Kusuka kumagazini: No. 2 2015
Isigaba: Ukuxhumana kochwepheshe
Andrey Kalinin, Udokotela Wesayensi Yezobuchwepheshe
Njengamanje, ukuthuthukiswa okujulile kwamapulazi amazambane akunangqondo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ulwazi olucebile lwangaphandle oluqoqwe ozakwabo abavela eYurophu. Iningi lezinto zobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe amazwe ahamba phambili akhiqiza amazambane zithole ukusetshenziswa kwazo cishe kuwo wonke abalimi bamazambane basekhaya. Ngokwezinga elikhulu, ukushintshela kubuchwepheshe obunjalo kusetshenziswa intuthuko yakamuva yezindlela zemishini kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukukhulisa izinga lokukhiqiza amazambane, ukunciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi kanye nokwenza ngcono ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo ewumphumela. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwezinguquko ezinhle eziphawulekayo, abakhiqizi bethu bavame ukuzithola bebanjwe yizimo eziningana (izimo zezulu ezingezinhle, izimo zenhlabathi eziwohlokayo, njll.), ezingabavumeli ukuba bafinyelele izinkomba zaseYurophu ekukhiqizeni amazambane. Lokhu kubuyekezwa kwethula imiphumela yocwaningo lokuguquguquka kwezimo zenhlabathi endaweni yokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lwezimpande zamazambane kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kakhulu ukuze kuqondwe izimbangela zezinkinga abalimi abaningi bamazambane ababhekana nazo.
Ukuqina kwenhlabathi (i-analogue yokuqina kwayo), okungukuthi, ukumelana kwenhlabathi lapho i-plunger ene-conical tip ingeniswa kuyo, yathathwa njengesisekelo sokuhlola isimo senhlabathi. Amanani okumelana nomhlabathi alinganiswa ngesikhathi esisodwa nokunqunywa kokujula kokungena kwethiphu. Le nkomba ikhombisa amandla ohlelo lwezimpande zamazambane ukungena ekujuleni kwesendlalelo senhlabathi (kuyaziwa ukuthi uhlelo lwezimpande zamazambane lungangena ekujuleni kuka-130 cm) ukuze luvule ngokugcwele amandla ezitshalo futhi lwandise ukumelana kwazo nesimo sezulu esibi. izimo.
Ukuthuthukiswa okungavinjelwe kohlelo lwezimpande zamazambane kungenzeka uma ubulukhuni benhlabathi bungeqi ku-1,0 MPa, noma kunjalo, ukusabalala kwesistimu yezimpande ekujuleni komkhathizwe kwenzeka ngamanani aphezulu ale nkomba, kodwa ngamandla amancane. Ububanzi bamanani obulukhuni be-1,1-2,5 MPa buthathwa njengendawo yokuhlangana okuphakathi, lapho amandla akhuphukayo adingekayo ukuze kungene izimpande phakathi kwezakhi zomhlabathi futhi isitshalo sisebenzisa amandla amaningi kulo msebenzi. Ukuqina kwenhlabathi ebangeni le-2,6-4,5 MPa kuthathwa njengendawo yokuhlangana okuqinile, lapho ukuthuthukiswa kwesistimu yezimpande kuphazamiseka kakhulu, kodwa kusengenzeka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lesi sitshalo sisebenzisa amandla engeziwe ekuthuthukiseni izimpande, sinciphisa amandla okukhula kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zesitshalo esisha. Izinga lokubumbana kwenhlabathi enamanani obulukhuni angaphezu kuka-4,5 MPa lithathwa njengendawo yokuhlangana ngokweqile, lapho ukusabalala kwesistimu yezimpande kungenzeki ngokuphelele. Izimpawu zezindawo ezihlangene zivezwe kumfanekiso woku-1 ukuze kuhlolwe okubonwayo okulandelanayo kokusatshalaliswa kwazo ngesikhathi sokutshala amazambane.
Izifundo zokuguquguquka kwezimo zenhlabathi zenziwa enhlabathini ene-soddy-podzolic yokwakheka komshini okhanyayo, olungele kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane. Lapho kulinywa amazambane, ipulazi lisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obamukelekayo baseYurophu, obunciphisa inani lokudlula kwemishini yezolimo ukunciphisa umthelela wemishini enhlabathini ovela kumayunithi okulima kanye nemishini yokutshala. Ukwelapha ngaphambi kokutshala, kwasetshenziswa umlimi ohlangene we-Thorit 10/6 KUA wase-Lemken, amazambane atshalwa nge-GL 36T planter yase-Grimme, ukulima kwe-single inter-row kwenziwa nge-passive ridge-forming cultivator GH 6. Ukusetshenziswa wezinye izinto ezikwazi ukuguqula ukwakheka kanye nokwakheka komhlabathi, ubuchwepheshe bokulima obusetshenziswa Abufaki amazambane. Ngakho-ke, isimo senhlabathi sasiphuma kumthelela wemishini engenhla. Izilinganiso zathathwa: maphakathi ne-ridge endaweni yezidleke zezimbewu/zamazambane, eduze kwethrekhi yomshini wokutshala kanye nasemzileni kagandaganda kubo bonke ububanzi beyunithi yokutshala. Isamba sezilinganiso eziyi-100 zenziwa (yonke imitha yendlela eyahanjwa), esivumela ukuthi sikhulume ngesithombe sangempela sezinguquko kumingcele yesimo senhlabathi ngezinga eliphezulu lokuthembeka kwezibalo. Izinga lobuso bensimu yasemini ngaphambi kokuqala komsebenzi wensimu yasentwasahlobo lithathwe njengophawu lweziro. Ukulinganisa ubulukhuni bomhlabathi kwenziwa ngemva kokwelashwa kwangaphambi kokuhlwanyela, ngemva kokutshala amazambane (kokubili ukusebenza kwenziwa ngosuku olufanayo), ngemva kokudlula umfula wangaphambili (ezinsukwini eziyi-14 ngemva kokutshala) nangaphambi kokuvuna amazambane (izinsuku ezingu-90 ngemva kokwakhiwa kwamagquma). Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukubona ukuguquguquka kwezinguquko esimweni senhlabathi ngemva kokusebenza kwezobuchwepheshe ngakunye, kanye nokuhlola imiphumela yomphumela womshini ngamunye osetshenziswa kubuchwepheshe bokulima amazambane. Imiphumela yokulinganisa ubulukhuni benhlabathi yethulwa kuMfanekiso 2-5.
Umfanekiso 2 ukhombisa ukusabalaliswa kokuqina kwenhlabathi ngobubanzi bokusebenza beyunithi yokulima. Kusukela kulesi sibalo kuyacaca ukuthi ngemuva kokutshala ngaphambi kokwelashwa, indawo yokuhlangana okujwayelekile ezindaweni ezingahlanganiswa nezinhlelo ze-undercarriage iphawulwa ekujuleni okungafika ku-25 cm, indawo yokuhlanganisa isilinganiso itholakala ekujuleni kwama-25 kuye kwangama-35 cm, futhi ngaphansi kwalolu phawu ukuhlanganisa kuthatha amanani akhombisa ubunzima obubonakalayo bokungena ohlelweni lwempande. Amanani akhuphukayo okuqina kwenhlabathi eduze komkhondo wezinhlelo zokulima amayunithi abonwa ngaphansi kuka-10 cm kamaki, okungukuthi, ukujula kokwelashwa ngaphambi kokutshala. Le datha ikhombisa ukubaluleka kokusebenzisa izinto ezisikiwe ezibanzi zokulima ngaphambi kokutshala ukuze kuncishiswe indawo ehlangene nezinhlelo ezigijimayo, kanye nesidingo sokwenza ukulungiswa kwenhlabathi okusezingeni eliphezulu endaweni eyodwa yeyunithi.
Ukutadisha umthelela weyunithi yokutshala ekushintsheni kwezimo zenhlabathi, izilinganiso zokuqina kwenhlabathi zenziwa ngokushesha ngemva kokudlula kwe-planter. Ukusatshalaliswa kwezindawo zokuhlanganisa ngemva kwalokhu kusebenza kwezobuchwepheshe kuboniswe ku-Fig. 3. Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha kubonise ukuthi iqembu le-colter yeyunithi yokutshala alifaki isandla ekuwohlokeni kwesimo senhlabathi lapho uthintana nenhlabathi, ngakho-ke, phakathi nendawo, endaweni yezilimo eziyizigaxa zembewu, ukusatshalaliswa kwezindawo zokucinana ekujuleni kwahlala kungashintshile uma kuqhathaniswa nesimo senhlabathi ngemva kokwelashwa kwangaphambi kokutshala.
Ukulandela amathrekhi amasondo kagandaganda, indawo yokuhlanganisa okuphakathi imakwe ngokuqondile ukusuka endaweni engaphezulu, kodwa, ezingqimbeni ezingezansi, indawo yomngcele wendawo yokuhlanganisa ephezulu yahlala ngaphandle kwezinguquko ezibalulekile ekujuleni. Ukuqina kwenhlabathi okuphawulekayo kubangelwa umthelela wezinhlelo ezisebenzayo zeyunithi yokutshala. Emzileni wamasondo otshali, indawo yokuhlangana okuphezulu iqala ekujuleni okungama-25 cm, futhi cishe ngamasentimitha angama-50 izinga lokuhlangana lifinyelela kumanani abalulekile (ukungena kohlelo lwezimpande zamazambane akunakwenzeka ezinkomba ezinjalo). Lo mthelela enhlabathini yezinhlelo ezisebenzayo zeyunithi yokutshala ubangelwa umthwalo obalulekile kubo, ikakhulukazi lapho imigqomo yembewu nomanyolo ilayishwe ngokugcwele. Lesi sibalo sinikeza ukuqonda ngesidingo sokusebenzisa amathayi abanzi anobubanzi obunyukile kuma-planters ukuze kuncishiswe umphumela wokuhlanganisa emhlabathini.
Emfanekisweni. Umfanekiso wesi-4 ukhombisa ukusatshalaliswa kwezindawo eziminyana ngemva kokudlula komlimi ongenzi lutho wokutshalwa kwemigqa phakathi kwemigqa yokutshalwa kwamazambane, efakwe ipuleti eligcwele intwasahlobo elikhiqiza ugwadule. Ukulinganisa kwemingcele yesimo senhlabathi kubonise ukuthi ngemuva kokwenza lo msebenzi engxenyeni emaphakathi yamagquma, endaweni yokwakhiwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zesitshalo esisha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwenqwaba yohlelo lwezimpande zamazambane, cishe akukho ndawo evamile. ukubumbana (kuphela ungqimba olungaphezulu phezulu kwe-ridge engekho ngaphezu kuka-5 cm ubukhulu). Izilimo eziyizigaxa zezitshalo ezintsha ziphoqeleka ukuthi zikhule ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlangana okuphakathi; ekujuleni kuka-15 cm kuya ku-55 cm kukhona indawo yokuhlangana okuphezulu, okunzima ukuthi uhlelo lwezimpande zamazambane lungene, futhi ngaphezu kuka-55 cm kukhona indawo yokucinana ngokweqile lapho isistimu yempande ingakwazi ukungena. Ngemuva komthelela owengeziwe wamasondo kagandaganda enhlabathini, umngcele ongaphezulu wendawo yokuhlanganisa ephezulu wawusuvele umakwe ekujuleni okungama-25 cm, okubonisa ukuwohloka kwezimo zokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lwezimpande zamazambane ekuvukeni kukagandaganda. Kule ndawo, ungqimba olunezinga elilinganiselwe lokuhlangana lwehle ngamasentimitha angaba ngu-10. Isikhundla sezindawo zokuhlanganisa umhlabathi ezakhiwe uhlelo olusebenzayo lweyunithi yokutshala sahlala singashintshile. Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha etholiwe kubonise ukuthi, ngokuyisisekelo, ukuwohloka kwezimo zokuthuthukiswa kwamazambane kuhlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwepuleti elenza i-ridge-forming, elihlanganisa inhlabathi ngokucindezelwa kwezinhlangothi ezintathu endizeni ye-longitudinal-vertical. Kulokhu, lapho usebenzisa imishini yokulima phakathi kwemigqa nge-slab eqhubekayo yokwenza ama-ridge-forming, kuyadingeka ukulungisa i-angle yayo yokuthambekela ngendlela yokunciphisa ukuminyana komhlabathi ngeshalofu eliphezulu le-slab.
Umphumela wethonya lenhlanganisela yemishini yokutshala amazambane usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obujulile ekwakhiweni kwezimo zokuthuthukiswa kwesistimu yezimpande zalesi sitshalo kuvezwa ku-Fig. 5. Izilinganiso zathathwa ngaphambi kokuqala kokuvuna. Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha kwabonisa ukuthi isimo senhlabathi esakhiwe umlimi owenza amagquma siye sawohloka kakhulu ngenxa yokushwabana kwemvelo kwamagquma phakathi nezinyanga ezintathu ngemva kokudlula kwalolu phiko. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zezitshalo ezintsha zaphoqeleka ukuthi zikhule ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlangana okuphezulu nokuphakathi, futhi ekujuleni okungaphezu kwama-25 cm, indawo yokugcwala ngokweqile yabonwa yonke indawo. Ukuba khona kwe-overcompaction eduze nomhlabathi akuvimbeli nje kuphela ukuthuthukiswa nokusebenza kohlelo lwezimpande zamazambane, kodwa futhi kuvimbela kakhulu ukungena komswakama ezingqimbeni ezingezansi ngesikhathi semvula noma ukuchelela. Zonke lezi zici ziholela ekwehleni kwesivuno samazambane kanye nokuwohloka kwezimo zokuvuna, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni enezulu eliningi ekwindla.
Ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezethulwe ekuguquguqukeni kwezimo zenhlabathi, lapho kutshalwa amazambane kusukela ekuqaleni komsebenzi wensimu kuze kube sekupheleni kwenkathi yokukhula, singaphetha ngokuthi kuyadingeka ukulungisa ngokucophelela amayunithi okulima umhlabathi, ukukhetha okulungile kwezinhlobo. yemishini nokumiswa kwayo, kucatshangelwa izimo zenhlabathi-zezulu nezomnotho zokukhiqizwa kwalesi sitshalo . I-complex yemishini kumele ifake izinhlelo zokukhulula (okungenani ku-20-25 cm) ukuvimbela ukuminyana kwenhlabathi ngokweqile ezindaweni lapho kutholakala khona inqwaba yohlelo lwezimpande zamazambane kanye nokwakhiwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezintsha. isitshalo.