Kusuka kumagazini: No. 3 2015
Isigaba: Ku-Focus
Boris Anisimov, Inhloko yoMnyango Wezinga Nezitifiketi we-Federal State Budgetary Institution All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming eqanjwe ngemuva. A.G. U-Lorja
Ezenzweni zesimanje zamazwe ngamazwe, ukusetshenziswa kwezindinganiso ezisekelwe ngokwesayensi kuyithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu ekuxazululeni inkinga yokulawula ikhwalithi yembewu yezitshalo zezolimo, kuhlanganise namazambane. Ngokusungula izinga elithile lezidingo, izindinganiso zifaka isandla ekukhiqizweni kwembewu yezinga eliphezulu futhi zisebenza njengesisekelo esinenhloso sokubeka amanani, kucatshangelwa izinga lezigaba ezihambisanayo nezigaba zembewu.
Ukwenza kwamazwe ngamazwe ohlelweni lokukhiqiza, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nezitifiketi zembewu yamazambane kugxile ekuthuthukisweni nasekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kohlaka lokulawula olusekelwe ekuhlangenwe nakho okuqoqwe emhlabeni wonke kule ndawo. Futhi kulokhu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukusebenzisa isipiliyoni somsebenzi esiyingqayizivele esiqoqwe yi-UNECE Specialised Section ekuthuthukiseni nasekuthuthukiseni izinhlinzeko eziyinhloko zezinga lamazwe ngamazwe lembewu yamazambane.
Ukubuyekezwa njalo kwezinhlinzeko ezifanele zendinganiso kuvumela ukuthi kubonakale ngesikhathi futhi ngokushesha izinguquko ezihambisana nokukhiqizwa nokuthengisa amazambane embewu, ukwethulwa kwezindlela ezintsha zokuqinisekisa, ukuvela kwezinambuzane kanye nokushintsha kwesimo se-phytosanitary mayelana nokuqhubekayo kwasekhaya nasemhlabeni jikelele. izinqubo zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Izinga le-UNECE Lembewu Yamazambane liwuhlaka lokulawula lwamazwe ngamazwe oluhambisana nezivumelwano ze-WTO mayelana nezithiyo zobuchwepheshe zohwebo nezinyathelo zenhlanzeko kanye ne-phytosanitary. Izinga le-UNECE lihloselwe ukusetshenziswa yiziphathimandla zokuqinisekisa zikazwelonke ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ikhwalithi yamazambane embewu ihlangabezana nezidingo zokulawula ezivunyelanisiwe neziqashelwa umhlaba wonke.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlinzeko eziqukethwe kuzinga le-UNECE, amagama afanayo kanye nezidingo ezivumelanisiwe kunomthelela ekuqondeni okufanele ngumthengisi nomthengi wamazinga ekhwalithi yamazambane athengiswa emazweni ahlukene omhlaba, futhi kunciphisa ubungozi obungaba khona bethiyo yezobuchwepheshe uhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.
Izinhlinzeko eziqukethwe kuzinga le-UNECE zihlanganisa cishe zonke izici zokulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nokugunyazwa kwembewu yamazambane.
Eziyinhloko yilezi:
- ubuqiniso nokuhlanzeka kwezinhlobonhlobo;
- ukulandeleka komsuka wenqwaba yembewu;
- Izinga lekhwalithi yezigaba ezahlukahlukene zembewu maqondana nezifo, izinambuzane, ukukhubazeka;
- ukubekezelela mayelana nezici zobukhulu bezilimo eziyizigaxa, ukulinganiswa kwazo kanye nekhwalithi yokuhweba;
-imithetho yokupakisha, yokuvala nokulebula.
Izidingo zezinga le-UNECE zisungulwe ezigabeni ezintathu zamazambane embewu: i-pre-basic, isisekelo kanye nesitifiketi. Isigaba ngasinye kulezi zintathu siphinde sahlukaniswa saba izigaba ezimbili, ezicabangela izinga okungenzeka lokuncipha kwekhwalithi yezinkomba ngazinye ngokwanda kwenani lezizukulwane zasensimini ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza imbewu yamazambane.
Ngokuhambisana nezidingo zezinga le-UNECE, lezo zinhlobo kuphela ezivunyelwe ukuhwebelana namazwe ngamazwe lapho incazelo yazo esemthethweni nezici ngokwehlukana, ukufana nokuzinza kungatholwa kuziphathimandla ezinekhono (abasunguli bezinhlobo) ngokuhambisana nomthetho. kanye nesiqondiso se-methodological se-UPOV (Inyunyana Yamazwe Ngamazwe yokuvikela izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo).
Iningi lamazwe akhiqiza amazambane embewu ngokuvamile alwela ukusondeza izidingo zezindinganiso kazwelonke zamazambane ezimbewu eduze namazinga omhlaba. Ngokuvamile, izindinganiso zikazwelonke zingase zibe nezidingo eziqinile zezinkomba ezithile ezibalulekile ngokuyisisekelo uma ziqhathaniswa nezimfuneko zezinga le-UNECE.
Ezimweni zanamuhla, ukuvumelana kwezinhlinzeko eziyinhloko zamazinga ekhwalithi yembewu yembewu kazwelonke nama-analogue aphesheya futhi, ikakhulukazi, izinga le-UNECE libaluleke kakhulu.
Izidingo zokulawulwa kwezinga likazwelonke laseRussia, ezisungulwe, ngokwesibonelo, maqondana nenani lezitshalo zezinye izinhlobo ekutshalweni kwezigaba ezahlukahlukene zamazambane embewu, kanye nezitshalo ezinezimpawu zegciwane (i-mosaic ebuthakathaka neqinile) kanye nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. (i-blackleg) iqhathaniswa kakhulu nezinkambiso zamazwe ngamazwe zezinga le-UNECE (Ithebula 1).
Ukubekezelelwa kwezinga likazwelonke laseRussia mayelana nesigameko sezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinezifo (Ithebula 2) nakho kuseduze nezinga lezidingo zokulawula zezinga le-UNECE. Nakuba isidingo sokuvumelanisa okwengeziwe kwamazinga ekhwalithi yezigaba ezifanele zamazambane embewu ukuze ziwasondeze ezidingweni zamazwe ngamazwe akungabazeki ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu okwamanje ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi yamazambane embewu eRussia futhi kuzosiza ukunciphisa izingozi ezingaba khona zezithiyo zobuchwepheshe. ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe kwembewu yamazambane.
Ithebula 1. Ukuqhathaniswa kokubekezelelana kwezindinganiso ze-UNECE kanye neRussian Federation mayelana nokuhlanzeka kwezinhlobonhlobo kanye nokutheleleka kwezifo zokutshalwa kwembewu yamazambane.
Izigaba / Amakilasi | % wezitshalo | ||
Ezinye izinhlobo | Amagciwane* | I-Blackleg | |
UNECE ejwayelekile | |||
I-Pre-basic I(TC) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
I-Pre-basic II | 0,01 | 0,1 | 0 |
Isisekelo I | 0,25 | 0,4 (0,2) | 0,5 |
Isisekelo II | 0,25 | 0,8 (0,4) | 1,0 |
Certified I | 0,5 | 2,0 (1,0) | 1,5 |
Iqinisekisiwe II | 0,5 | 10 (2,0) | 2,0 |
GOST R 53 136-2008 | |||
Izinto zomthombo (IM) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Okwangempela (OS) | 0 | 0,4 | 0 |
Elite (ES) | 0 | 3,0 (1,0) | 0 |
Ukukhiqiza (RS (1-2)) | 1,5 | 8,0 (2,0) | 1,0 |
* i-% evumelekile yezitshalo ezine-mosaic esindayo ikhonjiswe kubakaki
Ithebula 2. Ukuqhathaniswa kokubekezelelana kwezindinganiso ze-UNECE kanye ne-Russian Federation yokuhlaselwa yisifo sofuba.
Izigaba / Amakilasi | % wezilimo eziyizigaxa ezihlaselwe izifo** | |||||
Ukubola okomile nokumanzi* | I-scab evamile, i-mesh, | Uqweqwe poro shitty | Rizok tonia | S'mores izingane nezilimo eziyizigaxa | ||
UNECE ejwayelekile | ||||||
I-Pre-basic I(TC) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
I-Pre-basic II | 0,2 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0,5 | |
Isisekelo I | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
Isisekelo II | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
Certified I | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
Iqinisekisiwe II | 1,0 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 1 | |
IGOST R 53 136 - 2008 | ||||||
Izinto zomthombo (IM) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Okwangempela (OS) | 0,5 (0) | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Elite (ES) | 2 (1) | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | |
Ukukhiqiza (RS (1-2)) | 2 (1) | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | |
* i-% evumelekile yezilimo eziyizigaxa ezithintwa ukubola okumanzi ikhonjiswe kubakaki
** i-tuber ibhekwa njengethintwa yilesi sifo uma indawo yobuso ethintekile uqweqwe olujwayelekile idlula u-33,3% noma ngaphezulu kwe-1/3 yobuso; uqweqwe lwe-mesh - 33,3%; ukhukhamba powdery - 10%; i-rhizoctonia - 10%.
Ukuze uqhubeke nokuvumelanisa uhlaka lokulawula ikhwalithi yamazambane embewu eRussia, kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa kakhulu izinhlinzeko eziphathelene nemithetho yesampula, izindlela zokunquma ubuqiniso nokuhlanzeka kwezinhlobonhlobo, ukubalwa kwezifo, izinambuzane, ukukhubazeka kwangaphandle kwezitshalo nezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane. , ukubekezelela mayelana nezici zobukhulu bezilimo eziyizigaxa, ukulinganiswa kwazo kanye nekhwalithi yezohwebo. Kulokhu, ukwethulwa kwezinkambiso ezihlukene nezindlela ezijwayelekile zokuhlola ilabhorethri zokunquma ukungcoliswa kwezitshalo nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinokutheleleka okucashile kwegciwane kanye nebhaktheriya ezigabeni ezihambisanayo namakilasi embewu yamazambane, njengoba kuhlinzekwe ku-GOST R "Imbewu Yamazambane". . Ukwamukelwa nezindlela zokuhlaziya" (Ithebula 3).
Ithebula 3. Izinkambiso nezindlela zokuhlolwa kwelabhorethri ezihlinzekwe yi-Russian Federation yezigaba ezahlukahlukene (izizukulwane) zamazambane embewu.
Imbewu | Ikilasi/isizukulwane | Izindinganiso zokuhlola | Izindlela |
Ama-clones ayisisekelo esiko le-in vitro, | ИМ | 100% izitshalo | ICA, PCR, ELISA |
Ama-microplants okuqala okusabalalisa kwe-clonal ku-in vitro culture | ИМ | 100% izitshalo | ELISA, PCR |
Izitshalo emakamelweni akhulayo ukukhiqiza izilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane | ИМ | Ubuncane bezitshalo ezingama-250 ezinhlobonhlobo | ELISA* |
Izinga lensimu (500 m ukuhlukaniswa) | Isizukulwane sokuqala senkambu kusuka kuma-mini-tubers | Izitshalo ezingama-200 ezinhlobonhlobo (noma izilimo eziyizigaxa ezingama-200 ngeqoqo ngalinye) | ELISA* (**) |
I-Super-super elite | 200 nezilimo eziyizigaxa iqoqo ngalinye | ELISA | |
I-Field nurseries (100m insulation) | I-Superelite | Izitshalo ngazinye*** | ICA, ELISA*** |
Elite | |||
*Ukuhlaziywa kwamasampula eqabunga **Ukuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri kwangemva kokuvuna kwamasampula e-tuber. *** Ukuhlola emkhakheni wezitshalo ngazinye ngokubonakaliswa okungacacile kwezimpawu zesifo usebenzisa i-ICA emigqeni yokuhlola, i-ELISA |
Kusukela ngo-2011 eRussia, indinganiso ye-UNECE ifakwe ohlwini olusemthethweni lwemibhalo elawulayo ukuze isetshenziswe ohlelweni lwesitifiketi sokuzithandela samazambane embewu ye-Federal State Budgetary Institution "Rosselkhoztsentr".
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinga le-UNECE lamazambane embewu eRussia ngokungangabazeki kuzoba nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwendawo entsha yokuncintisana phakathi kwabahlinzeki bamazambane embewu kanye nabakhiqizi bamazambane athengiswayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, inzuzo esobala ngokuqinisekile izotholwa yilabo bakhiqizi abazokwazi ukuthengisa emakethe yasekhaya kanye nokuthekelisa amazambane embewu yeqophelo eliphezulu ahlangabezana nezimfuneko zokulawulwa kwamanye amazwe. Lokhu-ke kuzoba nomthelela ekusetshenzisweni okusebenzayo kobuchwepheshe obusha besimanje, ukutshalwa kwezimali ekwenziweni kokukhiqizwa kwesimanje, ukuthuthuka ngokushesha ekukhiqizeni izinhlobo ezidingeka kakhulu emakethe, ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezisebenzayo zokuxilonga ama-phytopathogens, ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi kanye ukwandisa izinga lochwepheshe lochwepheshe emkhakheni wokukhiqiza imbewu yamazambane, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nezitifiketi.