ePeru.
“Sekuyiminyaka eyisithupha ngitshala imbewu yamazambane ohlobo lweRasht, Tajikistan, Faizabad esifundeni saseRasht eRiphabhulikhi,” kusho inhloko yepulazi. Dzhumabek Abdulloev. - Indawo yonke elinywayo ingamahektha ayisithupha, futhi kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu zombila kanye nezinhlobo ezintathu zikabhontshisi ezikhiqizwayo. Lapho kutshalwa iziza ezincane, abalimi bavame ukukhetha izitshalo ezinemidumba ezicebisa umhlabathi ngenitrogen ukuqinisekisa ukushintshwa kwezitshalo.
Ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo, okuhlanganisa iRasht Valley, isifunda saseShahristan kanye neKukhistoni Mastchokh (Mountain Mastcha), isivuno esiphezulu siyabonwa. Abalimi abathuthukile abasebenza kulezi zindawo baqoqa amathani angama-45-50 ezigaxa ehektheleni ngalinye.
“Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ngatshala amazambane esifundeni saseVanj eRiphabhulikhi endaweni engaba amahektha amane,” kukhumbula owayengumlimi, inhloko yezinhlelo zentuthuko e-Aga Khan Foundation. Imatbek Nikhmonov. – Epulazini lami, kwakhethwa kakhulu izinhlobo zeTajik, Russian, European, Pakistani, kanti isivuno esijwayelekile sasisukela kumathani angama-35 kuya kwangama-40 ihektha ngalinye.
“Amazambane okuqala, esiwathola eningizimu yezwe,” kuchaza Safarali Oripov, – itshalwe ngoDisemba futhi ivunwe ngoMeyi. Ngo-Agasti, ukutshala kabusha kwenziwa kusetshenziswa izithombo ezitshalwe ngaphambilini ezindlini zokugcina izithombo. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukumba amazambane ngaphambi kwesithwathwa sokuqala. Kodwa ezindaweni eziphansi nezintaba, abakhiqizi bavuna isitshalo esisodwa sezilimo eziyizigaxa
Imboni ye-greenhouse ithuthuka ngenkuthalo eTajikistan, ngokubamba iqhaza okuqondile kwabalimi bamazambane. Ifilimu ekhethekile abavala ngayo amasimu ibavumela ukuba bavikele izithombo emazoloni anzima asekuseni nasezimvula ezinkulu zasentwasahlobo. Ngokuvamile, abakhiqizi bagcina izitshalo ngaphansi kwefilimu kuze kube sekuvuneni, ngakho-ke ukumba izilimo eziyizigaxa kuqala ezinsukwini eziyi-10-12 ngaphambili.
Izimbongolo, izinkunzi, imisele yokuchelela
Ebhizinisini lezolimo lamazwe ase-Asia Ephakathi, isabelo somsebenzi wezandla siphezulu ngokwesiko. Futhi isizathu akusona njalo izindleko eziphezulu zemishini namayunithi.
"Amapulazi amaningi e-republic ahlinzekwa ngokugcwele ngazo zonke izinhlobo zemishini evela kubakhiqizi abahamba phambili," uyaqinisekisa Safarali Oripov. – Ngenxa yokwesekwa nguhulumeni, uhlelo lokuqashisa ngezolimo lusebenza kahle kakhulu. Lapho kutshalwa, kusetshenziswa kakhulu imishini eyenziwe eYurophu, kanye neyenziwa eRussia lapho kuvunwa. Ezintabeni, lapho kutshalwa khona izindawo ezincane futhi lapho imishini evamile ingakwazi ukufinyelela khona, imishini emincane isindisa usuku. Kodwa ngokuvamile isivuno siyatshalwa futhi simbe ngesandla, futhi ukutshalwa kwezikhala zemigqa kwenziwa ngosizo lwamahhashi.
“Yonke iyasebenza ngaphandle kokulima,” kuqinisekisa umphathi wepulazi Mulloidi Safarov, – sicula ngosizo lwezilwane ezifuywayo: izimbongolo, izinkunzi namahhashi. Ezindaweni ezinezintaba akwenzeki ngaso sonke isikhathi ukusebenzisa izindlela. Kodwa izindlela zethu ziphephile emvelweni futhi zisivumela ukuba silondoloze isakhiwo esinezigaxa zenhlabathi.
“Njengaseminyakeni eyi-100 edlule, abalimi baseTajik benza umsebenzi wezandla kakhulu,” kunezela Dzhumabek Abdulloev. - Ukuhlakulela insimu encane akunzima kangako futhi kudla isikhathi. Nakuba singeke senqabe imishini yesimanje emincane evumelana nezimo zethu.
“Esifundeni esizimele saseGorno-Badakhshan, ogandaganda bavame ukusetshenziselwa ukulima, ukuhlukumeza nokutshala phakathi kwemigqa,” kuchaza. Imatbek Nikhmonov. - Futhi ngesikhathi sokutshala nokuvuna, izinkunzi ezisebenzayo ezikhethekile zisetshenziswa, njengoba okhokho bethu benza.
Amazambane eTajikistan atshalwa kuphela ngaphansi kokunisela. Nokho, imishini yesimanje yokunisela ayivamisile ukufakwa emapulazini. Lokhu kwenziwa ikakhulukazi ngabakhiqizi abakhulu nabacebile. Njengomthetho, amanzi ageleza emasimini ngamandla adonsela phansi, ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yangaphambi kokumbiwa kwemisele - imisele. Futhi uma zingekho izidumbu zamanzi eduze, abalimi bamba imithombo futhi bampompe amanzi ukusuka ekujuleni okungamamitha angama-60-80.
Isayensi nokwenza
E-republic, izindawo ezabelwe ukutshala izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo ziyakhula minyaka yonke. Ngokusebenza ekudaleni kwabo, abasebenzi be-Institute of Botany, Physiology and Plant Genetics ye-National Academy of Sciences yaseTajikistan babonisa imiphumela ehloniphekile. Izinhlobo ezincintisanayo eziklanyelwe iFaizabad, Rasht, Tajikistan, Zarina, Ovchi, Shukrona, Nurinisso, Surkhob, AN-1, Muhabbat nezinye sezivele zethulwa emakethe.
“Uhulumeni wethu ulugunyazile uhlu lwezinkampani ezikhiqiza imbewu ezisebenza ngokubambisana nososayensi,” kusho Safarali Oripov.- I-Super elite kanye ne-elite itshalwa emasimini eSikhungo, khona-ke impahla idluliselwa emapulazini embewu ezifundeni ezahlukene, lapho isakazwa kuze kube yilapho ikhiqizwa okokuqala.
Iziphathimandla zezwe zinikeza abatshali bembewu ngakho konke ukusekelwa okungenzeka. Njalo ngonyaka, amazambane embewu athengwa kwisabelomali futhi asatshalaliswa ngoMnyango Wezolimo waseRiphabhulikhi phakathi kwamapulazi akhethekile. Futhi kuphela ekupheleni kwenkathi, ngemva kokuvuna, babuyisela isikweletu kuhulumeni ngemikhiqizo, futhi basebenzise isivuno esisele ukuze bathengise kanye nezidingo zabo siqu.
“Cishe i-90% yembewu itshalwa endaweni enezintaba ye-republic,” kusho Kurbonali Partoev. - Endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1,8 kuya kwezintathu ngaphezu kolwandle, izifo nezinambuzane ezithwala izifo zezitshalo ezibangelwa amagciwane cishe azitholakali. Isibonelo, isifunda saseKuhistoni Mastchokh sihlangabezana nazo zonke izimo zokukhiqizwa kwezinto eziphezulu zembewu.
Gcina noma uthengise
Inkinga yokugcina izitshalo icindezela ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo, kodwa abalimi bamazambane bendawo bathola indlela yokuphuma kulesi simo ngezindleko ezincane.
"Ezifundeni zeriphabhulikhi, lapho izindawo ezinkulu ezihlala khona izitshalo, inzuzo yabakhiqizi iphezulu," kuchaza isimo. Imatbek Nikhmonov. "Lokhu kusho ukuthi bangasebenzisa imali ekwakheni izindawo zokugcina zesimanje, isibonelo, ngokuhlangana ezinhlanganweni zabalimi." Futhi ezindaweni ezisezintabeni basasebenzisa izindawo zokugcina izimpahla zomkhulu omdala, ezingabamba ubuningi bamathani angu-10-15 emikhiqizo.
“Indawo yami yokugcina amazambane itholakala ngqo emhlabathini, ekujuleni okungamamitha amabili, futhi ingathwala amathani ayisishiyagalombili amazambane,” usho kanje. Mulloidi Safarov. - Ukwakhiwa kwayo kwakungadingi ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu, futhi kwakungenzeka ukudala izimo ezifanele zokulondoloza izilimo eziyizigaxa.
Uthi: “Ngigcina ngempumelelo amazambane avuniwe endaweni engaphansi. Dzhumabek Abdulloev. “Ngomthamo wethu wokukhiqiza, izindawo zokugcina izimpahla ezinkulu azidingeki, futhi asikho isidingo sokusebenzisa imali ekudaleni kwazo.
Amazambane athengiswa ikakhulukazi ngosizo lwabaxhumanisi. Amapulazi anosayizi omaphakathi namakhudlwana, uma efunwa, athengisa ingxenye yesivuno kumthengi wokugcina noma ayihambise ezindaweni zokudayisa.
“Abalimi abanaso isikhathi sokuhlala ekhawunteni,” kusho Safarali Oripov. “Abadayisi bayafika kubo, bathathe amazambane emasimini ngobuningi bawadayise ngemigudu yabo ukuze bathole okuningi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abakhiqizi balahlekelwa ingxenye yenzuzo yabo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, basusa izingozi ezihambisana nenqubo yokugcina imikhiqizo.
Ukuqiniswa esenzweni
Ngokusekelwa yiziphathimandla zaseTajikistan, mningi umsebenzi owenziwa eRiphabhulikhi kwezolimo eziluhlaza. Uhlaka lomthetho olwamukelwe ezingeni eliphezulu luyichaza ngokucacile izinkomba zalo.
"Kancane kancane siyayiyeka i-chemistry kukho konke ukubonakaliswa kwayo," kusho Safarali Oripov. - Ngenxa yalokho, izinga lokusetshenziswa komanyolo we-microbiological ezweni liyakhula. Isabelo semikhiqizo yokuvikela amakhemikhali esetshenziswayo siyehla. Ngokunciphisa amathuba okuba nemiphumela eyingozi kubantu nasemvelweni, abakhiqizi bezolimo bayaqhela ekulimeni amasimu ngogandaganda nezindiza. Umgomo oyinhloko walowo mgomo ukuthola imikhiqizo yezolimo engaphephile futhi ephephile.
"Lapho ngitshala amazambane, ngizama ukusebenzisa umanyolo we-organic kuqala," kusho Mulloidi Safarov. – Ngilungiselela umquba okhethekile ngokwami. Futhi phakathi kukamanyolo wamaminerali, kusetshenziswa i-nitroammophoska kuphela, bese kuba ngamanani amancane kakhulu.
Le ndlela yenza kube nokwenzeka ukwandisa ukuvunda komhlabathi kanye nesivuno sezitshalo. Lapho usebenzisa izinto eziphilayo, amazambane nemifino kuvuthwa izinsuku eziyi-8-10 ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukunambitheka kwabo, impilo yeshalofu kanye nokuhamba kuyathuthuka..
Impumelelo engathi sína ngempela iseza. Futhi abalimi bamazambane baseTajik kuzodingeka basebenze kanzima ukuze bayise umkhakha ongaphansi kwelinye izinga.
"Ngenani elisetshenziswa amazambane ngonyaka elingaba amakhilogremu angama-92 umuntu ngamunye, iRiphabhulikhi idinga ukukhiqiza amathani angaphezu kwesigidi ngonyaka," ukhombisa. Kurbonali Partoev, – Ngakho-ke, esikhathini esizayo kuhlelwe ukuthi kwandiswe indawo etshalwayo ibe ngamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-60 futhi kwandiswe isivuno esimaphakathi sibe amathani angama-23-25 ehektheleni ngalinye. Ukuze kuxazululwe lezi zinkinga, abalimi kudingeka bagxile ekwethuleni ubuchwepheshe obusha kanye namasu okulima athuthukile, basebenzisane nesayensi futhi bahlale besebenzela izinga lemikhiqizo yabo.
U-Irina Berg