Kusuka kumagazini: No. 1 2016
Isigaba: Ukuxhumana kochwepheshe
Thomas Bottner, Umqondisi Wokuthekelisa we-EUROPLANT Pflanzenzucht GmbH
Ukulungiselela imbewu yenkathi yokuqala yamazambane kuwumsebenzi onomthwalo wemfanelo futhi onzima. Kunzima kakhulu ukuthola amazambane embewu ehlume kahle ngaphandle kolwazi olukhethekile kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuphambili. Siphakamisa ukunaka izici ezinhlanu ezihlala zinethonya izinga lokuhluma kwamazambane.
Isici sokuqala: Izinhlobonhlobo
Ukuthola uhlobo lwamazambane olufaneleka kahle izimo zezulu kanye nobuchwepheshe obukhulayo akulula. Futhi uma ukhetha amazambane okuqala, ukukhiqizwa kwawo okuzodinga ukuhluma kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, izinga lobunzima liyakhula: kulokhu, izici ezengeziwe ze-varietal kufanele zicatshangelwe. Kubaluleke kakhulu, isibonelo, ukuzinza kwezithombo kanye nekhono lezinhlobonhlobo ukuze ukuvuselelwa uma kwenzeka umonakalo nokuhlukana kwezithombo. Ukuzinza kwezithombo ikakhulukazi kuncike ekujuleni kwama-buds. Lapho iso lijula, kuyanda ukuzinza kwesithombo, ngenxa yalokhu kucindezeleka kwemvelo. Amehlo ajulile awathinteki ngokobuchwepheshe, kodwa ngeshwa, agcwala kakhulu inhlabathi futhi aholele kudoti omkhulu ngesikhathi sokuhlanza nokucubungula, okunciphisa isivuno esithengiswayo. Ngakho-ke, emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, kukhethwe izilimo eziyizigaxa ezikhangayo ezinamehlo angajulile ekuzaleni, okuvele kwangaphumeleli ekuzinzeni kwezithombo.
No ephawulekayo kancane ezihlukahlukene futhi ikhono lokuvuselela (okungukuthi, ikhono lezithombo ukuphinda zihlume ngemva kokulimala komshini noma ukuphuka ngesikhathi sokutshala). Umlimi ngamunye wamazambane angakwazi ukunquma ngokuzimela amandla okuvuselela ezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane noma iqoqo lembewu. Ukwenza lokhu, kwanele ukushayelela izipikili ebhodini bese utshala izilimo eziyizigaxa ekugcineni okubukhali (njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni), ngale ndlela ungakwazi ukunquma umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo noma amaqoqo embewu isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokutshala (Isithombe 1). Ukuhlola kwenziwa kangcono emazingeni okushisa ahlukene ukuze kutholwe izimo ezifanele kakhulu zokuvuselelwa kabusha. Ukuvuselelwa okuhamba kancane kufanele kucatshangelwe lapho kunqunywa usuku olufanele lokutshala. Izinhlobonhlobo/inqwaba evuselelwa kancane kancane idinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela ngesikhathi sokutshala kanye nokuqapha ngokucophelela izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi. Ukulahleka kwezithombo ngesikhathi sokutshala ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle namazinga okushisa aphansi kuthinta isivuno.
![](https://i0.wp.com/potatosystem.ru/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/foto-1.jpg?resize=822%2C573&ssl=1)
Isithombe 1. Ukuzihlola ngokwakho izakhiwo zezinhlobonhlobo
Isici sesibili: Ukufudumala izilimo eziyizigaxa
Izinqubo ze-physiological of amazambane ukuhluma zingakhuthazwa ukushisa. Ngokuyisisekelo, ukushisisa kuyadingeka ezinhlobonhlobo/inkatho ezisesigabeni esithule. Ngokucabangela iminyaka yokuphila kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, ukushisa kwenziwa ekushiseni kwe-18 ° C izinsuku ezingu-7-14.
Ngaphambi kwenkathi, kubalulekile ukucabangela isimo sembewu ngayinye. Izinhlobonhlobo ezivame ukumila kufanele zivinjelwe, futhi izinhlobo ezilele kufanele ziphoqwe ngokushisa izilimo eziyizigaxa. Isimo samanje sembewu ngayinye singanqunywa ngokuhluma kokuhlola (amasonto amathathu okugcina ekamelweni elimnyama ekamelweni lokushisa).
Izinhlobonhlobo ezithambekele ekubeni ne-dormancy yesikhathi eside (vuselela ukuhluma)
- Ukufudumala kuze kufike ku-max. t 20°С
- Gwema ukuthintana ngqo nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinomoya oshisayo (sebenzisa amapayipi okushisa)
- Gwema ukwehla kokushisa (umoya kufanele ujikeleze)
- Yabela amagumbi ahlukene ukuze kuhlume uhlobo ngalunye
- Gwema ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa (usizo: ama-thermometers)
- Ngemva kokushisa, gcina i-batch emazingeni okushisa aphansi
Izinhlobonhlobo ezivame ukuhluma ngokushesha (vimbela ukuhluma)
- Mila emazingeni okushisa aphansi (3-5°C)
— Sebenzisa amalambu okuhluma angashisi kancane
Ukufudumala kufanele kwenziwe ngokucophelela, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi wonke ama-tubers asesimweni esifanayo. Kudingekile ukugwema izinguquko zokushisa, ngaphandle kwalokho kuzoba nezizathu zokuthuthukiswa okungalingani kwezithombo. Isici esinqumayo salokhu umthamo wekamelo: umoya oshisayo okhuphukayo akufanele uqongelele endaweni yeziqukathi eziphezulu. Ngakho-ke, ukunakekelwa kufanele kuthathwe ukuze kwabiwe indawo eyanele (ukuqinisekisa ukujikeleza komoya mahhala). Uma lingekho igumbi elikhethekile, ungakwazi ukubiyela okwesikhashana indawo yokufudumala usebenzisa ukugoqa kwebhamuza. Qaphela: ifilimu akumele ithinte iziqukathi zokugcina, ngaphandle kwalokho ngeke kube khona indawo ye-buffer ye-fan kanye nomoya ofudumele okhuphukayo. Lokhu kuzodala ukushisa (Isithombe 4).
Lapho ufudumala, kufanele unake ukunikezwa okwanele komoya-mpilo. Ngenxa yokushisa kwegumbi, okuqukethwe kwe-CO2 emoyeni kukhuphuka ngokushesha, futhi uma igumbi lingangeni umoya (okungenani imizuzu engu-2x15 ngosuku), amazambane azoncipha (umgogodla omnyama).
![](https://i0.wp.com/potatosystem.ru/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/foto-2-1024x627.jpg?resize=1024%2C627&ssl=1)
Isithombe 2. Ukushisa okufanayo kwezilimo eziyizigaxa
![](https://i0.wp.com/potatosystem.ru/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/foto-3.jpg?resize=891%2C632&ssl=1)
Isithombe 3. Unprofessional - ifilimu ilele kumazambane
![](https://i0.wp.com/potatosystem.ru/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/foto-41-1024x627.jpg?resize=1024%2C627&ssl=1)
Isithombe 4. Amazinga okushisa ahlukene wezilimo eziyizigaxa ezivela ezitsheni ezihlukene kanye nobude bokugcina
Incomo: Ukushisisa ngaphandle kokulawulwa kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokulawulwa cishe akunakwenzeka. Izinga lokushisa likalwa kusetshenziswa ama-probe thermometers. Uma kungenzeka, hlola ukusabalalisa kwezinga lokushisa endaweni yokugcina ngesithombe esishisayo.
Isici sesithathu: Izinga lokushisa
Ipharamitha ebalulekile yokulawula ukuhluma kwamazambane ukulawula izinga lokushisa legumbi. Ukuze uthole ubude obufunekayo bezithombo ngosuku lokutshala oluhleliwe, izidingo zokushisa ngazinye zezinhlobonhlobo kufanele zicatshangelwe.
NgoNovemba-Disemba, kuhle ukusetha izinga lokushisa lomoya ekamelweni elikhethekile ngaphakathi kwe-4-6 ° C. Kuleli zinga lokushisa, ukuhluma kwe-tuber kungabambezeleka. Ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa ekamelweni kungafinyelelwa ngokufaka umoya ekuseni kakhulu.
Isexwayiso: emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-3°C, izithombo ziqala ukufa! Uma kungekho kungena komoya ekamelweni, ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa okusheshayo kwamadigri amaningana kubonakala (Isithombe 6). Esimweni esibi kakhulu, ngenxa yokuhluka kwezinga lokushisa ezitsheni, inqwaba yamazambane ngeke iqhume ngokufanayo. Amahlumela kuma-tubers azoba nobude obuhlukene, okuzokwandisa ingozi yokuphuka ngesikhathi sokutshala, futhi, kuholele ekuhlumeni okungalingani kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. I-fan ye-ceiling enenzwa yokushisa izosiza ukubhekana nenkinga, okuzoqinisekisa ukujikeleza komoya okudingekile endaweni yokugcina. Lokhu kuzoqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa kokushisa okufanayo phakathi kweziqukathi.
Kanye nokushisa komoya, ukunakwa okukhethekile kufanele kukhokhwe ekushiseni okuphansi. Ezingeni eliphansi ebusika, izinga lokushisa elihlala njalo liyagcinwa lingaphakathi kuka-4°C (Isithombe 5). Uma izinto zokutshala zivezwa emazingeni okushisa ahlukene izinsuku ezingama-50, lokhu kuzoholela ezigabeni ezihlukene zokukhula ohlelweni lokuhluma kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Indawo ngayinye yokugcina ingumuntu ngamunye, ngakho-ke ukuhluma kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane kudinga ukuphathwa okukhethekile. Ukulawula izinga lokushisa ngesikhathi sokuhluma kunzima kakhulu! Ubukhona bokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa bubonakala ngeso lenyama lapho sekwephuze kakhulu ukulungisa okuthile!
![](https://i0.wp.com/potatosystem.ru/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/foto-51-1024x627.jpg?resize=1024%2C627&ssl=1)
Isithombe 5. Ukubonakaliswa okubandayo kwephansi kuthinta kabi ukuthuthukiswa kwezithombo
Ukushisa ngokukhuphuka okubukhali kwezinga lokushisa kugcwele ingozi - noma ngabe inqubo ihlala amahora ambalwa kuphela. Noma yikuphi, ngisho nokuncane, ukufingqa kudala izimo ezifanele zokuthuthukiswa kwe-scab yesiliva ne-fusarium. Ukujiya kungagwenywa kuphela ngokukhuphula izinga lokushisa kancane kancane. Lokhu kudinga ukushisa kwamandla aphezulu kanye nemishini yokufaka umoya omncane. Akwanele ukubeka i-heater fan phakathi nendawo yokugcina bese uyivula amahora angu-20: njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, i-condensation izongena ezingxenyeni ezingezansi zeziqukathi - kanye nalo utwayi olusiliva! Ukushisa komoya okujulile (ngaphansi kuka-20°C), kungcono ukusebenzisa isiphephetha-moya esizungeza umoya futhi silawule izinga lokushisa sisebenzisa izinzwa zokushisa.
Isici sesine: Ukukhanyisa
Kanye nezinga lokushisa, ubude bezithombo buthonywa kakhulu ukukhanya. Uma uqala ukukhanyisa ama-tubers ngesikhathi esifanele, kungenzeka ukuthi uthinte ngokuphumelelayo ubude bezithombo. Sifika nini isikhathi esivumayo? Isikhathi esiphephile sokuxhuma ukukhanya usuku ngaphambi kokuba izithombo zokuqala zivele emehlweni.
Isisekelo sokukhanya okulinganayo kuyindlela okufanele imboze isiqukathi ngasinye (360° potatolight; Isithombe 6).
Ukuntuleka kokukhanya noma ukuxhumana kwayo sekwephuzile kuyimbangela yezithombo ezinde (uma isithombo sesifinyelele ubude obuthile, lokhu kuyinqubo engenakuhlehliswa).
Kamuva, ukuxhumana kokukhanyisa kubonakala ngokucacile kusithombo eduze komugqa wokuvinjelwa.
Kungani ku-constriction? Isithombo ngokwemvelo sifuna ukukhanya: siqala ukukhiqiza i-chlorophyll kuphela ekukhanyeni. Esithombeni sesi-7, imivimbo ehlukahlukene ibonakala ngokucacile. Kulesi simo, isibani sasilenga phansi noma amakhabethe ayephezulu kakhulu ophahleni, noma ukukhanyisa kwakungakaxhunywa nhlobo. Zombili izithombo ziyehluka ngesikhathi sokuqala kokukhanyisa. Ezimweni ezinjalo, umuntu akufanele alindele ukuhluma kanyekanye kwezilimo eziyizigaxa.
![](https://i0.wp.com/potatosystem.ru/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/foto-6.jpg?resize=1024%2C794&ssl=1)
Isithombe 6. 360° - isibani sokukhanyisa amazambane
![](https://i0.wp.com/potatosystem.ru/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/foto-7.jpg?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1)
Isithombe 7. I-Reupholstery kuye ngokuthi idethi yokuqala yokukhanyisa
Isincomo: Ukukhanyisa okulinganayo kuqinisekisa izithombo ezilinganayo. Isibani sokuhluma esingu-360° siqinisekisa zonke izinzuzo zokukhanya okufanele.
Isici sesihlanu: Ukufika
Ukuhluma kwezilimo eziyizigaxa akuxhomekile kuphela kubude bezithombo. Impumelelo incike kakhulu kubuchwepheshe bokutshala kanye nekhwalithi yokutshala. Lapho ukutshala, izithombo nakanjani ngaphansi ukucindezeleka mechanical.
Uma usebenzisa izinto zokutshala ezingalungile noma izinto zokutshala ezingalungiselelwe kahle, ukuphuka okukhulu kwezithombo kungenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphesenti lokulahlekelwa ngokuvamile liphakeme kakhulu kunalokho abantu abaningi abacabanga ngakho! Amahlumela aphukile ngesikhathi sokutshala ayinkinga enkulu yokuhluma okungekuhle kwamazambane. Ngenxa yokuxuba amahlumela awonakele futhi aphukile, izigaba ezahlukene zokuvuselelwa zibhekwa. Lezi zigaba zinethonya elinamandla ekuqaleni kokubunjwa kwe-tuber noma ubukhulu be-tuber yesikhathi esizayo. Ukulimala kwemishini kumahlumela noma ukuphuka kwawo akunakuvinjelwa (ngaphandle kokutshala mathupha). Kukholakala ukuthi uma ihlumela lide, ayanda amathuba okulimala. Kakade ngaphansi kwesisindo sesisindo se-tuber (cishe 50 g) nokuphakama kwamahhala okungama-30 cm, ihlumela elisendaweni engaba ngu-1 mm.2, - kakade okuningi. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuthi i-tuber ngayinye "igqekeze" ngaphambi kokuthatha umthwalo wesisindo sayo ngehlumela.
Ukuhlola ukuthambekela kokugqashuka kwamahlumela ngesikhathi sokutshala, kufanele uphinde wenze ukuzihlola okulula: Lingisa ukutshala amazambane ngokulahla ibhokisi lamahlumela endaweni ekhonkolo. Ngemuva kwalokhu, qoqa amazambane futhi ebhokisini - inani lamahlumela awile liyabonakala. Ngokuhlolwa okunjalo, umehluko wekhwalithi yezilimo eziyizigaxa ezihlumayo, umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo namaqoqo okugcina, ubonakala ngokucacile.
Indlela ethembeke kakhulu yokutshala i-tuber ehlumile emhlabathini ngaphandle kokulimala kusewukutshala mathupha. Yebo, ayinakho ukukhiqiza okuhle futhi idinga abasebenzi kakhulu, kodwa uma ihlola izinto zokutshala ezimile inikeza imiphumela engcono kakhulu. Inqubo yokuhluma iqedwa kuphela lapho isithombo, esikhule ngezindleko ezinkulu, sitshalwe emhlabathini, naku-tuber, hhayi eduze kwaso.
Amahlumela anobungane kanye nokudayiswa okuphezulu kwesitshalo esithengiswayo konke kuwukufaneleka kokuhluma okuphumelelayo kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane.
okutholakele
Ukuhluma kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi; noma yiliphi iphutha elilula lingaholela ekulahlekelweni. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi isici ngasinye kulezi ezinhlanu ezingenhla ezinomthelela sicatshangelwe ngokwehlukana. Ngenxa yezidingo zemakethe ezikhulayo, wonke umkhiqizi ubizelwa ukuzuza isivuno esikhulu. Umbono ohlosiwe wezinto zembewu, kuhlanganiswe nesipiliyoni esifanele kanye nokusetshenziswa okukhethekile kwezinsiza zobuchwepheshe, kuzoqinisekisa impumelelo yesikhathi eside ekuhlumeni kokutshala amazambane!