Isigaba: Ukuxhumana kochwepheshe
Andrey Kalinin, Udokotela Wesayensi Yezobuchwepheshe
Kusuka kumagazini No. 4 2015
Sithemba ukuthi ngamunye wethu, lapho ekhetha umkhiqizo othile, kukhona njalo ukuqhathanisa Ifomu nokuqukethwe kwawo. Kunjalo, inketho ekahle yilapho okuqukethwe kwekhwalithi ephezulu yakhelwe ngokufanele. Uma sikhuluma ngobunjiniyela bemishini yesimanje, intuthuko yedizayini yenza kube nokwenzeka ukuklama ngobuhle umkhiqizo wekhwalithi ephezulu. Kulokhu, ifomu nokuqukethwe kuhambisana, kubambene.
Lapho kutshalwa amazambane ngesikhathi sokwakheka kwamagquma, Ifomu Nokuqukethwe kuba nokungqubuzana phakathi kokucwebezela kwangaphandle kanye nezinkomba zekhwalithi zesimo senhlabathi phakathi nayo yonke inkathi yokukhula. Ake sicabangele ingxenye yangaphakathi Yefomu Nokuqukethwe ukuze senze isinqumo esiphusile lapho sikhetha ukumiswa kwemishini yokutshala amazambane.
Wonke umlimi wamazambane uyazi ukuthi ukwakheka kwamagquma kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe besimanje baseYurophu kwenziwa njengomsebenzi ozimele emasontweni ayi-1-2 ngemuva kokutshala (Umfanekiso 1) noma ngasikhathi sinye nokutshala lapho kufakwa imodyuli efanelekile yokwenza ama-ridge emshinini wokutshala amazambane (Fig. . 2). Kuzo zombili izimo, abalimi bamazambane bafuna ukuthola ama-ridge aphezulu ane-perimeter ye-cross-sectional engaphezu kuka-90 cm (Fig. 3). Amagquma anjalo anobude obungama-27...30 cm ukusuka phansi komsele ukuya phezulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imigqa ihlukaniswe kuphi. Ukuma okulungile kwama-ridge kutholakala ngokusebenzisa amapuleti enza ama-ridge-forming afakwe kuma-row-crop cultivar ohlobo lokugaya i-GF noma ngemizimba esebenzayo ye-GH, kanye nakuma-planter amazambane alandelwayo/agingqiwe. Amagquma ahlangene anobuso obushelelezi, ngokusho kochwepheshe bokuvikela izitshalo, ahlinzeka ngokwakhiwa kwesihenqo semithi yokubulala ukhula enhlabathini ukuze kuvikelwe ngokuthembekile ukutshalwa kwamazambane okhulani. Akungabazeki ukuthi ama-ridge abushelelezi futhi anjalo, acindezelwe ngepuleti nhlangothi zonke, ayajabulisa iso futhi anikeze ithemba lokukhiqiza okuphezulu.
Ukwakhiwa kwama-ridge kungenziwa ezinye izinhlangano ezisebenzayo, ezifakwe futhi kubalimi bezitshalo ezilandelanayo noma abatshali bamazambane, kodwa kuze kube manje kuncane okwaziwayo futhi okufunwa kancane ngabalimi bamazambane baseRussia. Sikhuluma ngenhlanganisela yemizimba ekhuphukayo kanye ne-profile bar roller efakwe esikhundleni sepuleti elenza i-ridge-forming cultivator GH (Fig. 4), kanye nezitshali zamazambane (Fig. 5) zohlobo olufakwe noma olulandelwayo. .
Amagquma akhiwe ngale ndlela awabukeki ehlaba umxhwele njengokuthi ngemuva kokudlula kwepuleti elenza ugwadule, anendawo yokukhululeka kuwo wonke umjikelezo, ukuphakama kwawo akudluli ku-23 cm (Fig. 6), asikho isidingo khuluma nge-perimeter ye-cross section, futhi i-ridge ngokwayo ibukeka ikhululekile futhi ingapheli njengomlingani wayo one-ayina. Ngamafuphi, umphumela wokwakhiwa kwe-ridge enjalo awujabulisi emehlweni futhi kunesifiso sokwenza umsebenzi wesibili ukulungisa ukubukeka okungalungile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ochwepheshe bokuvikela izitshalo bazozwakalisa ukungabaza kwabo mayelana nesenzo esithembekile semithi yokubulala ukhula enhlabathini ngenxa yobunzima bokwenza isikrini sefilimu endaweni engalingani.
Lapho kuqhathaniswa izindlela ezihlukene zokwakheka kwamagquma, isiphetho siphakamisa ukuthi sivuna ukusetshenziswa kwezingqimba ezakha amagquma njengengxenye yabalimi bezitshalo ezilandelanayo noma imishini yokutshala amazambane. Kodwa-ke, akukhona ngaphandle kwesizathu ukuthi bathi konke okukhazimulayo akulona igolide, futhi ukuze wenze izinqumo ezinolwazi lapho ukhetha indlela yokwenza ama-ridges, kuyoba iphutha ukuthembela kuphela ekubukeni kwabo.
Ngaphambilini, sichaze ngokuningiliziwe ukuguquguquka kwezinguquko esimweni senhlabathi ngaphakathi kwe-ridge phakathi nayo yonke inkathi yokukhula kwamazambane lapho kusetshenziswa ama-ridge-forming slabs (umagazini "Potato System" No. 2, 2015). Kusukela kule ncazelo kulandela ukuthi ukuze kutholwe i-ridge ezinzile, inhlabathi ingaphansi kokucindezelwa ngezindlela ezintathu ukusuka ohlangothini lwepuleti elenza i-ridge-forming. Lo mthelela uholela ekuminyenekeni kwenhlabathi ngaphakathi kwe-ridge, okwandayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba incipha. Kodwa-ke, umphumela wokusebenzisa ama-slabs akha ama-ridge ukugcotshwa kwengaphezulu lama-ridge (ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yawo engezansi) kanye nokuminyana phansi komsele ngamageja okuhlukanisa. Yilo mphumela oholela ekubhujisweni kwama-pores ngaphakathi kwenhlabathi kanye nama-capillaries ahambisa amanzi ebusweni bama-ridge, okufaka isandla ekumunceni kwamanzi awela ngendlela yemvula kanye nokungena komoya emagqumeni.
Umphumela wokusebenzisa isikimu esamukelekayo sokwakhiwa kwamagquma uwukulahlekelwa okukhulu kongqimba oluvundile, okwenzeka phakathi nemvula enkulu noma ukunisela okuzenzela. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amanzi, awela phezu kwamagquma ane-surface crust, ageleza esuka kuwo aye phansi komsele. Njengoba indawo engaphansi ehlangene yomsele nayo inamandla okumunca abuthaka, amanzi aqala ukugeleza aye ezindaweni eziphansi eduze kwamagquma. Uma ukucindezeleka kukhona ngaphakathi kwensimu, khona-ke ukucindezeleka kwamafomu kule ndawo (Fig. 7), okungaholeli nje kuphela ekufeni kwamazambane, kodwa futhi nokuncipha kwethrafikhi emasimini kanye nobunzima ekuvuneni ekwindla. Uma insimu itholakala emithambekeni, khona-ke ukugeleza kwamanzi, okugeleza eduze kwamagquma, kuthwala izinhlayiya zenhlabathi eziyigugu kakhulu emigodini / emihosheni noma emabhande ehlathi (Fig. 8).
Ehlobo, lapho kunemvula enkulu ngaphambi kokuba iziqongo zivalwe, kwakheka imihosha ejulile ensimini enemithambeka ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwama-slabs akha amagquma, futhi amashumi ezinkulungwane zamathani omhlabathi ovundile alahleka ngendlela engenakulungiseka minyaka yonke. Cishe isithombe esifanayo siyabonwa ezindaweni eziniselwe amazambane atholakala emithambekeni. Kulokhu, ngezinga elanele lemvula yenkathi ethile engxenyeni engenhla yensimu, izitshalo zingase zibe nokuntuleka komswakama, futhi ezindaweni eziphansi lapho kugeleza khona amanzi, kungase kube khona ngokweqile. Zonke izibonelo ezingenhla zikhomba ukuthi ukwakheka kwamagquma abushelelezi futhi ahlangene akuvumeli umswakama owile ukuthi usabalaliswe ngokulinganayo endaweni yensimu kanye namandla aphelele okufafaza okungokwemvelo noma okwenziwa okufanele asetshenziswe, futhi kunciphisa izinga lokuvunda komhlabathi okufanele kusetshenziswe. ekukhishweni kwezinhlayiya zenhlabathi ezibaluleke kakhulu ngamanzi ageleza phansi kwemisele engu-1...3 mm.
Isithombe esihluke kancane sombuso wokunikeza umswakama siyabonwa lapho kwakhiwa ama-ridge kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela yezidladla ezixegayo, amagquma nama-profile bar roller, angafakwa kubalimi bezitshalo ezilandelanayo noma emishinini yokutshala amazambane. Iphansi lomsele ngemva kokudlula inhlanganisela enjalo lihlala likhululekile ekujuleni kwe-15 ... 18 cm ngenxa yokudlula kwe-paw emaphakathi exegayo kanye nokuchithwa kwengxenye ye-ridge ngemva kokuba ihlanganiswe ne-roller. Ingaphezulu lamagquma nalo lihlala lixega, futhi amagquma ngokwawo awabhidliki ngaphansi kwethonya lomoya nemvula, ngoba angaphansi kokucindezelwa kwe-volumetric nge-roller yephrofayili, esiza ukuwaqinisa. Amanzi awela ngendlela yemvula noma ngesikhathi sokunisela awagelezi kakhulu ukusuka ezingodini, amuncwa ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke umjikelezo wawo wangaphandle. Amanzi afanayo awela phansi emiseleni amuncwa ngokushesha enhlabathini exegayo, ngaleyo ndlela avimbele ukukhukhuleka kwezakhi zomhlabathi emathafeni. Izilinganiso zomswakama wenhlabathi emasimini ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kwama-bar rollers zibonise ukuthi amanani ayo engxenyeni engenhla yensimu nangaphansi komthambeko mancane komunye nomunye. Lokhu kubonisa ukusabalaliswa okufanayo kwemvula kuyo yonke indawo yensimu, kungakhathaliseki umehluko ekuphakameni. Inhlabathi engaphansi komsele ihlala ixegekile futhi ingeneka kuze kube yisona leso sikhathi sokuvuna (Fig. 9), futhi ukuvuna ngokwako kungenziwa 1,5...2 amahora ngemva kokuphela kwemvula enamandla ngokwanele (ekutshalweni kusetshenziswa. ama-ridge-forming slabs esimweni sezulu esifanayo kusukela -ngenxa yokugcwala kwamanzi phansi kwemisele, ukuqaliswa kabusha kokuvuna kwadingeka kuhlehliswe izinsuku ezingu-1..2). Uma usebenzisa ukuchelela okwenziwayo ukuze kuzuzwe umswakama odingekayo wenhlabathi ngaphakathi kwamagquma, amanzi angaphansi ngo-30% adingekayo ekutshalweni kwamazambane kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela ye-ripper arm, i-hilling body kanye ne-profile bar roller.
Kodwa-ke, ukusebenzisa inhlanganisela eshiwo ngenhla ukwenza ama-ridge kudinga ukulungiswa kokujula kokutshala. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuphakama kwe-ridge ngemva kokudlula inhlanganisela enjalo kungaphansi kuka-5..7 cm kunangemva kokusebenzisa ipuleti eyenza i-ridge-forming, kuyadingeka ukwandisa ukujula kokutshala ngenani elifanayo. Ukunganaki lo mthetho kuholela ekubukeni kwezilimo eziyizigaxa eziluhlaza (Fig. 10) phezu komhlabathi, okunciphisa kakhulu izakhiwo zokuhweba zemikhiqizo ephumela.
Ekupheleni kwalokhu kubuyekezwa, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi imishini ye-Grimme yokutshala amazambane kanye ne-inter-row tillage ingahlonyiswa ngamasistimu okwakheka kwamagquma uma ikhasimende licela. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokukhetha indlela eyodwa noma enye yokwenza ama-ridge, udinga ukuzitholela ukuthi ukwakheka kwawo okulungile kuzohlale kuhambisana nokuqukethwe okudingekayo ngokuya ngombuso wokunikeza umswakama futhi usize ukuvikela amasimu ekugugulekeni kwamanzi. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi kulawo mapulazi anisela amazambane noma amasimu awo anemithambeka ngokuhambisana nesimo sendawo yobuso bomhlaba.