Kusuka kumagazini: No. 1 2016
Isigaba: Isifunda
ISIHOGO. Andrianov, D.A. Andrianov,
I-Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education I-Bashkir State Agrarian University
Indawo yeRiphabhulikhi yaseBelarus: 143 km2
Inani labantu: Abantu abayizi-4, abangama-071% kubo bangabahlali basemadolobheni.
Isikhundla sendawo: I-republic itholakala emithambekeni esentshonalanga ye-Southern Urals naseCis-Urals.
Isimo sezulu Izwekazi, elinomswakama, ihlobo elifudumele kanye nobusika obunzima. Isimo sezulu sishintsha njalo ngenxa yokuma kwesifunda phakathi kwezishingishane ezivela ezindaweni ezipholile, e-Atlantic, e-Arctic naseSiberia.
Izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi likaJanuwari: -18°, izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile likaJulayi: +18°. Kodwa lezi zibalo zingahluka ezindaweni ezahlukene: ama-ridge ase-Urals, anwetshiwe kusukela enyakatho kuya eningizimu, adala umehluko omkhulu ezimweni zezulu emithambekeni esentshonalanga nasempumalanga. Izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi laminyaka yonke lehla libheke entshonalanga ukuya empumalanga. Ushintsho oluqhubekayo oluya emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kukaziro lwenzeka ezinsukwini eziyishumi zokuqala zika-April, kanye namazinga okushisa angaphansi kweqanda ezinsukwini ezintathu zika-Okthoba. Ubude bekhava yeqhwa yizinsuku ezingu-155 (ezindaweni zehlathi-asemaqeleni nasemathafeni), izinsuku ezingu-175 (ezindaweni zamahlathi asezintabeni).
I-Bashkortostan inothile emanzini angaphezulu. Kukhona imifula engaba yizinkulungwane eziyi-13 namachibi angaphezu kwenkulungwane (kuhlanganise namadamu) eRiphabhulikhi.
Impumuzo: ezihlukahlukene kakhulu, ezihlotshaniswa nendawo yendawo, isakhiwo se-geological kanye ne-tectonic yendawo. Cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zendawo zingamathafa namathafa anamagquma (afaneleka kakhulu kwezolimo); kukhona amagquma, amathafa, ukhahlamba nezintaba.
Inhlabathi: I-32% yayo yonke insimu igcwele inhlabathi ye-chernozem, i-28% yinhlabathi empunga yamahlathi, i-25,1% yinhlabathi yezintaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezindawo ze-sod-podzolic (ingxenye esenyakatho ye-republic), i-sod-carbonate (i-Ufa Plateau kanye nendawo esenyakatho-mpumalanga yehlathi-steppe), inhlabathi ye-hydromorphic kanye ne-meadow-chernozem. Eningizimu ye-Cis-Urals kanye ne-Trans-Urals, izindawo zokusatshalaliswa kwe-solonetzes, i-solonchaks nezinhlobonhlobo ze-solonchak ze-chernozems nenhlabathi ye-meadow ziyaphawulwa.
Indawo yezolimo: cishe amahektha ayizigidi eziyisi-8, okungamahektha angaba yizigidi ezi-5 kuwo izindawo ezilinywayo
Amazambane akhula eRiphabhulikhi yaseBashkortostan. Isiteji samanje
Amazambane angenye yezitshalo zokudla ezibaluleke kakhulu eRiphabhulikhi yaseBashkortostan. Kule minyaka emihlanu edlule, kokubili ukusetshenziswa "kwesinkwa sesibili" (kufika ku-180 kg / umuntu) nokukhiqizwa (kufika ku-270 kg / umuntu) kuye kwanda e-republic. Njengamanje, emapulazini azo zonke izinhlobo zobunikazi, indawo yokutshala amazambane ingamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-93,5.
Amapulazi okuhweba ahamba phambili eRiphabhulikhi yaseBashkortostan anesipiliyoni sokuthola isivuno esikhulu samazambane ezindaweni ezinkulu. Ohlwini lwamapulazi angu-100 angcono kakhulu e-Russian Federation ngo-2005 - 2008. endaweni yama-46 yi-SPK KLH eqanjwe ngalo. Isifunda saseSalavat Meleuzovsky, endaweni ye-74 - I-State Unitary Enterprise yokugcina okwesikhashana "i-Dmitrievsky", endaweni ye-96 - I-State Unitary Enterprise yokugcina okwesikhashana "i-Alekseevsky" futhi endaweni ye-100 - i-Siberian Agricultural Farm-Collective Farm ebizwa ngokuthi. I-Salavat, isifunda saseSterlitamak. Ngakho-ke, ku-AKH im. ISalavat, esifundeni saseMeleuzovsky, endaweni engamahektha angama-330, isivuno esijwayelekile sonyaka singama-35 t/ha. Epulazini lesifunda sase-Alekseevsky esifundeni sase-Ufa, indawo engamahektha ayi-100 ikhiqiza izilimo eziyizigaxa ezithengiswayo ku-32-42 t/ha. I-SEC "Sun" yesifunda sase-Ilishevsky, endaweni engamahektha angaphezu kuka-300, iqoqa izilimo eziyizigaxa ezithengiswayo ku-16 - 25 t/ha. Ipulazi lesifunda saseShemyak, endaweni engaphezu kwamahektha angama-600, likhiqiza u-12-16 t/ha wezilimo eziyizigaxa ezidayiswayo. Ipulazi labalimi "i-Agli" yesifunda saseChishminsky endaweni engamahektha angama-400 ithola isivuno samazambane embewu engama-30 - 42 t/ha iminyaka ethile.
Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile, izinga lokukhiqiza amazambane eRiphabhulikhi yaseBelarus liphansi kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yezizathu ezilandelayo. 1. Ukushoda kohlelo lokukhiqiza imbewu yamazambane kanye nenani eliphansi lezinhlobo ezisheshe zivuthwe, okuhlanganisa nokungabi bikho nhlobo kwezinhlobo zasekhaya ezivuthwa kusenesikhathi kanye nezinhlobo zakuqala ezitshalweni. Impahla yokutshala ekhona igcinwa endaweni engafanele uma uhlelo lokugcina lungalandelwa. Ukutshala, izinto zokutshala azikho ngaphansi kokulungiswa okusekelwe ngokwesayensi. 2. Ukwephulwa okukhulu kwesiyalo sezobuchwepheshe phakathi nokulinywa kwayo. 3. Imvamisa kunokuntuleka kokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo okukhethekile. 4. Ukuba khona kombuso wamanzi ongalawulwa ezindaweni zokutshala. 5. Ukusetshenziswa okungenangqondo kwezimbiwa kanye nomanyolo wemvelo. 6. Ukwehluleka ukuthobela izinsuku zokutshala ezifanele ngokuminyana okusobala okungenele. Ukusetshenziswa kwesikimu sokutshala esingenangqondo esinokujula okungalingani kokutshala kwe-tuber. 7. Ukwephulwa kwesidingo sesimo sokuxega kanye nesingenakhula songqimba lomhlabathi olinyiwe - kokubili emigqeni naphakathi kwemigqa ngesikhathi sokutshala. 8. Ukungabi bikho kohlelo lokuvikela izitshalo zamazambane ezifweni. 9. Izici zesimo sezulu, izehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi ngesikhathi sokukhula. 10. Ukungabi bikho kwenxanxathela yemishini yesimanje eyisipesheli, imishini yokutshala amazambane kanye nezindawo zokugcina. 11. Izizathu zenhlangano ngenxa yokungabi bikho kwenhlangano efanele yokusebenza ngesikhathi kulinywa kanye nolwazi oluncane lwesiko lamazambane okuqala kanye nobuchwepheshe ngabadlali. 12. Ukungalungeli kwamapulazi (ngokwezomnotho, ngobuchwepheshe nangokuhlelekile) ukuze akhiqize kakhulu futhi asebenze kahle kakhulu, nakuba eseqala ukukhombisa intshisekelo eyisisekelo sembewu yamazambane. 13. Ukuntuleka kohlelo lokwazisa umphakathi ngezinhlobo ezintsha nezici zazo, ukuntuleka kwezindawo zokudayisa amazambane ayisisekelo ngamanani amancane emaphaketheni amancane. 14. Ukuntuleka kwezibalo zokukhiqiza amazambane kusenesikhathi. 15. Ukungabi bikho kohlelo lokuqeqesha abasebenzi kuwo wonke amazinga omkhiqizo wamazambane. 16. Ukuntuleka kwama-agrometeoposts ezinkundleni zokuhlola.
Njengamanje, ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane eRiphabhulikhi yaseBelarus kugxile emikhakheni ngayinye kanye nencane (95-97% yendawo yonke yokutshala), okungukuthi, amazambane acishe abe isitshalo sengadi kuphela.
Emapulazini amakhulu okuhweba itshalwa kuphela endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezi-3,0 nasemapulazini abalimi (abalimi) endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1,0. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona umkhuba obonakala ngokucacile ekugxilweni kokukhiqizwa kwamazambane. Ezifundeni eziyisishiyagalombili zeRiphabhulikhi yaseBelarus (kwezingu-54) - i-Aurgazinsky, i-Iglinsky, i-Ilishevsky, i-Meleuzovsky, i-Sterlitamaksky, i-Tuymazinsky, i-Ufa ne-Chishminsky - ngaphezu kwengxenye (60%) yendawo yokutshala igxile emapulazini okuhweba, i-76,6% amazambane akhiqizwa, futhi isivuno singaphezu kwesilinganiso sikazwelonke eminyakeni eyisithupha edlule ngo-144...211%.
Lokhu kugqama nakakhulu emapulazini abantulayo. Ezifundeni ezinhlanu - i-Beloretsky, i-Iglinsky, i-Meleuzovsky, i-Ufa ne-Chishminsky - i-57,4% yendawo evunwa ngaphansi kwamazambane kanye ne-59,8% yesivuno sangempela se-tuber igxiliwe, futhi isivuno singaphezu kwesilinganiso seRiphabhulikhi yaseBelarus ngo-128,7 - 440,7 % kule minyaka eyisithupha edlule. Kule minyaka eyisikhombisa eyedlule, isivuno samazambane emapulazini okuhweba kanye nabalimi sibe phezulu kunasemapulazini azimele.
Ngaphandle kokuhlinzeka ngocwaningo lwesayensi ocwaningweni lwebhayoloji yamazambane kanye nasekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kobuchwepheshe obudidiyelwe bezolimo obuhlanganisa amandla kanye nokonga izinsiza zezitshalo nakho konke okudingekayo, ngaphandle kochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe (kusuka kubaphathi bemishini kuye kubaphathi nezinhloko zamabhizinisi), isethi egcwele yemishini yesimanje ekhulisa amazambane nemishini, ngaphandle kokusekelwa kolwazi olusheshayo nolusezingeni eliphakeme, ngeke kwenzeke ukuncintisana nezinkampani eziholayo ezifundeni zeRussian Federation kanye nezinkampani zakwamanye amazwe maduze nje.
Amathemba okuthuthukiswa
Ngokombono wethu, ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane ezimbonini, kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yamazambane amazambane kanye nemikhiqizo yamazambane, kukhuphule ukudayiswa kanye nenzuzo yezitshalo e-Bashkortostan, kuyadingeka ukwakha Isikhungo Samazambane, sihlanganise izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezikhona. kanye nezakhiwo ezintsha zibe inkimbinkimbi eyodwa.
Kuyadingeka ukuthi kuthuthukiswe, kugunyazwe futhi kusetshenziswe uhlelo lwesifunda oluqondiwe lwesikhathi eside ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhiqizwa, ukugcinwa, ukucubungula nokudayiswa kwamazambane eRiphabhulikhi yaseBelarus ka-2016 - 2020.
Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwePotato Center kanye nohlelo lokuthuthukiswa kokutshalwa kwezambane, dala i-Potato Cluster yaseRiphabhulikhi yaseBelarus.
Ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwesimo samanje sokukhiqizwa kwamazambane eRiphabhulikhi yaseBelarus, izindawo eziphambili zokuthuthukiswa kokutshala amazambane eRiphabhulikhi zifaka:
- ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokwenza ngcono ucwaningo lwesayensi ngesiko lamazambane kusukela kubhayoloji yawo kuya ekuthengisweni komkhiqizo wokugcina;
– ukwandisa isivuno esimaphakathi emapulazini amabhizinisi kanye nabalimi abasafufusa siye ku-30 t/ha;
- ukudluliswa kancane kancane kwamabhizinisi akhula amazambane emishini yesimanje yobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, ukugcinwa nokucubungula;
- ukunciphisa izindleko ngeyunithi ngayinye yokukhiqiza kanye nokuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwempahla nezimali ngendlela eyongayo nenemvelo;
- ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokusebenzisa amandla ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo zasekhaya;
- ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zesimanje zokukhiqiza imbewu ezisekelwe ngokwesayensi kanye nemithethonqubo emisha yezobuchwepheshe yokukhiqiza imbewu yamazambane okuqala, asezingeni eliphezulu kanye nokuzala kabusha;
- isingeniso kanye nokubambelela ngokuqinile ohlelweni olulawulwayo lwesitifiketi sezambane elisekelwe emthethweni wesimanje we-Russian Federation kanye neRiphabhulikhi yaseBelarus kanye ne-GOSTs;
- ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda yemakethe yembewu (okuhlanganisa neziza zemizi yangasese), ukudla namazambane ezimbonini;
Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kokukhula kwamazambane eRussian Federation naseBelarus akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuthuthukisa isayensi yasekhaya, ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwemithombo yofuzo emisha, impumelelo ku-physiology yezitshalo, i-biotechnology, ukuzalanisa kanye nokukhiqizwa kwembewu.*, i-phytopathology, i-entomology kanye nokuvikelwa kwezitshalo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo, kanye nokukhuthazwa okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe bezolimo obusebenza kahle emisebenzini yezolimo.
Izimo eziyinhloko ezidingekayo ekusungulweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezinto ezintsha ekulimeni amazambane yilezi ezilandelayo:
-
- ukutholakala kobuchwepheshe bezolimo bamazambane obubonakale busebenza kahle kwezomnotho nakwezemvelo;
-
- ukwesekwa kombuso kwamabhizinisi ezolimo athola ulwazi olusha lwezobuchwepheshe bezolimo zamazambane;
-
- uhlelo lolwazi ezingeni likahulumeni kanye nomasipala mayelana nomkhuba wokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bezolimo bamazambane kanye nomthelela wezomnotho otholakala kulokhu.
*Esifundeni sase-Ural naseRiphabhulikhi yaseBashkortostan ngo-2015, lezi zinhlobonhlobo ezilandelayo zafakwa kuRejista Yombuso yeRussian Federation futhi zavunyelwa ukusetshenziswa: izinhlobo zakuqala ezengeziwe - iMeteor, Charoit; ukuvuthwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi - u-Alena, u-Antonina, uBashkirsky, uBellarosa, uWhite Spring, uVineta, uZhukovsky ekuqaleni, uKamensky, uMholi, uLyubava, uRosara, uSkoroplodny, uBullfinch (izinhlobonhlobo zensimu); maphakathi no-Early - Bezhitsky, Gornyk, Korona, Labadia, Lina, Lukyanovsky , Nevsky, Oredezhsky, Ramos, Sante, Safo, Svitanok Kievsky, September (izinhlobonhlobo zengadi), Inganekwane, Madam, Evolution, Excellence, Effect; phakathi nesizini - Aspiya, Burnovsky, Irbitsky, Lugovskoy, Kuzovok, Nadezhda, Nayada (izinhlobonhlobo zensimu), Skarb, Spiridon, Tarasov, Udalets; maphakathi nenyanga - Belousovsky, Lorkh, Nikulinsky.