I-India ikleliswe endaweni yesibili emhlabeni ilandela iChina ngokukhiqiza amazambane. Ngokusho kwe-portal Statista.com, ngo-2023, izwe lavuna cishe amathani emikhiqizo eyizigidi ezingama-59,74, okungaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi ezintathu kunango-2022.
Ukhuluma ngendlela amaNdiya akwazi ngayo ukuzuza imiphumela enjalo. Rajveer Singh (Rajvir Singh), iPhini likaMongameli we-KF Biotech Pvt Ltd.
Ukulinganisa kwenkampani KF Biotech Pvt Ltd yibhizinisi elikhulu le-agro-biotechnological, eliyingxenye yeqembu lezinkampani ze-Kapur.
Inezigaba ezimbili, eyodwa igxile ekukhiqizeni amazambane asezingeni eliphezulu, okwesibili - ekukhiqizeni izinto zokutshala ubhanana.
Njalo ngonyaka inkampani inikezela ngemakethe amathani angaba ngu-50 ayizinkulungwane zamazambane.
I-KF Biotech Pvt Ltd inendawo yokukhiqiza ezinikele, emisha etholakala e-Bangalore, inhloko-dolobha ye-biotechnology yaseNdiya. Iziza zembewu zigxile kakhulu esifundazweni sase-Punjab, endaweni engenazo izinambuzane ezibalulekile zokuvalelwa.
Kusuka emlandweni
Kukholakala ukuthi amazambane alethwa eNdiya amatilosi angamaPutukezi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17. Ukusabalala kwesiko kwagqugquzelwa yiBritish East India Company: Abathengisi abangamaNgisi bakhuthaza futhi bagqugquzela ukutshalwa nokusetshenziswa kwamazambane emiphakathini yasemakhaya. Inkampani ize yakhulula umkhiqizo ezintela zokuhamba. Imizamo yamakholoniyali yathela izithelo, futhi amazambane ahlanganiswa kalula ekudleni kwesifunda saseNdiya.
AmaNdiya athanda amazambane nganoma yiluphi uhlobo - okuthosiwe, okuphekiwe, okubhakwayo. Isebenza njengesithako esiyinhloko ekugcwaliseni ophaya be-samosa abadume kakhulu ezweni; isetshenziselwa ukulungisa i-aloo tikki snack, iCalcutta biryani nezinye izitsha eziningi.
Ukukhula kokukhiqiza
Ngokusho kwe-FAO, phakathi kuka-1960 no-2000, ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane eNdiya kukhuphuke cishe ngama-850%, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokukhula kwesidingo esivela kubahlali basemadolobheni abacebile. Ngama-90s, ukusetshenziswa kwamazambane kumuntu ngamunye kukhuphuke kusuka ku-12 kuya ku-17 kg ngonyaka.
Kodwa ukuzuzwa kwemiphumela yerekhodi kube ngenxa yokwanda kwezindawo kunokwenyuka kwesivuno.
Izici zokukhula
Amazambane atshalwa ezifundeni ezingu-23 zaseNdiya, kodwa ingxenye enkulu yomkhiqizo (cishe 74%) igxile e-Uttar Pradesh, eNtshonalanga Bengal naseBihar.
Cishe ingxenye yesithathu yesivuno samazambane esiphelele sivunwa e-Uttar Pradesh, enesimo sezulu esivumayo, inhlabathi evundile kanye nengqalasizinda yezolimo ebanzi.
Izimo zezulu ezifundeni eziningi zezwe zivumela isivuno sezambane elilodwa kuphela ngonyaka. Okuhlukile kusePunjab, lapho kwezinye izingxenye abalimi bevuna khona izitshalo ezimbili, kodwa ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamanzi uhulumeni akawukhuthazi lo mkhuba.
Amazambane avame ukutshalwa ngokushintshana nezinye izitshalo, ngokuvamile irayisi nokolweni.
Ukutshala amazambane ngokuvamile kwenzeka kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya kuLwezi, ukuvuna kusukela ngoFebhuwari kuya kuNdasa.
Isilinganiso sobukhulu bepulazi lamazambane singamahektha ayi-5 kuya kwayi-10 (cishe amahektha ayi-2,025 kuya ku-4,05). Kodwa lesi sitshalo sitshalwa namabhizinisi amakhulu ezolimo.
Abalimi abakhulu e-Punjab basebenzisa imishini yokutshala nokuvuna, kuyilapho ezifundazweni ezifana ne-West Bengal ne-Bihar yonke imisebenzi yokulima yenziwa mathupha.
Ukuchelela, abalimi basebenzisa imithombo yabo, kanye namanzi aphuma emiseleni yokunisela. Kwezinye izifundazwe ezifana neGujarat, amazambane atshalwa ngaphansi kokunisela nge-drip.
Izinhlobo zamazambane
Abalimi batshala ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zamatafula aseNdiya ezakhiwe yiCentral Potato Research Institute (ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute).
Ukuze uthole inkomba: I-Central Potato Research Institute itholakala eShimla, e-Himachal Pradesh. Izinhloso zalesi sikhungo zihlanganisa ukwenza ucwaningo oluyisisekelo, olunamasu nolusetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukusimama, ukukhiqiza, kanye nekhwalithi yamazambane; ukuthola imbewu enempilo yezinhlobonhlobo ezithuthukiswe yilesi sikhungo.
Ukukhethwa kwezinhlobonhlobo kubanzi impela; kule minyaka embalwa edlule, kuye kwadalwa ezintsha ezingama-65, ezingama-33 zazo zimelana nezingcindezi ezahlukahlukene ze-biotic ne-abiotic, kanti eziyisishiyagalombili zilungele ukucutshungulwa kwezimboni. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinhlobo ezingama-23 njengamanje zihlala kuze kufike ku-95% wendawo yokutshala eyabelwe amazambane ezweni.
Okuthandwayo phakathi kwamaNdiya mayelana nokukhethwa kwezinhlobonhlobo (umbala wesikhumba, umbala we-pulp) kuyahlukahluka kuye ngesifunda. Ngakho-ke, eNtshonalanga Bengal, abantu bathanda amazambane anesikhumba esibomvu, kuyilapho kwezinye izifundazwe, kuqala kunikezwa amazambane amhlophe ngenyama emhlophe noma ephuzi ekhanyayo.
Ezinye ezidume kakhulu ezweni zihlanganisa uKufri Sindhuri, uKufri Chipsona, uKufri Badshah, uKufri Jyoti, uKufri Jawahar nabanye. Kunezinhlobo ezikhethekile zokucutshungulwa: K Frysona, K Chipsona 1, K Chipsona 2, K Chipsona 3 kanye ne-K Fryom, njll.
Izinkampani ezizimele nazo zethula izinhlobo zakwamanye amazwe emakethe yaseNdiya.
Izindlela ezintsha zokuzalanisa
Ngo-2010, izazi ze-biotechnologists ezivela ku-National Plant Genome Research Institute eNew Delhi zamemezela ukwakhiwa kwamazambane aguqulwe ngofuzo anamaprotheni angaphezu kuka-60% kunezilimo eziyizigaxa ezivamile.
Abathuthukisi basebenzise isakhi sofuzo se-AmA1 esivela esitshalweni se-amaranth, esidliwe amakhulu eminyaka e-Central America nase-Asia. Ososayensi baphawule ukuthi babebhekene nomsebenzi wokuthola umthombo wamaprotheni othengekayo, ngoba okusanhlamvu, inhlanzi noma ubhontshisi wesoya kubiza kakhulu kunamazambane.
Ekupheleni kuka-2023, uNgqongqoshe we-Biotechnology waseNdiya, uDkt. Manju Sharma, wagcizelela ukuthi imiphumela yeminyaka emithathu yokuhlolwa kwezambane okunokuqukethwe kwamaprotheni engeziwe ikhuthaza kakhulu futhi umkhiqizo omusha ungagunyazwa ukuthi ulinywe ngenjongo yokudayisa maduze. esizayo.
Kodwa le nqubomgomo inabaphikisi abenele. Abamelene nabo baphikisa ngokuthi ukusebenzisa amazambane ashintshwe izakhi kuzoyishaya indiva imithombo yendabuko yamaprotheni futhi ngaleyo ndlela kube kubi kakhulu ukuntuleka kwesakhi esibalulekile.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-India ayikagunyazi ukusetshenziswa kokudla okuguqulwa kofuzo ezweni. Phambilini ngo-2023, uhulumeni wenqaba ukuhlinzeka ngamathani ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa zengxube yesoya eguqulwe ngofuzo evela e-United States.
Ukugcinwa nokudayiswa kwamazambane
Ngemva kokuvuna, abalimi abancane bathengisa amazambane ezimakethe zemifino noma bawanikeze ezitshalweni zokucubungula. Njengomthetho, amazambane athengiswa ngendlela “engcolile”; bambalwa abakhiqizi abapakisha imikhiqizo ngaphambi kokuyithengisa ezitolo ezinkulu.
Abakhiqizi abakhulu babeka imikhiqizo yabo endaweni yokugcina. Izindawo zokugcina amazambane ezinemishini yokuqandisa zikuvumela ukuthi ugcine impahla yekhwalithi ephezulu izinyanga eziyi-10-12. Umthamo ojwayelekile wokugcina amazambane ungamathani ayizinkulungwane ezi-5.
Isimo ngokuhlinzekwa kwendawo yokugcina sibe ngcono eminyakeni yamuva, njengoba kwakhiwa izindawo zokugcina izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe ezindaweni eziyinhloko zokukhiqiza amazambane.
Izinkinga zabalimi bamazambane
Abalimi baseNdiya babhekana nezinselele ezifanayo nabalimi bakwamanye amazwe emhlabeni jikelele. Imboni inenkinga yokushoda kwembewu yamazambane asezingeni ngentengo ethengekayo. Ukulahleka kwezitshalo kubangelwa ukusabalala kwezifo (ukubola sekwephuzile, ukubola kwebhaktheriya, utwayi oluvamile, ukubola kwezimpande) kanye nezinambuzane (i-cyst nematodes).
Kodwa into eyinhloko ukuthi inzuzo yokukhiqiza amazambane iyawa. Eminyakeni engu-20 edlule, izindleko zokutshala izitshalo ziye zaphindeka kabili, kodwa amanani omkhiqizo wokugcina awashintshile. Isimo sinzima kakhulu eminyakeni lapho, ngenxa yesimo sezulu esivumayo, abalimi bethola isivuno esiphezulu.
Izinhlelo zokweseka abalimi zikahulumeni
Umbuso unikeza abalimi uxhaso olukhulu lokwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zokunisela, unxephezela ngokwengxenye izindleko zikagesi nomanyolo, unikeza ukusekelwa ngokwezimali ngezikhathi zokukhiqiza ngokweqile, ukhuthaza abakhiqizi ukuba bathumele imikhiqizo yabo kwamanye amazwe ngokubakhokhela izindleko zokuthutha, njll. Kukhona ukwesekwa okukhethekile izinhlelo zabalimi abenza ukulima kwezolimo
Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha
Kuze kube sekuqaleni kwawo-90s, ukucubungula amazambane ezweni kwakungathuthukisiwe ngokuphelele. Kwathi, ngokuqala komsebenzi osebenzayo wezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokuvela kwabadlali bendawo emakethe, imboni yaqala ngokushesha futhi yabonisa ukukhula okukhulu eminyakeni eyi-10. Njengamanje, u-6 kuya ku-8% wesamba sokukhiqizwa kwamazambane eNdiya siyacutshungulwa. Futhi imikhiqizo ecutshungulwayo (ama-chips, amafrimu aseFrance) iya ngokuya ithandwa ezweni, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu abasha.
E-India kukhona izimboni ezinkulu zezinkampani zomhlaba ezidumile njenge McCain, Hyfun, Funwave, Pepsico. Bathola izinto zokusetshenziswa kuzo zonke izifundazwe ezitshala amazambane njenge-Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, West Bengal.
Ekwindla ka-2023, i-PepsiCo yamemezela ukuqala kokwakhiwa kwesikhungo esisha sokukhiqiza ama-chips e-Lay eNdiya. Ukutshalwa kwezimali endaweni yokukhiqiza, okuzotholakala esifundazweni sase-Assam, kuzofinyelela cishe ku-$95 million.
Amabhizinisi amancane azimele akhiqiza imikhiqizo yamazambane, uhla lwawo olukhula njalo, nawo enza umnikelo wawo ekuthuthukisweni kokucubungula. Isibonelo, amakhukhi amazambane amancanyana anokunambitheka kwama-chips avele emakethe.
Thumela
I-India ithumela imbewu yamazambane emazweni ahlukahlukene njengeRussia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Turkey, Senegal, Bangladesh kanye neNepal.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhiqizo yokucubungula amazambane inikezwa phesheya. Ake sithathe amafrimu aseFrance njengesibonelo. Emuva ngo-2007, i-India minyaka yonke yayingenisa amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyisi-6 ale mikhiqizo, kwathi ngonyaka ka-2019 izwe lase lithumele amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-30 amazambane aqandisiwe. Namuhla, i-India inikezela ngenqwaba yale mikhiqizo ePhilippines. I-India iphinde ithumele ama-chips amazambane, ikakhulukazi eJapan naseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
Ukutshala amazambane eNdiya kubangela izinselelo eziningi, kepha ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi lesi sitshalo sizohlala sithembisa futhi sinenzuzo kubalimi. Okubalulekile kulokhu ukuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo komkhakha wokucubungula. Izwe libona ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwesidingo sezinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo yamazambane, futhi ngokumelene nalesi simo, ikusasa lalo libukeka lithembisa.