Lesi sihloko siwukuqhutshekwa kochungechunge lwezinto ezinikelwe ekutshaleni amazambane emazweni e-CIS. Ezindabeni ezedlule sikhulume ngendima yalesi sitshalo kwezolimo zaseKazakhstan naseBelarus, kodwa manje sizokhuluma ngeKyrgyzstan.
Sibuze u-Ainagul Nasyrov, uchwepheshe ozinikele iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-25 kwezolimo futhi ophethe i-NGO TES Center - Center for Technical Agricultural Consultations, ukuthi asitshele ukuthi angakanani amazambane atshalwa kuleli zwe, lapho inqwaba yemikhiqizo ithengiswa khona. , futhi kunenzuzo engakanani ukutshala amazambane lapha.
Ukubhekisela
I-TES Center - I-Technical Agricultural Advisory Centre yinhlangano engekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni wase-Kyrgyz (NGO) umgomo wayo uwukukhulisa imali engenayo yabantu abahileleke kwezolimo ngokuqeqeshwa kwekhwalithi nokubonisana. Lesi sikhungo sasungulwa ngo-1999 ngokuhlanganyela ne-Osh State University.
I-Kyrgyzstan iyizwe elincane elise-Asia Ephakathi, elinezifunda eziyisikhombisa kuphela. Amazambane atshalwa kulelo nalelo linye lawo: amanye ngaphezulu, amanye ngaphansi; ngokuvamile, cishe amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-80 abekelwe isivuno. Izifunda eziseningizimu zisebenza ngokukhethekile ezinhlobonhlobo zakuqala, izintaba - ngasekupheleni.
Imikhiqizo efinyelela kumathani ayizigidi eziyi-1,5 minyaka yonke ikhiqizwa, futhi le volumu yanele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zasekhaya kanye nokuhlinzeka ngamazambane ukuze athunyelwe kwamanye amazwe.
Leli isiko elibalulekile ezweni lakithi. Yiqiniso, ngokunyuka kwamazinga okuphila, umthamo wokusetshenziswa kwamazambane ngomuntu ngamunye, njengakwezinye izindawo, kancane kancane uyancipha (okwamanje izincomo zoMnyango Wezempilo zingama-93 kg ngomuntu ngamunye ngonyaka), kodwa uhlala ungomunye wemikhiqizo ebaluleke kakhulu ukudla komhlali weriphabhulikhi.
Ukukhiqizwa kwezinga elincane
Ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane kwenziwa abalimi abasebenza ezindaweni ezincane. Mhlawumbe lokhu kungenye yezici ezibalulekile kwezolimo eKyrgyzstan - ukukhiqizwa okuncane. Maphakathi nawo-2000, izwe laphothula uguquko lwezolimo, imiphumela eyinhloko okwaba ukudluliswa komhlaba kubunikazi obuzimele kanye nokuguqulwa kwamapulazi angaphezu kwama-90% amapulazi angaphambili kanye namapulazi kahulumeni abe amabhizinisi abalimi kanye namapulazi. Njengamanje acishe abe yizinkulungwane ezingama-300 amapulazi anjalo ezweni. Isilinganiso sobukhulu bendawo yepulazi eningizimu yeKyrgyzstan sisuka kumahektha angu-40 kuya ku-1 hectare, enyakatho - kufika kumahektha angu-2. Kunamabhizinisi athatha amahektha angama-10, kodwa ambalwa.
Ngokubona kwami, izwe lidale izimo ezinhle zemisebenzi yezolimo ukuletha izinzuzo ezinhle kubantu: isibonelo, abalimi abakhokhi intela cishe, kungenzeka ukuthola imali ebolekiwe (ngesilinganiso se-12% sokuhlela ukukhiqiza, 6-7). % – ukuze kuthengwe amathuluzi). Kodwa ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe obuqhubekayo kunzima kakhulu: kunzima futhi ngokuvamile akuzuzisi umlimi oyedwa ukuthenga imishini ebizayo noma ukushintsha okuthile enhlanganweni yomsebenzi wakhe. Isimo singashintshwa uma kwakhiwa amadlelandawonye, kodwa kuze kube manje sinezibonelo ezimbalwa zalolo soseshini.
Izinhlobo zakuqala nezakamuva
Kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi eminyakeni yamuva nje amanani okukhiqiza amazambane okuqala eKyrgyzstan abelokhu ehla. Isizathu esikhulu ukwehla kwenzuzo yaleli bhizinisi. Iqiniso liwukuthi amazambane asekuqaleni atshalwa ikakhulukazi ukuze athunyelwe kwamanye amazwe. Kodwa emakethe yomhlaba enokuncintisana kakhulu, abakhiqizi bethu bayalahlekelwa ngenxa yezizathu eziqondile: amazambane okuqala e-Kyrgyzstan avunwa maphakathi noMeyi. I-Iran nePakistan bathola isivuno sabo kusenesikhathi, inzuzo ebanika izinkontileka ezengeziwe namanani aphezulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, masingakhohlwa ukuthi isidingo samazambane asekuqaleni emazweni angenisa amazwe asisikhulu kangako futhi sivame ukuncipha. Abathengi abakhulu (iKazakhstan neRussia) bafunde ukulondoloza ngempumelelo amazambane amadala okuvuna kuze kube yihlobo, okuyiqiniso, okuthinte ukufunwa kwabasha.
Kubalimi abatshala izinhlobo eziphuzile, amazambane nawo awaqinisekisi njalo inzuzo ephezulu. Izifunda ezisenyakatho yezwe, ezinesimo sezulu esivumayo kakhulu sokutshala lesi sitshalo, zihlushwa ukukhiqiza ngokweqile. Esinye sezizathu ukuntuleka kwesu lomsebenzi okuvunyelwene ngalo. Kuvamisile ukuthi abalimi batshale wonke amazambane angadayiswanga ngonyaka olandelayo, bakhulise indawo engaphansi kwezitshalo futhi babhebhethekise inkinga.
Ukuthengisa amazambane
Ibhizinisi elincane lomndeni, njengomthetho, alinalo ithuba lokuhweba emakethe ngokuzimela, ngakho-ke isivuno sithengiswa kubathengisi.
E-Kyrgyzstan, kunenethiwekhi ethuthuke kahle yezinhlangano zabaxhumanisi ezibandakanyeka ekuthengeni amazambane kubakhiqizi. Kuzo zonke izimakethe zasedolobheni kunendawo lapho umlimi enganikeza khona amazambane afike nawo (abathengisi nabo bawuthenga khona lo mkhiqizo ukuze udayiswe emakethe). Amaloli afika ezindaweni ezikude nesikhungo ezolanda amazambane emapulazini. Abathengisi bangakwazi ukuthengisa imikhiqizo ekhaya noma bayithumele.
Thumela
I-Kyrgyzstan ithumela kwamanye amazwe cishe ama-20-30% yenani eliphelele lamazambane akhulile (imbewu nokudla). Izimpahla zithunyelwa ikakhulukazi emazweni angomakhelwane, njengoba izindleko zezokuthutha zenza ingxenye enkulu yezindleko zokukhiqiza.
Enye yezindawo ezihamba phambili zokuthekelisa (uma singakunaki ukunikezwa kwamazambane okuqala, okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla) yi-Uzbekistan. Leli zwe liqhathaniswa ne-Kyrgyzstan endaweni, kodwa elinabantu abaningi kakhulu (ngokunjalo, isidingo sokudla siphezulu lapho). Ngenxa yezici zesimo sezulu, ikakhulukazi amazambane okuqala atshalwa e-Uzbekistan, futhi izwe lithenga izinto zembewu kanye nemikhiqizo yetafula yezinhlobo zamuva. Yiqiniso, amanani okuthenga angase ahluke kakhulu unyaka nonyaka. Kule sizini, abamele uMnyango Wezolimo waseKyrgyz bamemezele ukuthi isivumelwano senziwe phakathi kwamazwe sokuqinisa ubudlelwano bezohwebo, okwabakhuthaza kakhulu abakhiqizi bethu bamazambane.
Amazambane aseKyrgyz nawo anikezwa eTurkmenistan, Kazakhstan, futhi eminyakeni ethile eRussia.
Ukuzala nokukhiqiza imbewu
I-Kyrgyzstan ayinazo izinhlobo zayo zamazambane, umsebenzi wokuzalanisa awenziwa, amapulazi embewu akhethekile (ngomqondo waseYurophu waleli gama) awekho, nakuba kwenziwa imizamo yokuwadala eminyakeni yamaSoviet, kusukela ezindaweni eziphansi lapho. yizo zonke izimo zokuthola imikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu. Ayikho neyodwa ilabhorethri ye-in vitro ezweni.
Iminyaka eminingi, abalimi abaningi bebethenga imbewu ezimakethe zendawo, lapho umkhiqizo ungenabo ubufakazi obubhaliwe bokuhlukahluka nokuzala. Yiqiniso, le ndlela ngeke ithinte izinga lomkhiqizo wokugcina, ngakho namuhla abaningi bazama ukubheka ezinye izindlela zokuhlinzeka ngezinto zokutshala.
Imbewu yezinga elihlukile ngokwekhwalithi inikezwa, isibonelo, ngamapulazi asebenza ezindaweni eziphakeme. Ngesicelo sabalimi, bathenga izinto ezisezingeni eliphakeme eYurophu, baziphindaphinde ekukhiqizeni kwesithathu futhi bazithengise ukuze zitshalwe etafuleni abakhiqizi bamazambane.
Isibonelo sokuhlela umsebenzi onjalo umfelandawonye wabalimi abavela esifundeni saseChon-Alai. Isigodi sase-Alai, lapho kutholakala khona amasimu omfelandawonye, sinezimo ezikahle zokutshala amazambane embewu: isimo sezulu lapha sihlala sipholile ngisho nasehlobo futhi abekho abathwali bezinambuzane zezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Umfelandawonye uhlanganisa abalimi abangaba ngu-30; batshala amazambane kumahektha angama-60. Esikhathini esizayo, izinhlelo zokubambisana zokwandisa: isakhiwo kufanele sihlanganise amanye amapulazi angu-20, futhi ibhange lomhlaba lizofinyelela amahektha ayi-100.
Nokho, umsebenzi wabo awulula neze. Isibonelo, abalimi bathenga imbewu yamazambane eNetherlands naseJalimane; imbewu evela kulawa mazwe ngokwesiko ithathwa njengesezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu, yize empeleni kufanele sivume ukuthi amaqoqo ahlukile, kanye nemikhiqizo ehlinzekwa namuhla eKyrgyzstan ( ngesisekelo senkokhelo ephelele ngaphambi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha) ayihlukanga kangcono kunaleyo eyangeniswa kwamanye amazwe ekuqaleni kwawo-2000. Into ewukuthi izidingo zamapulazi ethu azibalulekile kakhulu ezinkampanini ezinkulu zokuzalanisa nembewu (njengomthetho, isicelo singamathani ayi-100-200), ngakho-ke ukunikezwa kwenziwa ngokusalela.
Abalimi baseKyrgyz bayanqikaza ukuthenga amazambane embewu yaseRussia: kunenkolelo yokuthi izinkampani zaseRussia azinikezi ikhwalithi ezithembisayo.
Ukunisela
I-Kyrgyzstan isendaweni eyomile, okusho ukuthi ukutshala izitshalo ngaphandle kokunisela ezweni akunakwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, wonke amazambane e-republic atshalwa ngaphansi kokunisela. Abalimi kakhulukazi basebenzisa indlela yokuchelela ejwayelekile futhi ethengekayo, nakuba idinga umsebenzi omningi, indlela yokunisela ngemisele; ukuchelela nge-drip kusalokhu kubiza kakhulu emapulazini amaningi; ukwethulwa kwezinhlelo zokufafaza ezindaweni ezincane akuzuzisi.
Inhlangano yesitoreji
Ukuvunwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane sekwephuzile eKyrgyzstan kwenzeka ekupheleni kukaSepthemba - ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba. Abalimi bazama ukwenza lesi sigaba somsebenzi ngesikhathi esifushane, njengoba isithwathwa esinamandla sesivele singenzeka ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwalesi sikhathi. Abalimi badayisa isivuno esivuniwe ngokuqondile ensimini noma basibeke endaweni yokugcina. Njengomthetho, abantu balindele ukuthi intengo yomkhiqizo izokhuphuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi bazame ukuhlehlisa ukuthengiswa kwesitshalo.
Amazambane embewu athengiswa ngo-Okthoba, ikakhulukazi uma sikhuluma ngembewu yezinhlobonhlobo zakuqala, futhi athunyelwa ngokushesha ekhasimendeni. Umkhawulo wesikhathi ungenxa yokuthi ukulungiselela isizini kuqala ngoJanuwari, futhi ekuphakameni kwasebusika ezindaweni ezisemagqumeni (lapho kukhule khona imbewu), amazinga okushisa angaphansi kuka-20-30°C futhi kunengozi enkulu kakhulu yemikhiqizo ebanda kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuthutha.
Ingxenye ebalulekile yezindawo zokugcina (ake nginikhumbuze ukuthi zisemapulazini amancane) zingamakamelo alungiselwe ukugcinwa, amagumbi angaphansi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi imigodi enezindonga eziqinisiwe. Eminyakeni yamuva, abakhiqizi bezolimo baye baqala ukunaka kakhulu ukuhlomisa izindawo zokugcina ezinjalo: umoya omncane uvame ukufakwa kuzo, futhi kungenzeka ukulawula amazinga okushisa nomswakama. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni enzima, ukulahlekelwa ngesikhathi sokugcina kungaba kukhulu kakhulu.
Amazambane ware agcinwa kuze February-March.
Ukuphinda usebenzise kabusha
Ukucubungula amazambane akuthuthukisiwe kahle. Kukhona ibhizinisi elincane (KH KIRBI) elihlanganyela ekukhiqizeni ama-chips ngaphansi komkhiqizo we-PIR. Amathemba okwakha imboni yokukhiqiza amafrimu aseFrance, anganikeza yonke i-Asia Ephakathi ngemikhiqizo, nawo acatshangelwa, kodwa kuze kube manje lezi zinhlelo azikatholi ukuqinisekiswa kwangempela.
Isikhathi sonyaka 2021
Ngonyaka odlule, amanani entengo yamazambane ahlala eqophelweni eliphezulu ngesikhathi sokuthengisa (isidingo semikhiqizo yokudla ngesikhathi sodlame sasiphezulu ezweni naphesheya, futhi amazwe amaningi angomakhelwane abe esehlushwa ukwehluleka kwezitshalo). Futhi leli qiniso lenza abakhiqizi babe nethemba; bafuna ukukhula kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ubheka isimo ngombono oqondile, kusobala ukuthi akuyona yonke into enhle njengoba singathanda: izinga lokushintshaniswa kwedola liye lenyuka ngokuphawulekayo muva nje, okusho ukuthi imbewu, umanyolo, imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo, nezingxenye ezisele. sebebiza kakhulu. Izindleko zikhule kakhulu, futhi kunzima ukubikezela ukuthi lezi zimali zizolunga yini.
Kodwa ... ohambayo uzophumelela endleleni. Ngakho-ke, ngimane ngifisele wonke umuntu obambe iqhaza ebhizinisini lamazambane impumelelo ngesizini entsha. Ngethemba ukuthi umsebenzi wabo uzovuzwa ngokwanele.
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