Territory: 314,4 izinkulungwane zamamitha skwele km
Abantu: Abantu abayizigidi eziyi-1
Isikhundla sendawo: Lesi sifunda siseningizimu-mpumalanga yeSiberia. Imingcele yezifunda zaseTyumen, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Kemerovo, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug kanye neKrasnoyarsk Territory. Ingxenye yeSifunda saseSiberia
Isimo sezulu izwekazi elimaphakathi. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile ngoJulayi ngu +18 C, ngoJanuwari -19,2 C.
Impumuzo: flat, ixhaphozi kakhulu. Isifunda saseTomsk siyingxenye yemvelo yomhlaba wonke - ixhaphozi le-West Siberian Plain. Ayikho enye indawo emhlabeni lapho kunokwanda kwamaxhaphozi namahlathi anamaxhaphozi njengakule ndawo. Ingxenye ebalulekile yezindawo zesifunda saseTomsk ihlala amahlathi (cishe i-51% yendawo), imvamisa enamaxhaphozi ngamadigri ahlukahlukene, kanye namaxhaphozi (cishe ama-31%), kufaka phakathi ama-peat bogs. I-Peat deposits engaphezu kuka-80 cm ubukhulu ithatha cishe u-24% wendawo yesifunda. Inqubo yamaxhaphozi eqhubekayo ihlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba esifundeni; ngokwezinye izilinganiso, anda ngonyaka ngamahektha ayi-1800.
Inhlabathi: i-automorphic, i-semi-hydromorphic ne-hydromorphic. Ibonakala ngokwanda kwe-hydromorphism ngenxa yezindawo ezinamaxhaphozi, nasezifundeni eziseningizimu - ukuqhwa okuqinile nokuncibilika kancane kwenhlabathi. Phakathi kwezinye izici ezithile, kufanele kuqashelwe: ukuba khona kwe-humus horizons yesibili emhlabathini we-soddy-podzolic kanye nehlathi elimpunga; ukuba khona kwama-ortsands enhlabathini yokwakheka kwemishini ekhanyayo; izinga lokushisa eliphansi lomhlabathi.
Indawo yezolimo: Amahektha ayizigidi ezi-1,2, kuwo amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-676 angumhlaba wokulima. Ukuhlinzekwa komhlaba wokulima esifundeni saseTomsk kungenye yezindawo eziphansi kakhulu esifundeni saseNtshonalanga yeSiberia, umuntu ngamunye - amahektha angu-0,65. Ukuze uqhathanise, e-Altai Territory kukhona amahektha angu-2,64 omhlaba olimekayo kumuntu ngamunye, esifundeni saseNovosibirsk - amahektha angu-1,36, esifundeni sase-Omsk - amahektha angu-2,0. Isilinganiso seSifunda Sesifunda saseSiberia singamahektha ayi-1,15.
I-SEASON 2018. KULULA NOKUKHULA KWAYIYA
Amazambane athatha indawo yesibili ekudleni komuntu ngemva kwesinkwa. Abalimi besifunda saseTomsk, njengakwezinye izifunda eziningi zaseRussia, baphatha lesi siko ngenhlonipho enkulu.
Isifunda saseTomsk besilokhu sibhekwa njengenye yezindawo ezihamba phambili zokutshala amazambane eSiberia. Naphezu kwezimo zezulu ezinzima, inala yenhlabathi enamanzi, ukhula nezinambuzane, abalimi nabalimi bamazambane baseTomsk bathola imiphumela ephezulu yokukhiqiza.
Isilinganiso sesivuno samazambane esifundeni singamasentimitha angama-190 ehektheleni ngalinye, kepha abaholi, ngokwesibonelo, isitshalo sokuzalanisa saseZavarzinsky, bathola amasentimitha angama-400 ngehektha ngalinye, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwentuthuko yesayensi yesimanje, izinhlobo ezithembisayo nokunamathela ngokuqinile kwezobuchwepheshe. Ekupheleni kuka-2017, isivuno esikhulu samazambane esifundeni sidlula amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-33.
IQINISO. Inzuzo yokukhiqiza amazambane ngo-2017 esifundeni saseTomsk idlule i-17,5%.
Ngokusho koMnyango Wezokuthuthukiswa Komphakathi Nomnotho Wokuthuthukiswa Kwezindawo Zasemakhaya esifundeni saseTomsk, ngonyaka ka-2018, indawo ehlwanyelwe amazambane ezinhlanganweni zezolimo, amapulazi kanye nosomabhizinisi ngabanye ingaphezu kwamahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1,5, noma i-17,5% yazo zonke izitshalo.
Ngokusho kwenkonzo yezibalo zesifunda, abakhiqizi abakhulu bamazambane esifundeni saseTomsk bangamapulazi abantu, lapho amazambane atshalwa khona ngo-2018 endaweni engamahektha angaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyisi-7.
UHLELO LOKUQEQESHWA KWABASEBENZI LOMBUKO
Ngo-2018, uMnyango Wokuthuthukiswa Komphakathi Nomnotho Wokuthuthukiswa Kwezindawo Zasemaphandleni Esifundeni Sase-Tomsk waqala ukusebenzisana nabaqashi nezikhungo zemfundo yezolimo ekusungulweni kwamakhono akamuva adingwa ochwepheshe abasebasha endaweni yezolimo nezimboni. Ukunakwa okukhethekile kukhokhwa kwesinye sezici ezibalulekile kwezolimo - i-agronomy.
Ngesisekelo semfundo ephakeme, uMnyango Wezolimo Nezobuchwepheshe kanye Nokucubungula Imikhiqizo Yezolimo we-Tomsk Agricultural Institute, igatsha le-NSAU, usuqeqeshe izazi zezolimo namahlathi emapulazini esifundeni sase-Tomsk iminyaka engu-25. Ngo-2018, bangu-115 abafundi abafunda lapho. Ukukhishwa kokugcina kwenzeke ngo-2016, okulandelayo kuzoba ngo-2019. Uhlelo lokubhalisa lwango-2019 ngabafundi besikhathi esigcwele abangama-20 nabafundi abangama-30 betoho.
Phakathi kwamanyuvesi ahamba phambili kukhona izazi zezolimo eziphezulu zokuphatha izifunda kanye nezakhiwo ezinkulu zezolimo, kanye nezinhloko zamapulazi.
UKUTHUTHUKISWA KWENGQALASIZINDA YEZImboni
Njengamanje, isifunda saseTomsk sinikeza amazambane ngo-130-140%. Lesi yisilimo esibalulekile esifundeni, esisendaweni yesibili ngokubaluleka ngemva kukakolo.
Ngakho-ke, i-Kolpakov LLC, ipulazi lamazambane elihamba phambili esifundeni saseTomsk, elikhiqiza amathani angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezi-5 zemikhiqizo ngonyaka, lihlela ukwakha indawo yokugcina amazambane enomthamo wamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingu-2019 ekupheleni kuka-2,5. Ubuchwepheshe be-modular buzosetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa, okuzovumela amandla okugcina ukuthi ande ngokuhamba kwesikhathi afike kumathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-8 emifino namazambane ngonyaka. Ngakho-ke, ipulazi lizokwazi ukuhlinzeka ngamaketanga okuthengisa kanye nezikhungo zezenhlalakahle e-Tomsk ngemikhiqizo ekhiqizwa endaweni ephakeme kakhulu unyaka wonke.
IMIHLAZIYELWE NGAMAHHALA
Amapulazi angama-33 (izinhlangano eziyi-8 zezolimo kanye namapulazi angama-25 abalimi) asebenza ekukhiqizeni amazambane ezimbonini, okuyi-16 kuwo atholakala esifundeni saseTomsk. Amabhizinisi amathathu anesimo samabhizinisi atshala imbewu (asebenza ngokohlelo lwe- “super-super-elite”, “super-elite” kanye “neelite”), ahlinzeka ngezinto zokutshala ezisezingeni eliphezulu hhayi emabhizinisini awo kuphela, kodwa nakozakwabo ku-workshop.
Enterprises LLC Kolpakov, Favorit, Agrofirm Zorkaltsevskaya, Zarechnoye, abalimi uMikhail Kolpakov noVyacheslav Rychko nabanye bathola imiphumela ephezulu emisebenzini yabo.
Amapulazi amabili amakhulu amazambane atholakala esifundeni saseShegarsky nasenyakatho yeKolpashevo. Isifunda saseKolpashevo silinganiswa nesigaba sezifunda zaseNyakatho Ekude, noma ukulima ngokweqile, kodwa nalapho abakhiqizi bezolimo baye bafunda ukuthola isivuno esikhulu.
UKUKHETHA NOKUHLELA
Enyakatho yesifunda kunezinkambu zokuhlola zomnyango waseNarym weSiberian Research Institute of Agriculture and Peat, igatsha leSiberian Federal Scientific Center yeRussian Academy of Sciences. Ososayensi balolu phiko bebelokhu bethuthukisa ubuchwepheshe nezinhlelo zokutshala amazambane ukuze bavikeleke ezifweni iminyaka engaphezu kwengama-70 (ukuzalanisa amazambane kwenziwa kusukela ngo-1938, futhi ubuchwepheshe bezolimo baqala ukufundwa ngo-1912).
Inqubo yokukhetha yenziwa ensimini yezitshalo eziyishumi ngokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo ze-sod-medium podzolic sandy loam ne-fertility ephansi yemvelo.
Umsebenzi wokukhiqiza imbewu wethulwe ezindaweni zokukhiqiza zomnyango. Ukukhiqizwa kwembewu okuyisisekelo kwenziwa ngokulandela uhlelo lweminyaka emine: unyaka wokuqala - ukukhethwa kwezitshalo zomthombo; unyaka wesibili - ama-clones wokuhlola wonyaka wokuqala; unyaka wesithathu - ama-clones okuhlola onyaka wesibili; unyaka wesine - super-super elite nursery. Izinhlangano zezolimo zinikezwa imbewu yezinhlobo ezilandelayo: Pamyati Rogacheva, Solnechny, Yubilyar, Yugana, Sarovsky.
Ngokuzayo, ngokwesisekelo somnyango waseNarym weSiberian Research Institute of Agriculture and Peat, kuhlelwe ukuthi kwakhiwe isikhungo sokuthuthukiswa kokukhethwa nokukhiqizwa kwembewu ekukhuleni kwamazambane, esikwazi ukuhlinzeka ngembewu yasekhaya esezingeni eliphakeme. Umnotho waseSiberia. Lesi sikhungo sesivele sifakile ezinye zesimanjemanje ze-aeroponic, ezisheshisa inqubo yokudala izinhlobo izikhathi eziningana. Ubuchwepheshe obuzosetshenziswa yisikhungo sesikhathi esizayo buzokwenza kube nokwenzeka hhayi ukuhlela ukukhiqiza kuphela, ngaphandle kokutheleleka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinama-virus kunoma yisiphi isigaba, kodwa futhi ukukhiqiza ama-minitubers ngaphandle kwenhlabathi unyaka wonke.
Amabanga
Ososayensi bomnyango waseNarym weSiberian Research Institute of Agriculture and Peat bakha izinhlobo ezilandelayo zamazambane: uNarymsky ekuqaleni (1961), Kolpashevsky (1966), Ideal (1967), Priobsky (1972), Narymka (1989), Yanga (1997) , Tomich (1998), Nakra (2000), In Memory of Rogachev and Antonin (2005), Solnechny (2006), Ketsky (2008), Jubilee (2009), Yugan (2011), Sarovsky (2014). Ngokuyisisekelo, zonke izinhlobo ezisohlwini zifakiwe kuRejista Yombuso Yezimpumelelo Zokuzalela egunyazwe ukusetshenziswa eRussian Federation. Futhi, ososayensi besikhungo bangababhali abahlanganyeli bezinhlobonhlobo: i-Narymchanin (Polessky - 36), i-Matushka kanye nezinhlobo ezidaliwe, kodwa ezingakhishwanga: i-Krasa Naryma, i-Taezhnik, i-Venera, i-Chaya, i-Belukha.
Izinhlobonhlobo zokukhethwa kukaTomsk zihlukaniswa ukumelana namagciwane, ukunambitheka okuhle nokuhle kakhulu, kanye nenkimbinkimbi yezinye izici ezinhle.
Izinhlobo zakuqala (Priobsky, Antonina, Yubilyar, Sarovsky) zakha isivuno sokuhweba ezingeni lika-15-20 t/ha ngosuku lwama-60 ngemva kokuhluma. Izinhlobo ze-Ketsky, Solnechny, Pamyati Rogacheva, Antonina zibonakala ngesivuno esiphezulu (50-60 t/ha nangaphezulu), kodwa ziqongelela isivuno esikhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izinhlobo ze-Nakra, Pamyati Rogacheva, Solnechny, Yugana kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zakuqala iSarovsky ziyakwazi ukuqongelela isitashi ngenani lama-23% noma ngaphezulu. Izinhlobo zamazambane i-Tomich, i-Ketsky ne-Solnechny zifanelekile ukwenza ama-chips, i-Antonina - yokuqandisa okujulile, i-Yugana - yokwenza ama-French fries.
Njengamanje, umsebenzi wokuzalanisa amazambane emnyangweni waseNarym weSiberian Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture and Technology ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo ezivuthwa kakhulu ezivuthwa ngokushesha ezingavuthwa ngokushesha ngesikhathi esifushane sokukhula emazingeni okushisa aphansi ekwindla, zikwazi ukumelana kakhulu. izifo kanye nezinambuzane, futhi babe nezilimo eziyizigaxa okusezingeni eliphezulu. Njengamanje, izinhlobonhlobo ezinesikhumba esibomvu ezinokwakheka kwe-tuber ngokuphelele zidingeka kakhulu.
IHOLIDI YAmazambane e-TOMSK
Iminyaka eminingana ilandelana, i-autumn fair ibanjwe esifundeni - "i-Potato Festival" yesifunda. Njalo ngonyaka kuba nokufisa ukuvelela. Ngo-2017, cishe izinkulungwane ezinhlanu zezakhamuzi zaseTomsk kanye nezivakashi zedolobha zazihambele lo mkhosi, okwathengiswa kuwo amathani angu-110 amazambane. I-assortment enkulu yamazambane ahlukahlukene inikezwa minyaka yonke embukisweni yilowo obambe iqhaza unomphela - iSiberian Research Institute of Agriculture and Peat - igatsha leSiberian Federal Scientific Center yeRussian Academy of Sciences.
Ngesikhathi seholide, umncintiswano uba minyaka yonke we-tuber enkulu yamazambane. Ngo-2017, izigaxa ze-heavyweight zomncintiswano zanikezwa izakhamuzi zase-Asinovsky, Pervomaisky, Molchanovsky, Tomsky, Shegarsky, kanye ne-Chainsky. Ngokusho kwemiphumela yokulinganisa, isihloko esithi "Potato-Bogatyr" sanikezwa i-tuber enesisindo esingamagremu angu-1330, ekhulile ezweni laseMolchanovskaya.
I-TOMSK LAND - AMAZAMBANE AMASHA!
Umnyango waseNarym weSiberian Research Institute of Agriculture and Peat edolobheni laseKolpashevo, esifundeni saseTomsk, usebenze ekuthuthukisweni kwamazambane anemibala cishe iminyaka eyi-10.
Ososayensi sebevele bekwazile ukuthola izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinsomi, eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-violet, kanye nemibala ebomvu (hhayi kuphela ikhasi, kodwa futhi i-pulp inombala). Ngokusho kwabafuyi, amazambane anothe ngama-antioxidants. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje izinhlobo azikabhaliswa, ngakho-ke zitshalwa kuphela emapulazini azimele. Ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kuzokwenzeka kuphela ngemva kokuphasa izivivinyo.
USUKU LWENSIMU 2018: UMKHAKHA WAMATATA
Njengengxenye yesithangami sezinsuku ezintathu se-agro-industrial "Field Day 2018" esifundeni saseTomsk, usuku lonke lwanikelwa esihlokweni sokuthuthukiswa kokukhula kwamazambane. Ngokwesisekelo se-Kolpakov LLC esifundeni sase-Tomsk, umholi wesifunda ekukhiqizeni amazambane, i-seminar egxile esizeni "Amazambane eSiberia: isipiliyoni esikhulayo kanye namathemba entuthuko" yabanjwa. Cishe bangu-50 ososayensi, abalimi kanye nabalimi bamazambane abavela ezifundeni zaseMoscow, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk naseTomsk ababehlangene kulo mcimbi.
Inhloko yebhizinisi, uDenis Kolpakov, ubambe umboniso wemishini yesimanje yokukhulisa amazambane, okukhona kuyo cishe amayunithi angama-40 epulazini. Ogandaganda abawonga amandla ka-John Deer, amayunithi okulima alandelanayo e-Lemken, indawo yokutshala amazambane e-Grimme, njll. bayasebenza ensimini. - lonke uhla lwezixazululo zobuchwepheshe kanye nobuchwepheshe obusha bezolimo, okuvumela ipulazi ukwenza umsebenzi wasensimini ngokunembile nangesikhathi. Abahlanganyeli bomhlangano bakhonjiswe imigqa yesimanje yokulungiswa kwamazambane ngaphambi kokudayiswa (ukupakishwa ngamanethi angu-2,5 kg kanye nokupakishwa kwe-premium combi-linen; i-vacuum package yamazambane ahlutshiwe).
Okuthakazelisa kakhulu abalimi bososayensi kanye nabalimi abasebenzisa amazambane kwaba ukuhlolwa kwamasimu amazambane, lapho namuhla kutshalwa khona izinhlobo zamazambane - Kemerovochanin, Tuleevsky - kanye nezakwamanye amazwe (ngokokuqala ngqa kulo nyaka, ukutshalwa kwezinhlobo zamazambane zembewu yaseJalimane okokuqala ngqa. Umfelandawonye watshalwa).
“Sibheke amasimu epulazi i-Kolpakov LLC futhi sahlabeka umxhwele kakhulu,” kuphawula u-Anastasia Borovkova, inhloko yomnyango wamazambane we-German Seed Alliance (eMoscow). - Ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa ebhizinisini, kusukela ekulinyweni kwenhlabathi kuya ekuvikelweni kwezitshalo, - ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Uma kubhekwa izimo zezulu ezinzima kanye nesikhathi esifushane sokukhula, isilinganiso sesivuno samazambane se-220 centner esizuzwe epulazini sifanelwe ukuhlonishwa.
Abahlanganyeli be-seminar baphinde bethulwa emsebenzini weLabhorethri ye-Biotechnological Methods of Selection and Seed Production of Agricultural Crops ye-Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture and Peat - igatsha leSiberian Federal Scientific Centre ye-Russian Academy of Sciences edolobhaneni. yaseBogashevo, lapho kwenziwa khona ucwaningo lwesimanje manje ekutholeni ama-minitubers amazambane anempilo ngokusebenzisa i-microcloning.