Kusuka kumagazini: No. 3 2014
Isigaba: Ku-Focus
Boris Anisimov, IPhini likaMqondisi I-All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming eqanjwe ngemuva. A.G. U-Lorja
Lesi sihloko sidingida izidingo ze-phytosanitary zezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye namagciwane, okufanele zilawulwe ngokuqinile ngaphakathi kwemingcele yezindawo ezikhethekile zokukhiqiza imbewu yamazambane. Kubhekelelwa kakhulu ukunciphisa imithombo engaba khona kanye nama-vectors okutheleleka, ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezisebenzayo zokuvimbela nokulawula ama-phytopathogens ezindaweni ezikhethekile zokukhiqiza amazambane okuqala kanye nembewu ye-elite.
Izifo ezithathelwanayo ezibangelwa amagciwane e-pathogenic kanye namabhaktheriya zingaholela ekwehleni okubukhali kwekhwalithi yembewu yamazambane. Kunephethini evamile eyamukelwayo - izinga eliphezulu lomthwalo wokutheleleka ezindaweni lapho kutshalwa khona amazambane, makhulu amathuba okuthi ukutheleleka kubhebhetheke. ngembewu nangenhlabathi, kanye nomonakalo omkhulu kakhulu ongabangelwa yilezi zifo [1].
Ezenzweni zezwe lanamuhla, le nkinga ixazululwa ngempumelelo kakhulu ngokwakha izindawo ezikhethekile ezivikelwe (izindawo) ezinezimo ezivumayo zemvelo, zezulu kanye ne-phytosanitary zokukhula enempilo (ngaphandle kwama-phytopathogens) amazambane embewu. Ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezinjalo, empeleni, kuba yingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlelo zesimanje zokukhiqiza imbewu yamazambane engenagciwane [2,3,4,5].
Okwaziwa kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, isipiliyoni esiyimpumelelo sokudala nokusebenzisa indawo ekhethekile yokutshala imbewu yamazambane esigaba sekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu e-Finland, endaweni enesimo sezulu esipholile (isifundazwe saseTyrnavä), lapho kuye kwaba khona izindinganiso eziqinile zezidingo ze-phytosanitary. yethulwe ngaphakathi kwale ndawo. Okuthakazelisa kakhulu kulokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kweGreat Britain, lapho izindawo ezithandwa kakhulu ze-phytosanitary nazo zihlonzwe emazweni aseScotland naseNyakatho Ireland, anikezwe isikhundla esikhethekile se-EU. "Indawo yokutshala amazambane ekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu" (IsiFunda Samazambane Sembewu Yebanga Eliphezulu) [6,7].
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ezindaweni ezithile zeRussian Federation, kuye kwenziwa umsebenzi osebenzayo wokwakha izindawo ezilungele ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane, lapho kumiswa khona ukulawulwa okuqinile kwe-phytosanitary yombuso futhi kuqashelwa ngokukhethekile ukunciphisa izingozi ezingaba khona zokusakazeka kokutheleleka. ngembewu nangenhlabathi [2,3,4].
Ezenzweni zanamuhla zokulawulwa kwe-phytosanitary ngaphakathi kwemingcele yezindawo ezikhulayo ezikhulayo, amaqembu amane wezinto ze-pathogenic alawulwa ngokuqinile:
- izifo kanye nezinambuzane ezibalulekile zokuhlukaniswa (umdlavuza wamazambane, ukubola okunsundu, i-cyst nematode yamazambane);
- amagciwane e-phytopathogenic asakazwa yizinhlobo ze-aphid ezifudukayo (Y- igciwane lamazambane (YBK - izinhlobo ezahlukene) A- igciwane lamazambane (ABKIgciwane le-M-potato (MBK) kanye negciwane leqabunga lamazambane (PLV);
- amagciwane asakazwa ama-nematodes ahlala emhlabathini kanye nesikhunta (Igciwane le-Potato top panicle virus (“MOP-TOP”) kanye negciwane legwayi likagwayi (“RETTL” virus);
- amagciwane e-pathogenic ("umlenze omnyama" kanye nokubola kwendandatho yezilimo eziyizigaxa).
Izifo nezinambuzane ezinokubaluleka kokuhlukaniswa kwabantu zibhekwa njengengozi kakhulu, ngakho-ke amathuba okusabalala kwazo ngembewu nangenhlabathi ezindaweni lapho kutshalwa khona amazambane kufanele akhishwe ngokuphelele.
Izidingo ze-Phytosanitary zezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye namagciwane zilawulwa ngokusungulwa kokubekezelelana okulawulwayo ngaphakathi kohlaka lwamazinga amanje wekhwalithi yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezwe lamazambane amazambane [8,9]. Iningi lamazwe athumela amazambane embewu ngokuvamile awakubekezeleli nhlobo ukutheleleka ngamagciwane (Dickey/Pectobacterium spp., Clavibacter michiganensis). Ukutheleleka kwembewu enamagciwane athwalwa izinhlobo ze-aphid ezifudukayo kulawulwa ngokuqinile ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kwaselabhorethri kwamasampula e-tuber kusuka enzalweni eqondile yamakilasi SE (super elite), E (elite), A kanye no-B (1-2 ukukhiqizwa ngemuva kwe-elite) kusetshenziswa. izimfuneko zokulawula eziqinile zamazinga (Ithebula 1).
Ithebula 1. Ukubekezelelana okulawulwayo kwezindinganiso zokungcoliswa kwegciwane lamazambane angena ekuhwebeni emazweni e-EU (ukuhlolwa kwe-ELIZA)
Страны | Ukubekezelela amakilasi/izizukulwane zembewu yamazambane, % | |||
SE | E1-3 | A1-2 | B | |
EC* | 4 | 10 | ||
UNECE** | 2-4 (1-2) | 10 (5) | 10 | |
Germany** | 4 (2) | 4 (2) | 8 (4) | |
Holland | 0,5 | 2 | 6 | 10 |
I-Finland*** | 0,5-1 | 4-10 | ||
France | 1 | 2 | 5 | |
Belgium | 2 | 3 | 6 | 10 |
Bulgaria | 0,5 | 0,5-4 | 8 | 10 |
I-republic yaseCzech | 2 | 2-4 | 5-10 | 10 |
*NgokweZiqondiso ze-EU 2002/56 kanye no-93/17
** Ukubekezelelana kwe YVK
***Ukubekezelela amagciwane YI-VK+AVK
Izinga lezingozi ezingaba khona zokutheleleka ngegciwane kumazambane lincike kakhulu ezicini zemvelo kanye nesimo sezulu sezindawo. Ensimini enkulu yaseRussia, amazambane angatshalwa ngempumelelo cishe yonke indawo, kepha kungenzeka ukukhiqiza imbewu esezingeni eliphakeme kuphela ezimeni ezinesimo sezulu esivumayo kanye nengozi encane yokusabalala kwamagciwane ezinhlobo ezinzima (ezibi) ze izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, ikakhulukazi i-mosaic eshwabene ne-banded (WM) kanye nezilimo eziyizigaxa ze-necrotic ringspot potato (YВКNTN) (Umfanekiso 1).
Umfanekiso 1 Izimpawu ze-mosaic enzima (acute) (YBK) nendawo yokukhala yezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane (YBKNTN[9].
Ngokucabangela ukuhlukahluka kwezimo zemvelo nezesimo sezulu, kanye nezici ezinethonya elinamandla eqophelweni lembewu yamazambane ezindaweni lapho zikhiqizwa khona eRussian Federation, emhlabeni wonke singakwazi ukuhlukanisa izindawo ezintathu ezinomehluko omkhulu emvelweni. Izinga lomthwalo wokutheleleka kanye nomsebenzi ophelele we-vector wezinambuzane ezithwala leli gciwane .
Izifunda ezisenyakatho nenyakatho-ntshonalanga ngokuvamile zithathwa njengezilungele ukutshala amazambane asezingeni eliphezulu. Isimo sezulu esipholile ngesikhathi sokukhula, kanye nesizinda esiphansi se-vectors yezinambuzane, kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukunciphisa ukusabalala kwamagciwane ayingozi kakhulu. Isikhathi sokukhula kulezi zifunda sifushane kakhulu: kusukela ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi kuya maphakathi noSepthemba (izinsuku eziyi-100-110). Kodwa ubude bosuku, isici sezindawo ezisenyakatho, ikakhulukazi ngenkathi yokukhula kokuqala, kudala izimo ezinhle zokukhula ngokushesha nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo, ukusheshisa kwe-tuberization kanye nokwakheka kwezitshalo. Lezi zimo zenza lezi zifunda zivune ukutshala imbewu esezingeni eliphezulu.
Ingxenye emaphakathi yeRussia, okuhlanganisa i-Central, Central Black Earth esifundeni, isifunda sase-Middle Volga, kanye ne-Urals, iSiberia, neMpumalanga Ekude, naphezu kokuhlukahluka kwesimo sezulu nenhlabathi, ngokuvamile ibonakala ngesizinda esilinganiselwe somthwalo othathelwanayo kanye ingathathwa njengendawo ekahle ngokwemibandela ye-phytosanitary yokuhlela ukukhiqiza kwakho imbewu yamazambane ngokuhambisana nezidingo zokulawula zamazinga.
Southern kanye nezifunda eziseNingizimu-Mpumalanga engathandeki ekukhuleni imbewu yekhwalithi ephezulu. Ngenxa yenkathi yokukhula eshisayo neyomile futhi, njengomthetho, izinga eliphezulu lokutheleleka ngegciwane kanye nomsebenzi ophelele wezinambuzane ezithwala izifo (ngaphandle kwezintaba nezintaba zaseNyakatho Caucasus), izinga ukwanda kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane ngokukhiqizwa kwensimu ngayinye okulandelayo kuphakeme kakhulu kunezindawo ezisezindaweni eziningi ezisenyakatho. Izinga eliphezulu lokukhula kokutheleleka ngegciwane linciphisa ukukhiqiza futhi lenze libe libi kakhulu izinga lembewu yamazambane ngemuva kwenkathi yokukhula yesibili, nasezinhlotsheni ezingenwa kalula ngisho nangemva kweyokuqala.
Enye yezimiso eziyisisekelo zokudala izindawo ezikhethekile zokutshala imbewu ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo yezindawo lapho kugcinwa khona ukususwa kwendawo edingekayo yezinto ezinempilo kunoma iyiphi imithombo engaba khona yokutheleleka ngegciwane (ukutshala amazambane okudla, izingadi zemifino, amakotishi, njll.) . Ngalesi sizathu, ngaphakathi kwemingcele yezindawo ezikhethekile ezikhulayo zembewu, kuyadingeka ukuthi kuqinisekiswe ukuthotshelwa okuqinile kwezindinganiso eziphansi zokuhlukaniswa kwendawo ngezigaba ezihambisanayo namakilasi amazambane okuqala kanye nembewu ye-elite. Ngokusekelwe emibonweni yesimanje mayelana nezindlela nezici zokudlulisa nokusabalala kwamagciwane e-phytopathogenic, kanye nokufuduka kwabathwali bawo kumazambane, kunconywa ukuthi kuqinisekiswe ibanga lendawo kusuka emithonjeni yokutheleleka okungenzeka kube khona ukutheleleka kwembewu yezigaba eziyinhloko. ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-500 m, izizukulwane zensimu ezalandela ze-100 m (Ithebula 2)
Ithebula 2. Amazinga okuhlukaniswa kwendawo anconyiwe ekutshalweni kwamazambane okuqala kanye nembewu ye-elite.
isigaba | Класс | I-Insulation |
Impahla eluhlaza | Ukukhula kwama-mini-tubers ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kumagciwane athathelwanayo | Uhlaka lwezindlu zokugcina izithombo zasehlobo ezine-polycarbonate enamathela, emboze imigudu eyenziwe ngezinto zokumboza ezingasindi |
Imbewu yamazambane yasekuqaleni | Ukusakazwa kwensimu (1-2 izizukulwane) | Ibanga elingu-500 m ukusuka kunoma yimaphi amanye amakilasi embewu yamazambane |
Elite imbewu amazambane | Super elite futhi elite nurseries | Ibanga elingamamitha ayi-100 ukusuka ezigabeni eziphansi zembewu nokutshalwa kohwebo |
Imvamisa, izindawo ezisogwini ezinomoya omuhle ezitholakala eduze nolwandle namachibi amakhulu amanzi, amasimu azungezwe amasimu amahlathi avikelayo, kanye nezindawo ezilimekayo ezisezindaweni ezisezintabeni ezifaneleka kakhulu njengezici ezakha imvelo ngaphakathi kwemingcele yembewu- izindawo ezikhulayo. Kubalulekile ukuthi amasimu abelwe izindawo zokunakekela amasimu abe kude ngangokunokwenzeka kuzo zombili izinkambu zamazambane zamabhizinisi ezimboni kanye neziza zamakhaya zabantu. Ngaphakathi kwemingcele yendawo engayodwa yokutshala imbewu, amathuba okutshala amazambane ngokuzenzekelayo kufanele akhishwe, ikakhulukazi emasimini abantu bendawo kanye nezindlu zasehlobo zasehlobo.
Ngokombono ongokoqobo, ukwakha indawo ekahle kakhulu endaweni yokukhiqiza imbewu ekhethekile, ikakhulukazi lapho kukhula izizukulwane zensimu yokuqala, indlela efinyeleleka ngokuphelele futhi ephumelelayo “i-micro-isolation” kusetshenziswa izitshalo zokuhlola ukuvikela izitshalo noma utshani eduze. emaphethelweni enkundla (Fig. 2).
Ilayisi. 2. Uhlelo lokuhlukaniswa okuncane kokutshalwa kwezizukulwane zensimu yokuqala kusetshenziswa ukuhlwanyelwa kokuvikela okusanhlamvu emaphethelweni ensimu.
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi yezinto zembewu ezindaweni ezikhethekile zokukhiqiza imbewu, kuyadingeka ngokuphelele ukusebenzisa izinqubo zezolimo eziphumelela kakhulu ezinciphisa ukusabalala kokutheleleka ngegciwane ezimeni zasensimini, okuhlanganisa:
- ukuhambisana nezindinganiso ezimisiwe zokuhlukaniswa kwendawo kwamazambane okuqala kanye nembewu esezingeni eliphakeme ekutshalweni kwemikhiqizo ephansi;
- ukudala izimo ezifanele kakhulu zokukhula ngokushesha nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo kanye nokwakheka kwe-tuber ngokushesha ngesikhathi sokukhula;
- ukwenza ukuhlanza okujwayelekile kwe-phyto ngokunqatshwa kwasekuqaleni kanye nokususwa kwezitshalo ezithelelekile ekutshalweni, njengemithombo yokutheleleka okungenzeka;
- ukusetshenziswa kwama-insecticide asebenzayo, kanye namalungiselelo wamafutha amaminerali nemifino ngokumelene nama-aphid athwala ukutheleleka ngegciwane;
- ukusungula imigomo efanelekile yokuqala yokukhipha iziqongo lapho ufinyelela ukuthengiseka okuphezulu kwembewu yezilimo eziyizigaxa, kucatshangelwa imiphumela yokuqapha imithombo yokutheleleka kanye nezinambuzane ezithwala amagciwane (izinhlobo ezifudukayo zama-aphid) ezimeni zepulazi ngalinye;
- ukubulawa kwamagciwane ezindaweni zokugcina, izinto zokusebenza, imishini, izitsha ngaphambi kokugcina inkatho yembewu.
Ezindaweni eziqokiwe zokutshala imbewu, imbewu kufanele ikhiqizwe ngokuhambisana nemibandela yekhwalithi emisiwe yezigaba namakilasi embewu yamazambane akhiqiziwe.
Imithombo yezinto zokufaka phakathi kwemingcele yezindawo eziqokiwe kufanele ikhawulelwe kuleyo ehlangabezana nemibandela yekhwalithi evamile. Kuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa izinto zomthombo ezivela emithonjeni embalwa, kodwa kuphela uma zihlangabezana nemibandela yekhwalithi emisiwe. Impahla yokuqala enempilo kufanele ikhiqizwe kumalabhorethri nasezindlini zokugcina izithombo, ezingase zibe ngaphandle kwendawo eqokiwe.
Ngemuva kokuthuthukiswa kwensimu, imbewu kuphela ekhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwemingcele yayo kufanele isetshenziswe endaweni yayo esikhathini esizayo. Ukutshala impahla ekhiqizwe ngaphandle kwesayithi ngokuvamile akuvunyelwe. Kulokhu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukulawula okufanele izingadi zezakhamizi futhi, uma kunesidingo, ukuhlela ukuhlinzekwa kwamazambane ekhwalithi ephezulu ngezidingo zabalimi bendawo kanye nezakhamuzi zasehlobo. Empeleni, lokhu kungenzeka kuphela ngesisekelo sokubamba iqhaza ngokuzithandela engxenyeni yabantu bendawo kanye nentshisekelo yezakhamizi ekushintsheni kancane kancane kwembewu yazo endala yendawo entsha, ekhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwemingcele yembewu elawulwayo. -indawo ekhulayo.
Esinye sezici ezibalulekile zombuso okhethekile wokukhiqiza kwezobuchwepheshe endaweni elawulwayo ukwethulwa kwesistimu yokuhlola ekhethekile, okufanele ihlanganise ukuhlola kwe-phytosanitary yasensimini evamile kanye nokuhlolwa kwelabhorethri yezinto zembewu kusetshenziswa amasampula eqabunga ne-tuber. Ukubambelela ngokuqinile ezimisweni zokuhlola zaselabhorethri nezindlela zamakilasi afanele/izizukulwane zembewu yamazambane kumele kuqinisekiswe. Ngakho-ke, endabeni yokuqala ye-invitro ehloselwe i-clonal micropropagation kuma-laboratories, i-100% yezitshalo ihlolwe yi-ELISA kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-PCR. Lapho ukhula izilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane ezindlini zokugcina izithombo, ubuncane bezitshalo ezingama-250 ezivela kuhlobo ngalunye zihlolwa yi-ELISA. Esizukulwaneni sokuqala sensimu yama-tubers amancane, izitshalo ezingama-200 ngesiqephu ngasinye sohlobo ngalunye zihlolwa yi-ELISA (noma izilimo eziyizigaxa ezingama-200 kusampula ye-tuber yangemva kokuvuna). Kusampula yangemuva kokuvuna esitshalweni se-super-super elite, izilimo eziyizigaxa ezingama-200 kuqoqo ngalinye zihlolwa yi-ELISA. Kumazambane ama-super-elite nama-elite, ngaphezu kokuhlolwa okubonakalayo kwezitshalo, ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwensimu, izitshalo ezinokubonakaliswa okunganele kwezimpawu zesifo zihlolwa kusetshenziswa izindlela ze-immunodiagnostic.
Ukwethulwa kohlelo lokuhlola oluhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwe-phytosanitary yasensimini kanye nokulawulwa kwelabhorethri okuyimpoqo kwezigaba eziphakeme kakhulu zamazambane embewu ngaphakathi kwemingcele yezindawo ezikhethekile zokutshala imbewu kufanele kube yingxenye yemithetho yezobuchwepheshe yokukhiqizwa kwamazambane okuqala kanye nembewu ye-elite.
Ekuxazululeni inkinga yokwakhiwa kwezindawo ezikhethekile zokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane, ukuqinisekiswa komhlaba wezolimo ngokwenza ucwaningo lokuhlonza izinambuzane, izifo nokhula ngokukhishwa okulandelayo kwama-phytosanitary passports kungabalulekile. Ukuba khona kwamaphasiphothi e-phytosanitary emasimini kungenye yezidingo zokuthola izitifiketi zokuzithandela zabantu kanye nezinhlangano ezisemthethweni ezibambe iqhaza ekukhiqizeni (ukulima), ukucubungula (ukulungiselela), ukupakishwa nokudayiswa kwembewu yezigaba eziphakeme kakhulu.
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