O. V. Abashkin, Yu. A. Masyuk, D. V. Abrosimov, O. A. Aleksyutina, V. I. Chernikov
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izwe lethu libone ukwanda kwenani lezimbungulu ezidla uhlaza, okuhlanganisa nalezo zinhlobo ezihlukaniswa njengezinambuzane zamazambane. Ngaphezu kokudala umonakalo oqondile ezitshalweni, lezi zinhlobo ziphinde zibe abathwali bezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, ikakhulukazi i-potato spindle tuber viroid kanye ne-mosaic leaf curl virus.
I-Potato tuber spindle viroid (Izambane spindle isigaxa i-viroid). Lesi sifo sibonakala ngokuncipha kwenani lamahlumela, ukuqhekeka kwamaqabunga, nokugoba kwendawo yamaqabunga. Amahlumela nama-petioles amaqabunga atholakala endaweni ebukhali kakhulu. Ama-terminal lobes of the upper tier akhubazekile kakhulu, agobe ezinhlangothini, enza umumo wesikela, amaqabunga aba yi-ivy ngenxa yokugoba kwemithambo nokufinyela kwama-lobule amaqabunga asemaceleni. Izihlahla ezithintekile ziphenduka zibe mhlophe, zibe chlorotic, futhi iziqongo zithole umbala we-anthocyanin. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezithintekile ziyanwebeka, zithathe umumo omise okwe-spindle, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kwakheka imifantu ejulile kuwo. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezivuthiwe ziba nezindawo eziyindilinga, eziphuma kancane ukusuka ku-0.5 kuya ku-2.5 cm ububanzi; ngesikhathi sokugcinwa, amabala abe mnyama, ubuso bawo buqina futhi bucindezelwe ezigabeni. Ezinhlobonhlobo ezinombala we-anthocyanin (izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinsomi), lapho zithinteka yi-viroid, ukuqina kombala kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kuncipha. Lesi sifo siholela ekulahlekeni kwezitshalo okukhulu.
Igciwane likaMose cukusonta amaqabunga aphezulu amazambane owaziwa nangokuthi: K-I-mosaic leafroll virus, i-M-amazambane virus, Potato paracrincle virus Salaman, Potato virus M (PVM), Potato virus 7 Smith. Ihlukaniswa ngezimpawu zesici: imiphetho ye-wavy yamaqabunga angaphezulu, afana nezikebhe. Lesi sibonakaliso sibonakala kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuhluma. Ekupheleni kwenkathi yokukhula, izimpawu zesifo ziba buthaka noma zinyamalale ngokuphelele. Ngokuvamile lesi sifo sitholakala esimweni esicashile (esicashile) futhi singatholakala kuphela kusetshenziswa indlela ekhethekile - i-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Kwesinye isikhathi lesi sifo sihlanganiswa nezinye izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane (amagciwane amazambane S no-X). Izitshalo ezigulayo zinciphisa isivuno (ngo-25-40%) kanye nokuqukethwe kwesitashi kwezilimo eziyizigaxa (ngo-2-3%). Ezingxenyeni zembewu yamazambane a-elite, izitshalo ze-viroid ezigulayo kanye negciwane zisuswa ngesikhathi sokuhlanza i-phytosanitary.
izimbungulu zombhede (i-hemiptera noma i-hemiptera) isizinda esikhulu sezinambuzane ezinezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-40.
Isici esivamile kubo bonke abameleli balo myalelo yizingxenye zabo zomlomo ezihlabayo (i-proboscis ihlangene, isuka phambi kwekhanda). Izindawo ezihlala izimbungulu zihluke kakhulu: izinambuzane zingatholakala ekhaya (izimbungulu), emanzini (izilwane ezihamba emanzini ashisayo ezihlala phezu kolwandle, nezimbungulu zamanzi ahlanzekile, izibungu ezidla izinhlanzi ezithosiwe), isihlabathi, amahlathi, njll. Izinhlobo eziningi zezimbungulu ziletha inzuzo enkulu ngokumunca nokudla izinambuzane eziwuhlupho ezitshalweni zezolimo, kuhlanganise namazambane. Kodwa izimbungulu ezidla uhlaza zingadala umonakalo omkhulu epulazini.
Izimbungulu ezitholakala kumazambane
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezimbungulu ezidla uhlaza zitholakala ezitshalweni zamazambane: isinaphi lwesinaphi (Eurydema festiva L), isinambuzane esiluhlaza (Nezara viridula L), i-beet bug eluhlaza (Orthotylus flavosparsus C), i-Norway bug (Calocoris norvegicus Gmel) - ngaphezu kokuphakela isitshalo. ukudla, lolu hlobo lubhubhisa izibungu zezinambuzane - kuhlanganise ne-Colorado potato beetle; i-meadow bug (Lygus pratensis L), i-alfalfa bug (Adelphocoris lineolatus Goeze), i-green wood bug (Palomena prasina L), isinambuzane esinemigqa (Graphosoma italicus Mull), i-beet bug (Poecilos cytus - Polymerus cognatus Fieb), bug yesinkwa (Trigonotylus Geoff ). Abameleli bomndeni wama-horsefly basakaza kakhulu amagciwane ezitshalo.
I-Slepnyaks noma uMiridae – izinambuzane ezincane, ngokuvamile ezinde, ezinesembozo esithambile. Zidla ikakhulukazi ubisi lwezitshalo. Sekukonke, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-650 emndenini - lokhu kungaphezu kwengxenye yezinhlobo zezimbungulu ezilwaneni ezifuywayo. Izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-50 zilimaza izitshalo zezolimo. Ezinye izinhlobo zithwala amagciwane ezifo zezitshalo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Izinhlobo eziningana ezivela kulo mndeni ziyingozi kakhulu.
Potato bug (I-Calocoris norvegicus Gmel) - isinambuzane esinombala oluhlaza okotshani ophaphathekile, amamilimitha ayisithupha kuya kwayisishiyagalombili ubude. Izimpondo zinde futhi zinjengomucu. Amaqanda aphuzi futhi afinyelela ku-2 mm ububanzi. Itholakala kuklabishi, amazambane, ama-roses, nama-chrysanthemums. Izibungu (ama-nymphs) nezinambuzane ezindala zimunca ijusi emaqabunga, ama-inflorescences, nezimbali. Amabala e-Necrotic avela ezindaweni ezilimele zamaqabunga. Amaqabunga ayashwabana neziqu ziyakhubazeka. Phakathi nendawo, isiphazamisi sikhiqiza izizukulwane ezimbili ngonyaka. Izinsikazi zizalela amaqanda ngeziqu zezitshalo ezinokhuni, lapho zidlula ebusika. Ama-Nymphs achanyuselwa emaqandeni entwasahlobo futhi adla ubisi lwezitshalo.
Isiphazamisi idlelo noma i-bug field (Lygus pratensis L). Ubude bomzimba 5-7 mm. Umzimba uyisiyingi esifushane, umbala uhluka ukusuka koluhlaza-ophuzi ukuya kunsundu ngokumnyama. Ikhanda linemigqa emithathu emnyama, izibungu ziphuzi-luhlaza, zinamachashazi amahlanu amnyama engxenyeni engenhla yomzimba (amabili ku-pronotum, amabili e-mesonotum neyodwa ohlangothini olungenhla lwesisu). Kusatshalaliswa yonke indawo ngaphandle kwendawo ye-tundra. Izimbungulu zabantu abadala zidlula ubusika ngaphansi kwemfucumfucu yezitshalo emasimini ezihlahla. Ukuphuma ezindaweni zokukhosela kwenzeka ngokushesha ngemva kokuncibilika kweqhwa. Entwasahlobo (ngo-Ephreli-Meyi), i-meadow bug idla izitshalo zasebusika ikakhulukazi, bese ithuthela ezitshalweni zemifino, ama-beet ashukela kanye notshani obudlayo, emva kwalokho ithuthela lapho kutshalwa amazambane. Izinsikazi zibekela amaqanda ezicutshini ezinamanzi ze-petioles noma emithanjeni yamaqabunga ezinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo. Isikhathi sombungu sithatha cishe izinsuku eziyi-10. Izibungu zikhula ezinsukwini ezingama-25-35. Ezindaweni eziseningizimu ye-Ukraine, esifundeni saseLower Volga naseNyakatho Caucasus, izinambuzane zinikeza izizukulwane ezintathu kuya kwezine, endaweni yehlathi-asemaqeleni - izizukulwane ezintathu, endaweni emaphakathi yengxenye yaseYurophu yaseRussia. Federation - izizukulwane ezimbili, ezifundeni ezisenyakatho isizukulwane esisodwa noma ezimbili. Ukundiza kwesizukulwane sokuqala engxenyeni emaphakathi yeRussian Federation kubonakala ngasekupheleni kukaJuni - ekuqaleni kukaJulayi, isizukulwane sesibili - kusukela engxenyeni yesibili kaJulayi kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Agasti. Izimbungulu ze-Meadow zihamba kakhulu, zivame ukundiza zifuna izitshalo zokudla ezifanele. Amaqabunga adliwe yi-curl yezinambuzane, izitshalo ezithintekile zigatsha ngendlela engavamile futhi azikhuli kahle. Amahlumela nezimbali ezilimele ziyawa. Kweminye iminyaka, izimbungulu zibangela umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni zezolimo, izinga langempela elingenakuhlolwa ngaso sonke isikhathi ngamehlo, njengoba izinambuzane zisebenza njengabathwali bezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.
Isiphazamisi se-Alfalfa ezejwayelekile noma impukane i-alfalfa (I-Adelphocoris lineolatus Goeze). Ubude bomzimba 7.5 – 9.0 mm. I-proboscis idlulela ngaphesheya kwe-prothorax. Ingxenye engenhla yomzimba imbozwe izinwele ezisasiliva. Kunamabala amnyama amabili kuya kwamane ku-pronotum. Itholakala engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia - enyakatho kuya ezindaweni zaseKarelia, Kirov naseSverdlovsk, ehlathini nasezindaweni ezisemaqeleni zaseSiberia nase-Asia Ephakathi - kufika ku-62о Nge. w. Amaqanda abekwe ngeziqu ze-legumes ezisetshenziswayo overwinter. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Postembryonic bug kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-14 - 60 ekushiseni kuka + 15 - 20оC. Amazinga okushisa alungile okuthuthukiswa kwezinambuzane: + 20 - 30оC. Izibungu ze-bedbug molt izikhathi ezine futhi zikhula, kuye ngezinga lokushisa, kusukela ezinsukwini ezingu-14 kuya kwezingu-34. E-Ukraine banikeza ezimbili, nase-Asia Ephakathi - izizukulwane ezintathu.
Emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka + 15оNgokuthuthukiswa kwamaqanda kwabesifazane, ukuthuthukiswa kuyama. Kwaphawulwa ukuthi engxenyeni eseningizimu ye-steppe zone yase-Ukraine naseningizimu-mpumalanga yengxenye yaseYurophu yaseRussia, amazinga okushisa aphezulu abangela ukwehla kwenani lezimbungulu. Isibalo sezinambuzane siyehla emazingeni okushisa aphansi ehlobo.
Kumazambane, izimbungulu ze-alfalfa ziningi kakhulu ezindaweni eziseningizimu. Ngokuyisisekelo, izinambuzane zidla izitho ezikhiqizayo zezitshalo, okubangela ukuthi imiqumbe nezimbali zome futhi ziwe.
Isiphazamisi inkambu (idlelo (I-Lygus i-pratensis L)). Isinambuzane singu-6.0 - 6.5 mm ubude. Umzimba uyisicaba, mude. Umbala unompunga-oluhlaza noma onsundu ngokumnyama. I-bug yasendle i-polyphagous. Idla izitshalo eziningi ze-herbaceous. Izinambuzane ezindala (imago) zilala embhedeni futhi zivuke ngokushesha ngemva kokuncibilika kweqhwa. Ngo-Ephreli-Meyi, izimbungulu zidla izitshalo zasebusika, bese zidlulela ezitshalweni zezitshalo zemifino, ama-beet ashukela, utshani obudlayo, njll, emva kwalokho zivela kumazambane. Izinhlobo zisatshalaliswa yonke indawo ngaphandle kwe-tundra zone. Enkabeni ye-Russian Federation, i-bug inikeza izizukulwane ezimbili (izizukulwane), eningizimu ye-Ukraine, esifundeni saseLower Volga, eNyakatho yeCaucasus - izizukulwane ezintathu kuya kwezine. Ezindaweni ezimaphakathi, izimbungulu zesizukulwane sokuqala zindiza ekupheleni kukaJuni, ekuqaleni kukaJulayi, futhi abadala besizukulwane sesibili zindiza kusukela engxenyeni yesibili kaJulayi kuya ekupheleni kuka-Agasti. Umsebenzi wezimbungulu ezindizayo uphakeme, okunomthelela ekusabalaleni kwezifo zezitshalo ezibangelwa amagciwane (ezifana ne-potato spindle tuber viroid noma i-potato gothic virus, amagciwane amazambane e-mosaic, i-stolbur yezitshalo ze-nightshade), ikakhulukazi eningizimu yeRussia.
Isiphazamisi isithombo sebhitrudi noma kulop nsundu isithombo sebhitrudi (I-Poeciloscytus, I-Polymerus i-cognatus Fieb) noma I-beet horsefly. Ubude 3-5 mm. Umzimba umbozwe izinwele ezisilika; emaphethelweni angaphambili e-pronotum, indandatho yomlomo wesibeletho ihlukaniswa umsele ojulile. Umbala uyahlukahluka, u-variegated, ngokuvamile u-brownish-yellow. I-apex ye-scutellum ihlale iphuzi. Amaphiko angaphambili anombala onsundu ngokuphuzi kanye nebala elimnyama elimise okwe-wedge phakathi nendawo. Ama-membrane anombala oshunqayo, unxantathu ophakathi kwe-membrane kanye nayo yonke i-elytra inombala obomvu-nsundu. Isibungu siluhlaza samehlo abomvu, sifinyelela ku-3.3 mm ubude. Kunamachashazi amabili amnyama esihlangu. Kunendawo eyindilinga emnyama ehlangothini lomgogodla wesisu. Amaqanda ama-overwinter ezitshalweni ezihlukahlukene (i-bindweed, i-quinoa, i-alfalfa, i-pigweed, i-rapeseed, njll.). Entwasahlobo, izibungu zezinambuzane zikhula kulezi zitshalo. Izinambuzane ezindala ziyavela futhi zindiza ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi - ekuqaleni kukaJuni. Bahlakazeka endaweni engamakhilomitha amathathu bese bedlulela ezitshalweni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namazambane. Lolu hlobo lulimaza kakhulu izitshalo kanye nokutshalwa kwebhitrudi. Abesifazane of the inkathazo amaqanda in the kwezicubu emithanjeni kanye petioles of amaqabunga, ezingxenyeni ithenda engenhla neziqu, ngiwabeka ngamaqembu izingcezu eziningana, eduze sicindezelwe komunye nomunye. Enye insikazi izalela amaqanda angama-70 kuya kwangama-240. Imibungu yezimbungulu, kuye ngezinga lokushisa, ikhula phakathi kwezinsuku ezi-5-15. Izibungu zidla futhi zikhule izinyanga ezingu-1 - 1.5. Engxenyeni emaphakathi yeRussia, i-bug inikeza izizukulwane ezimbili, ezifundeni eziseningizimu - izizukulwane ezintathu kuya kwezine. Lapho amaqabunga e-beet eba marhashalala futhi engakufanelekeli ukupha izimbungulu, athuthela ezitshalweni ze-quinoa, i-alfalfa, umhlonyane, njll., lapho ehlala khona kuze kube sekwindla sekwephuzile futhi abeke amaqanda asala ebusika. Lapho zidla ama-beet, izimbungulu zimunca ijusi emaqabunga, okubangela ukuba zigoqe. Amaqabunga awonakele aphenduka abe nsundu futhi ome. Khona-ke izinambuzane ziqhubekela emaqabunga aphakathi nendawo, ngenxa yalokho izitshalo ziyeka ukukhula noma zome ngokuphelele. Izimbali ziyayoma bese izimbewu eziwumphumela ziba nsundu. Lapho zilinyazwa izimbungulu, isisindo kanye noshukela wezimpande zebhitrudi ziyehla, futhi amasende akhiqiza imbewu encane ehluma kancane. Izimbungulu ze-beet zisakaza amagciwane e-mosaic. Lesi siphazamisi sivamile ezindaweni ezisemaqeleni nasemigwaqweni yokukhula kwebhitrudi. Kubhekwa njengenkathazo enkulu yama-beet ezifundeni ze-steppe (i-Asia Ephakathi, i-Altai Territory, ingxenye eseMpumalanga ye-steppe zone yase-Ukraine, isifunda saseVoronezh, i-Krasnodar Territory, i-Western Siberia). I-Polyphagous. Izitshalo zokudla eziyinhloko - ngaphezu kwamazambane nama-beet - ziyi-vetch, uphizi, lwesinaphi, i-hemp, i-flax, i-alfalfa, i-sunflower, ubhontshisi wesoya, udali, i-sainfoin, njll. ngaphandle, izimbungulu zifuduka zisuka ezindaweni ezifuywe eziseduze nasezindaweni eziwugwadule ngenxa yezitshalo zezitshalo ezitshalwayo. Izimbungulu ezindala nezibungu zimunca ijusi emaqabunga, futhi ekuqaleni umsebenzi wazo awubonakali. Emaqabungeni abunayo ungabona kuphela amaconsi asobala obisi omisiwe. Izitshalo ezifayo ziba mnyama futhi zome, futhi amahlumela abe njengomucu. Izimbungulu zisakaza amagciwane ezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane amazambane noshukela beet.
Izitha zemvelo zezimbungulu ezidla uhlaza: ama-ladybugs, ama-pseudoscorpions, ezinye izinhlobo zama-centipedes nezintuthwane.
Lwa
- Ukususwa kwezinsalela zezitshalo ensimini.
- Ukulima kwasekuqaleni kwekwindla.
- Ukulawula ukhula emingceleni nasezindaweni ezizungezile izitshalo zezolimo.
Kudingekile ukusika ngokucophelela nokususa izitshalo zasendle ensimini, futhi usike i-alfalfa iphansi ukuze kukhishwe amaqanda ezimbungulu ebusika emasimini.
Ngaphambi kokulimazeka kwentwasahlobo, amakhambi asendle kufanele aqoqwe ngokucophelela futhi ashiswe.
Akunconywa ukutshala izitshalo zamazambane eduze kwezitshalo zotshani obungapheli.