Kusuka kumagazini: No. 2 2014
Isigaba: Isifunda
UViktor Narushev, uDokotela weSayensi yezoLimo, uProfesa woMnyango Wezitshalo Zokukhula, Ukuzalanisa kanye Nezofuzo, iNyuvesi yaseSaratov State Agrarian eqanjwe ngo-N.I Vavilov
Imboni yokutshala amazambane ithathwa njengenye yezingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-agro-industrial complex yesifunda saseVolga. Umhlabathi kanye nezimo zezulu zesifunda saseSaratov ngokuvamile zivuna ukutshalwa kwamazambane, okunquma ukubaluleka kwawo okubalulekile kwezomnotho esifundeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuye kwenzeka izinguquko ezinkulu ekukhuleni kwamazambane esifundeni eminyakeni yamuva. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obudinga amandla kanye nezinsiza zamandla alinganiselwe kuholele ekwenyukeni kwezindleko zokukhiqiza amazambane. Ngenxa yalokho, umkhakha womphakathi unciphise kakhulu indawo engaphansi kwamazambane kanye nomthamo wokukhiqizwa kwawo. Ngakho-ke, isabelo samabhizinisi ezolimo namapulazi ekukhiqizeni amazambane esifundeni saseSaratov sehle sisuka ku-22% ngo-1990 saya ku-5% ngo-2012.
Isimo samanje sibe nomthelela omubi ekuhlinzekeni okuzinzile kwamazambane kubantu basemadolobheni, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sasebusika-entwasahlobo, okuholele ekuwohlokeni kwekhwalithi yemikhiqizo, kube nomthelela ekwehleni kokuncintisana kwamazambane endawo uma kuqhathaniswa nemikhiqizo evela. izifunda zasePenza, Tambov, Voronezh nezinye izifunda eziseduze zaseRussia, kanye naphesheya.
Naphezu kobunzima benhloso, izici ezilandelayo zinomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kokukhiqizwa kwamazambane esifundeni:
- ukusetshenziswa kwamazambane kuphakeme futhi kuzinzile ngabantu;
- izimo zemvelo ezivumayo kanye nesimo sezulu ezindaweni eziningi;
- ukuvunda okuphezulu kwenhlabathi ye-chernozem eBhange Lokunene, izingxenye ezisenyakatho nezimaphakathi zeBhange Lesobunxele, lapho kungenzeka khona ukuhlela ukukhiqizwa okuzinzile kwamazambane ngaphansi kokunisela;
- ithuthukise ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha nolwazi;
- ukuba khona kokuxhumana kokusekelwa kwesayensi kwemboni evela ku-All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming (VNIIKH, esifundeni saseMoscow), iSaratov State Agrarian University eqanjwe ngalo. N.I. Vavilov”, Isikhungo Socwaningo Lwezolimo eNingizimu-mpumalanga kanye nePenza Research Institute of Agriculture;
- ukuqaliswa kwamaphrojekthi amakhulu okutshalwa kwezimali ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa nokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokugcina amazambane (ngo-Okthoba 2012, isivumelwano senziwa nenkampani yaseMalino, esakha ubuchwepheshe besimanje bokutshala amazambane ezindaweni eziningi zaseRussia);
- Izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokusekela umbuso kubakhiqizi bamazambane kusuka kwisabelomali sesifunda.
Eminyakeni yamuva, amabhizinisi ezolimo namapulazi aphawule ukwanda okukhulu kwesivuno samazambane uma kuqhathaniswa namapulazi asendlini (ithebula). Kodwa-ke, izindawo ezitshaliwe zincane - ngo-2012, emabhizinisini ezolimo esifundeni, amazambane atshalwa endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-0,5 futhi ku-K (F) H - amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-0,7. Emapulazini amahlanu kuphela indawo etshalwe amazambane yayingaphezu kwamahektha angama-50 (i-RosAgro-Zavolzhye LLC esifundeni saseKrasnokutsk, ipulazi laseRubin esifundeni saseBazarno-Karabulak, VIT LLC, Shcherenko P.Yu. ipulazi labalimi kanye nepulazi laseKryuchkova M.P.." Isifunda sase-Engels). Ngo-2013, abakhiqizi bezolimo abangaphezu kuka-35 abakhulu, abaphakathi nabancane babelima amazambane esifundeni saseSaratov. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kakade emapulazini ayisishiyagalombili indawo yamazambane idlule amahektha angama-50.
Amandla okukhiqiza amazambane esifundeni saseSaratov
Inkomba | I-2011 g | I-2012 g | I-2013 |
Indawo yokutshala amazambane, amahektha ayinkulungwane | 27,0 | 26,8 | 25,4 |
Isivuno samazambane, c/ha | 157,6 | 132,3 | 144,6 |
Isivuno samazambane esiphelele, amathani ayinkulungwane | 425,8 | 354,6 | 353,4 |
Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kokutshala amazambane kufanele kuhloswe ukuhlinzeka abantu basemadolobheni esifundeni ngemikhiqizo yekhwalithi, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sasebusika-entwasahlobo. Umthamo wokusetshenziswa kwamazambane ngalesi sikhathi, ngokususelwa kumazinga wezokwelapha afanelekile (95 kg ngonyaka), ungadlula amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-60,0. Kusuka kumathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-10 kuye kwezingama-20 amazambane angeniswa esifundeni minyaka yonke, ingxenye enkulu yawo engakhiqizwa emapulazini amazambane esifundeni. Futhi isimo esibalulekile sokuthuthukiswa kokukhula kwamazambane esifundeni kufanele kube inhlangano yesistimu yokugcina, ukucubungula nokudayiswa.
Ezimweni zesimanje zemakethe, kubalulekile hhayi kuphela ukukhiqiza amazambane asezingeni eliphezulu, kodwa futhi ukuwagcina kuze kube sekuvuneni okusha, ukunikeza imikhiqizo ukubukeka okudayiswayo, nokwenza amaqoqo amakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukutholakala okuvamile ezinhlanganweni ezithengisa izinto ezithengiswayo nezithengisayo. . Lokhu kungafezwa inqobo nje uma kunohlelo oluthuthukisiwe lokugcina nokucubungula.
Njengamanje, esifundeni azikho izindawo ezanele zokugcina amazambane ezifakwe imishini, umoya osebenzayo kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula isimo sezulu. Amazambane agcinwa ikakhulukazi ezitolo zemifino noma ezinqolobaneni eziphelelwe yisikhathi. Izikhungo ezinkulu zesimanje zokugcina amazambane, ezakhiwe ngo-2008-2012, zisebenza epulazini labalimi "Shcherenko P.Yu." kanye nepulazi labalimi "Kryuchkova M.P." Isifunda sase-engels.
Abakhiqizi bamazambane banamandla okugcina amazambane angaba amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-10. Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi izindawo zokugcina zisatshalaliswa ngokungalingani phakathi kwabakhiqizi bempahla: abakhiqizi bamazambane abayi-12 kwabangama-35 abakhulu, abaphakathi nabancane banabo. Kusobala ukuthi izindawo zokugcina ezikhona azanele umthamo ohleliwe wokukhiqiza amazambane.
Ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokugcina izinto ezintsha kuphazanyiswa yizindleko eziphakeme zokwakhiwa kwazo. Izindleko zokwakha indawo yokugcina amazambane enomthamo wamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1,5-2 zifinyelela kuma-ruble ayizigidi eziyi-11-12, ngevolumu yamathani ayizinkulungwane ezi-3-3,5 - ama-ruble ayizigidi ezingama-22-23.
Awekho ngokuphelele amabhizinisi okucubungula amazambane esifundeni angasiza abakhiqizi bezolimo ngokuthengisa kahle imikhiqizo, njengoba kwenzeka eHolland, eJalimane, eDenmark, eFrance, e-USA nakwamanye amazwe amaningi.
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhula kwamazambane esifundeni, uhlelo oluhlosiwe oluthi "Ukwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane esifundeni saseSaratov ngo-2013-2013" lwasungulwa ngo-2015. Ukuqaliswa kwalolu hlelo kuhlinzekele ukwanda kancane kancane kwe-acreage yamazambane alinywa ngesisekelo sezindlela zobuchwepheshe zesimanje nezobuchwepheshe, ukwanda kwesivuno kanye nokukhiqizwa okuphelele kwemikhiqizo yamazambane, ukwakhiwa kwesisekelo esisha kanye nezobuchwepheshe emapulazini amazambane, kanye nokudalwa kwemisebenzi eyengeziwe.
Ngo-2013-2015, uHulumeni Wesifunda SaseSaratov uhlela ukuhlinzeka ngosizo ezinhlanganweni zezolimo kanye namapulazi asebenza ekukhiqizeni amazambane ekutholweni kwemishini namathuluzi, imbewu kanye nomanyolo wamaminerali, njll., okuzoqinisekisa ukwanda kwesivuno samazambane nge 2015 uma kuqhathaniswa no-2012 no-2013 izikhathi ezingu-1,9 nezingu-1,5, ngokulandelana.
Ukuqaliswa kwesethi yezinyathelo zokusekelwa kombuso ekukhuleni kwamazambane ngezindleko zesabelomali sesifunda saseSaratov kuzosiza ukukhulisa ukukhanga kokutshalwa kwezimali kwale mboni kumabhizinisi ezolimo namapulazi.
1. Ukusatshalaliswa okunengqondo kwamazambane esifundeni ngomthamo wokusetshenziswa, ukwandisa ukubekwa kwezinhlobonhlobo kanye nokuhlela ukukhiqizwa kwembewu ye-elite.
Ukutshalwa kwezimboni zamazambane emhlabathini onemvula kuhlelwe ukuthi kuthuthukiswe e-Bazarno-Karabulaksky, Novoburassky, Lysogorsky nakwezinye izifunda zeBhange Langakwesokudla. Ebhange Lesokunxele elomile, izindawo eziniselwayo zamapulazi e-Engels, Sovetsky, Krasnokutsky, Marksovsky nezinye izifunda zizokwabelwa ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane.
Izinhlobo ezikhiqiza kakhulu futhi ezivumelaniswe nomhlabathi nezimo zezulu zesifunda yizinhlobo ezikhethekile zamazambane ezimelana nesomiso ezidalwe abalimi basekhaya be-All-Russia Research Institute of Agriculture kanye nePenza Research Institute of Agriculture ikakhulukazi esifundeni saseVolga. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukwandisa imigomo yokusetshenziswa, kunconywa ukuthi kukhule izinhlobo zamaqembu ahlukene okuvuthwa - izinhlobo zokuvuthwa zakuqala ukuze zisetshenziswe ehlobo; phakathi nenkathi - ekwindla; ukuvuthwa sekwephuzile - ukusetshenziswa ebusika nasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo.
2. Inhlangano yokukhiqizwa kwembewu esezingeni eliphezulu esifundeni.
Ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane ama-Elite kuzothuthukiswa ezinhlanganweni zezolimo ze-northern microzone ye-Right Bank, lapho kungekho khona amathuba okuthi izitshalo zitheleleke ngezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza imbewu obuqhubekayo busetshenziswa (ukutshala ehlobo, ukuhluma okuhlukahlukene, uhlelo oludidiyelwe lokuvikela izitshalo, njll.). Ochwepheshe abavela e-VNIIKH naseSaratov State Agrarian University bazohlinzeka ngosizo lwesayensi ekukhiqizeni imbewu esezingeni eliphezulu. Ukuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwembewu ye-zonal, kuyadingeka, okokuqala, ukudala izimo zokudayiswa kwezinhlobo zamazambane ezenziwe ngabafuyi basekhaya.
3. Ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe besimanje okonga izinsiza zokutshala amazambane.
Isenzakalo esibalulekile ekuqalisweni kwalolu Hlelo ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe besimanje bokutshala amazambane ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokongiwa kwezinsiza. Kumele zihlukaniswe ngokuya ngenhlabathi kanye nezimo zezulu zama-microzones ahlukahlukene wesifunda kanye nesisekelo sezinto kanye nezobuchwepheshe zamapulazi.
Ubuchwepheshe be-biologized bubandakanya ukutshalwa kotshani obungapheli kanye nomquba oluhlaza, ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yebhayoloji ekwelapheni izilimo eziyizigaxa nezilimo zamazambane (Baikal EM-1, mizorin, rizoagrin, flavobacterin, njll.), okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa umanyolo wamaminerali kanye ne-organic ngenkathi ugcina ibhalansi yezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuvunda komhlabathi. Ukusetshenziswa kwamalungiselelo ebhayoloji okuvikela izitshalo (i-boverine, i-trichogramma, njll.) kuzonciphisa izindleko zezibulala-zinambuzane futhi kuqinisekise ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo enobungani bemvelo. Ukunciphisa umthelela wokucindezeleka wesomiso endaweni yethu, ukusetshenziswa kwama-agent akhethekile we-biological anti-stress kunconywa.
4. Ukuthuthukiswa okubanzi kobuchwepheshe embonini yokutshala amazambane.
Ukuqhuba amazambane esimanje esifundeni, kuhlelwe ukuhlomisa amapulazi abakhiqizi bezolimo ngemishini nemishini eyonga izinsizakusebenza namandla okukhiqiza, ukuhlunga nokugcinwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, kucatshangelwa izici zezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuphatha. Inqubo eyinhloko yokukhetha imishini: ukwethembeka, ukuguquguquka, ukutholakala kwezingxenye ezisele kanye nesevisi esheshayo eqinisekisiwe.
5. Ukwandisa indawo yamazambane aniselwayo ngokuvuselelwa kwezindawo ezikhona kanye nokudala izindawo ezintsha zokuchelela.
Ukukhulisa amazambane ngaphansi kokunisela akugcini nje ukunciphisa izingozi zemvelo, kodwa futhi kukhulisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwezomnotho kokukhiqizwa kwawo. Isivuno semikhiqizo evela ezindaweni zamazambane anisiwe siphindwe kabili kunezindawo ezifanayo ngaphandle kokunisela, kanye nokukhiqiza kwabasebenzi kanye nokusebenza kahle kokusebenzisa izinsiza ezibonakalayo kanye nezobuchwepheshe, kuhlanganise nomanyolo, ukwandisa izikhathi ezintathu kuya kweziyisihlanu.
Kanye nokwanda kwesimanjemanje kwemishini yokunisela yeFregat neVolzhanka ekhona, ezindaweni ezinenhlabathi yokuthungwa okukhanyayo nokuphakathi, kuhlelwe ukuthi kushintshele kuzinhlelo zokuchelela ezonga izinsiza zesimanje - imishini yohlobo lwemigqomo enevolumu ephansi, ehlakazekile futhi i-drip irrigation.
6. Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezinto ezikhona kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindawo ezintsha zokugcina amazambane.
Ukuhlinzeka isibalo sabantu besifunda saseSaratov ngamazambane unyaka wonke, kunconywa ukuthi kwakhiwe izindawo zokugcina amazambane zesimanje ezinomthamo okungenani amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-40 wezilimo eziyizigaxa, ezinezinhlelo zokungenisa umoya, ukulawula isimo sezulu kanye nezindlela zokulayisha nokuthulula ngemishini. kwemikhiqizo.
Ezikhungweni ezinkulu zokugcina amazambane, amabhizinisi okuqala (imikhiqizo eseqediwe) kanye nokujulile (utshwala, isitashi, ama-chips, amafrimu aseFrance, njll.) kuzokwenziwa ukucubungula amazambane. Le ndawo ihlelelwe ukuthi ithuthukiswe ngaphakathi kohlaka lwesivumelwano nenkampani yaseMalino.
7. Ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo zokugcinwa, ukucubungula nokudayiswa kwamazambane avela kubakhiqizi bezolimo bendawo.
Ukuhlelwa kwezikhungo ze-logistics kuzokwandisa kakhulu ukuncintisana kwamazambane avela kubakhiqizi bezolimo bendawo.
8. Ukuqeqeshwa kwenkontileka okuhlosiwe kochwepheshe.
Ukuqeqeshwa kwenkontileka okuhlosiwe kochwepheshe bokutshala amazambane kuzokwenziwa yi-Saratov State Agrarian University, abasebenzi bayo abafundisa okwamanje abaqeqesha ochwepheshe abaqeqeshwe kakhulu be-agro-industrial complex. Kungenzeka ukuqeqesha iqembu elikhethekile lamakhosi emkhakheni wePotato Growing.
9. Iziqu ezithuthukisiwe zochwepheshe abavela ezinhlanganweni zezolimo nezinhloko zamabhizinisi ezolimo abandakanyeka ekukhiqizeni amazambane.
Uhlelo luhlinzeka ngokuqeqeshwa okuthuthukisiwe kwaminyaka yonke kwabalimi bamazambane ezifundweni ezihlelwe ebusika esikhungweni sokuqeqesha e-Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Saratov State Agrarian University eqanjwe ngemuva. N.I. Vavilov” kanye ne-ICS yesifunda.
Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwamazambane, kuhlelwe ukubamba uchungechunge lwezingqungquthela zesayensi nezisebenzayo ngesisekelo sokuhola amapulazi atshala amazambane esifundeni, okuhloswe ngawo kokubili ukuqeqeshwa kanye nokushintshisana ngolwazi phakathi kwabahlanganyeli bomcimbi. Njengengxenye yombukiso wesifunda waminyaka yonke kanye nombukiso othi "Usuku Lwensimu", abaphathi nochwepheshe bemboni yokutshala amazambane bazojwayelana namamodeli wakamuva wemishini yezolimo nezinsizakusebenza kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane ezithembisayo.