Kusuka kumagazini: No. 1 2016
Isigaba: Ukuxhumana kochwepheshe
B.V. Anisimov, S. N. Zebrin, V.N. Zeyruk,
I-All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming eqanjwe ngemuva. A.G. U-Lorja
Ezenzweni zamanje zokulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nesitifiketi sembewu yamazambane, ukubola kwe-tuberous kuvame ukuhlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko - ezomile nezimanzi.
Kokubola okomile, okuvame kakhulu yi-Fusarium dry rot kanye ne-Phoma rot. Imvamisa, ukubola okomile okukha phezulu kungakhula nakuzilimo eziyizigaxa lapho zithinteka yi-Alternaria.
Ukuthuthukiswa kokubola kwe-tuber okumanzi kuvame ukuvela ngenxa yokudluliselwa kwezifo ezitshalweni ezitheleleke nge-blight sekwephuzile noma i-blackleg kuya kuma-tubers esitshalo esisha. Lapho utshala amazambane emhlabathini oswakeme kakhulu, ukubola kwerabha kungase kukhule ezigabeni ngesikhathi noma ngokushesha ngemva kokuvuna. Umswakama ophezulu wenhlabathi ngesikhathi sokukhula udala izimo ezivumayo zokubola kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezibomvana, futhi isimo sezulu esishisayo ngesikhathi sokukhula kwe-tuberization singaba nomthelela ekukhuleni kokubola kwesilonda esinamanzi sezilimo eziyizigaxa ngokushesha ngemva kokuvuna.
Kwezinye izimo, "i-rots ehlanganisiwe" ingaba yingozi kakhulu: i-blight-bacterial sekwephuzile, i-fusarium-bacterial, i-fomosa-bacterial. Ukungena kwezifo zokukhunta kanye nebhaktheriya kuma-tubers kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokubola kwenziwa lula ukulimala kwe-nematode, ama-wireworms kanye nezibungu zezinambuzane. Ezimweni ezingezinhle zokuvuna nokugcina amazambane, izimbangela zokuthuthukiswa kokubola kwe-tuber kungaba yi-hypothermia kanye nokuqandisa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Ukubola okomile kwezilimo eziyizigaxa okubangelwa ama-fungal phytopathogens
I-Fusarium (Fusarium spp.)
Ukutheleleka kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa imbewu nomhlabathi. Ukulimala kukhuthaza ukukhula kokubola, ikakhulukazi uma ukuhlunga emazingeni okushisa aphakeme.
I-Phomosis (Phoma sp.)
Umthombo wokutheleleka ikakhulukazi yimbewu engcolile; ukutheleleka kungasakazeka nemvula. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zivame ukungenwa izifo ngesikhathi sokuvuna, kodwa ukubola kwe-Phoma kuvame ukuvela ngemva kokuvuna kanye nokuhlunga ngemva kokuvuna kanye/noma emazingeni okushisa aphansi okugcina.
I-Alternariosis (I-Alternaria sp.)
Izinhlamvu ze-Alternaria ziphila kumazambane noma ezinye izinto eziphilayo ensimini noma emhlabathini ngqo.
Ukubola okumanzi okubangelwa isikhunta se-pathogenic kanye namagciwane
I-Phytophthora (Phitofhthara izingane)
Izinhlamvu ezivela phezulu zithelela izilimo eziyizigaxa emhlabathini. I-Tuberous blight sekwephuzile ingabonwa ngesikhathi sokuvuna futhi iqhubeke nokukhula ngesikhathi sokugcina. Ukulimala kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwangemva kokuvuna kuvame ukufaka isandla kulokhu.
Ukubola okuphinki (I-Phytophora i-erythroseptic)
Ukutheleleka kwenzeka emhlabathini. Ukuthuthukiswa kokutheleleka kukhuthazwa umswakama ophezulu wenhlabathi kanye nezinga lokushisa. Ukubola kwenzeka ngesikhathi noma ngokushesha ngemva kokuvuna.
Ukubola kwerabha (I-Geotrichum candidim)
Umthombo wokutheleleka umhlabathi. Ukuthuthukiswa kokubola kukhuthazwa umswakama oqinile wenhlabathi kanye nezimo ezifudumele ngesikhathi sangaphambi kokuvuna. Ukugeleza kahle komhlabathi kanye nokugcina izilimo eziyizigaxa ezindaweni ezigcwele amanzi ngokwehlukana nezitshalo zonke kunganciphisa ukusabalala kokubola.
Ukubola kwenxeba elimanzi (I-Pythium sp.)
Umthombo wokutheleleka: inhlabathi. Ukutheleleka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kwenzeka ngamanxeba. Ukubola kusabalala ngokushesha ezigabeni ezisanda kumbiwa isikhumba sazo esingakaqini. Isimo sezulu esifudumele ngesikhathi sokuvuna sikhuthaza ukukhula kokubola.
Okumnyama umlenze (Dickeya/Pectobacterium spp.)
Umthombo wokutheleleka ikakhulukazi izigaxa zembewu ezinegciwane, kodwa ensimini ukutheleleka kungadluliselwa kusuka ezitshalweni ezithelelekile kuye kumaconsi amanzi anempilo aqukethe amagciwane (amaconsi emvula/ama-aerosol) kanye nezinambuzane. Ukutheleleka othintana naye kungenzeka ngezinto ezingcolile noma iziqukathi. Ukutheleleka kwalawa magciwane kanye nokukhula kwalesi sifo kuthandwa yizimo ezikhulayo ezimanzi, kodwa zilungele kakhulu I-Pectobacterium yizimo ezipholile nezimanzi, futhi UDickeya – efudumele futhi enomswakama.
Khalisa ukubola (Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus)
Umthombo wokutheleleka yimbewu engcolile. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zezinye izinhlobo zingase zibe negciwane ngokungabonakali. Amagciwane asatshalaliswa ngemishini engcolile, ikakhulukazi imishini yokusika. Emazweni amaningi, kubhekwa njengesifo sokuhlukaniswa kwabantu; uma kwenzeka kuqubuka, izinto ezingcolile ziyasuswa futhi zilahlwe ekujikelezeni.
Ukubola kusuka ku-hypothermia kanye nokuqandisa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa
Izimbangela: izinga lokushisa eliphansi (ngaphansi kuka-1 °C) ngaphambi kokuvuna noma ukugcinwa. Ukulimala kwe-Tuber kungabangelwa ukushintsha ngokushesha kwezinga lokushisa (hhayi ngaphansi kwezingaqhwa) Kudingeka ukuvuna ngaphambi kwesithwathwa futhi ugweme ukupholisa ngokweqile endaweni yokugcina.
Ukubola kusuka ekulimaleni kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ngama-nematode, ama-wireworms nezibungu zezinambuzane
I-Potato stem nematode - i-Ditylenchosis (I-Ditylenchus umbhubhisi)
I-Nematodes isakazwa kakhulu kanye nezilimo eziyizigaxa zembewu ezinegciwane.Kudingeka ukuthi kusetshenziswe imbewu eqinisekisiwe enempilo futhi kungafaki amasimu lapho ukuqubuka kwesifo kuye kwaphawulwa khona phambilini. Amanematode kunzima ukuwasusa ngoba ahlala ezitshalweni eziningi. Ukunciphisa inani lazo kungenziwa lula ngokusetshenziswa kwezinhlamvu ekujikelezweni kwezitshalo kuhlanganiswe nokulawula ukhula ngempumelelo.
izikelemu (I-Agriotes/Tandonia/Arion spp.)
Izibungu zidla amaphaseji amancane angaphandle noma ajulile ku-tuber. Amaphaseji ahlala emincane (ngokungafani nomonakalo obangelwa ama-slugs), kodwa angaba namagatsha kakhulu. Ukulimala okubangelwa ama-wireworms kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba amanye amagciwane angene ku-tuber, okungabangela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokubola.
Kanye nama-wireworms, ukubola kwe-tuber kohlobo lokubola okomile noma okumanzi (kuye ngokuthi izimo zokugcina) kuvame ukubangelwa ukulimala kwamabhungane, ama-cutworms, ama-slugs, namabhu amazambane.
I-Krushchi (izibungu) zidla imigodi ezigabeni. Ngokungafani nama-cutworms, azishiyi izinsalela zesikhumba emaphethelweni emigodi.
Izikophu (amacimbi) aququda imigodi enobukhulu obuhlukahlukene ezigabeni. Emaphethelweni abo kukhona izinsalela zekhasi ngendlela yomphetho.
Ama-slugs
Zidla izimbotshana ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene ku-pulp ye-tuber, ezingenza kube lula ukungena kwe-phytopathogens ku-tuber, okubangela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokubola.
ibhu lamazambane
Ibhoboza imigudu emincane (2-4 mm) ngaphansi kwesikhumba noma ngaphakathi kwe-tuber. Isici esiwuphawu lokulimala kwebhu wukuba khona kwendle ebusweni naseziphasejini ezingaphakathi kwezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Ukuqina kokuthuthukiswa kokubola kwe-tuber kunqunywa kakhulu izinga lokusabalala kwezifo ngesikhathi sokukhula kanye nokuvunwa kwamazambane. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqapha imithombo yokutheleleka ngokuhlolwa kwensimu ngesikhathi sokukhula kanye nokusetshenziswa okuphelele kwezinyathelo ezikhethekile zokuvimbela nokuvikela ngesikhathi sokutshala inhlabathi, ukulungiswa kwembewu yokutshala, ukunakekelwa kwezitshalo nokuvuna.
Kumasu okuvikela nokuvikela, aphumelela kakhulu yilawa: ukutshala amazambane ngokushintshanisa izitshalo usebenzisa izitshalo zangaphambili ezisusa amagciwane emhlabathini; ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo komanyolo we-organic kanye namaminerali, ama-microelements kanye nezinto ze-calcareous ezandisa ukumelana kwezitshalo nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezifweni; ukusebenzisa izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinempilo kuphela ngezinhloso zembewu, ukushisisa imbewu yamazambane bese ulahla izinto ezithelelekile; ukukhishwa kwe-disinfection kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zembewu ngaphambi kokutshala; ukuqaliswa kwakho konke ukunakekelwa kwezitshalo kanye namasu okulawula ukhula afaka isandla ekukhiqizeni izitshalo ezinempilo, ezithuthuke kahle ezikwazi ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele impendulo yokumelana nemvelo kuma-microorganisms ayingozi.
Njengendlela yokuvimbela ekutshalweni kwembewu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukususa izitshalo ezigulayo - imithombo yokutheleleka - ngokwenza ukuhlanza okuphelele kwe-phyto. Izimpawu zezifo ezitshalweni zivela ngezikhathi ezahlukene, ngakho-ke umphumela omkhulu uvame ukutholakala ngokuhlanza izikhathi ezintathu.
Ukuhlanza kokuqala kwenziwa ngemuva nje kokuvela kwamahlumela agcwele, lapho izitshalo zifinyelela ubude obungama-15-20 cm. Ngalesi sikhathi, kudingekile ikakhulukazi ukususa izihlahla ezithintekile ngomlenze omnyama. Izitshalo ezigulayo zisheshe zisuswe ekutshalweni, imithombo embalwa yokubhebhetheka kokutheleleka isala ensimini.
Ukuhlanza kwesibili kwenziwa ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukungcola kwe-varietal kuvame ukususwa, kanye nezitshalo ezikhubazekile ezithinteka izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye negciwane. Imvamisa, ngemuva kokuhlanzwa kwesibili, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kwensimu futhi ukuthotshelwa kokutshala nezidingo zokulawulwa kwezinga elisungulwe izigaba ezahlukahlukene kanye nezigaba zamazambane embewu kuyanqunywa.
Ukuhlanza okwesithathu kwenziwa ngaphambi kokususwa kweziqongo zangaphambi kokuvuna. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukungcola okusele kuyasuswa, kanye nezitshalo ezibonisa izimpawu ze-bacterial (ring rot) kanye nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.
Ukuhlanza kufanele kwenziwe ngabasebenzi abaqeqeshwe kahle phambi kochwepheshe abanolwazi abanamakhono asebenzayo ekuboneni izimpawu zezifo kanye nokungcola kwezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane. Kulokhu, ngokuvamile abantu ababili bahamba emseleni futhi bahlole ngokucophelela izitshalo emigqeni emibili ukuya kwesokudla nesobunxele somsele lapho umhubhe owenziwe khona. Izitshalo ezitholakele ezinezifo noma ukungcola okuhlukahlukene kumbiwa ngefosholo kanye nezilimo eziyizigaxa, kuhlanganise nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezingumama, futhi zikhishwe ensimini. Akunconywa ukukhipha izitshalo, njengoba lokhu kungase kushiye izilimo eziyizigaxa zomama emhlabathini, ziqhume futhi ngonyaka ofanayo futhi ziphinde zikhiqize izitshalo ezigulayo. Iziqongo nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezikhishwe ngesikhathi sokuhlanza kumele zibhujiswe ngokuphelele.
Uma kukhona usongo lokuthuthukiswa kwe-blight sekwephuzile kanye ne-alternaria ngezinga elilinganiselwe noma elinzima, inhlanganisela yamalungiselelo amakhemikhali kanye ne-biological isetshenziselwa ukufafaza izitshalo ngesikhathi sokukhula. Lezi zindlela zenza kube nokwenzeka esikhathini esizayo ukunciphisa kakhulu ukulahlekelwa okuvela ekuboleni ngesikhathi sokugcina amazambane.
Indlela ebalulekile evimbela ukutheleleka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ngesikhathi sokuvuna futhi inciphise ingozi yokubola kwe-tuber ukususwa kwangaphambi kokuvuna kweziqongo. Kwenziwa ekutshalweni kwembewu ezinsukwini eziyi-14 ngaphambi kokuvuna, futhi ekutshalweni kwezentengiselwano okungenani izinsuku eziyi-7 ngaphambi kokuvuna. Lapho iziqongo zisuswa ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuvuna, ikhasi le-tuber alinaso isikhathi sokuqina futhi lilinyazwa kakhulu yimishini yokuvuna, engabangela ukutheleleka okukhulu kwamazambane ngokubola okomile nokumanzi. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, uma izinga lokuthuthuka kokulimaza sekwephuzile ezitshalweni selifinyelele ku-50% futhi isisindo sesitshalo asisakhuli, iziqongo kufanele zibhujiswe ngokushesha ukuze izilimo eziyizigaxa zingatheleleki emhlabathini. Kodwa ngisho nakulokhu, kubalulekile ukugcina isikhawu phakathi kokubhujiswa kweziqongo nokuvuna.
Iziqongo zingacekelwa phansi ngokugunda ngomshini ngokususa okuyisibopho kwezitshalo ensimini, ngoba iziqongo ezithintekile ziwumthombo oyingozi wamagciwane okulimaza sekwephuzile kanye ne-tuber bacteriosis ngaphambi nangesikhathi sokuvuna. Kunconywa ukusebenzisa i-chemical desiccation ezindaweni zembewu. Ngale njongo, amazambane afuthwa nge-Reglon Super (2,0 l/ha). Izinga lokusebenzisa uketshezi olusebenzayo kumele okungenani libe ngu-300 l/ha.
Ngesikhathi sokuvuna, ukuthutha amazambane nokuwagcina, kunconywa ukuthi ukhiphe amagciwane iziqukathi, izimoto, ukuhlunga, njll. ngesisombululo se-2-3% se-copper sulfate. Wonke amazambane asele ngemuva kokuhlungwa nokuhlungwa ayalahlwa, futhi izinto zokusebenza zibulawa amagciwane ngesisombululo esingu-5% se-copper sulfate.
Ekulweni nokubola, zonke izindlela ezivimbela ukulimala kwemishini kuma-tubers ngesikhathi sokuvuna, ukuhlunga, ukuthutha nokugcina amazambane ziyasebenza. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kuyadingeka ukulungisa kahle abavuni, ama-potato diggers, abahlungi, nokuphatha ngokucophelela izilimo eziyizigaxa, ukuvimbela ukuwa kusuka ekuphakameni okukhulu. Ukuphakama okuvunyelwe kwezilimo eziyizigaxa eziwela phezu kwensimbi (springy-ishidi elincanyana) lingama-50-80 cm, ukhuni oluqinile - 25-50, indawo yokhuni ye-lattice - 15-25, i-rubberized - 50-75, inhlabathi - 200, kumazambane - 100-125 cm.
Ukulawula emva kokuvuna kanye nezindlela zokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa ekuboleni ngesikhathi sokugcina amazambane
Kungakapheli inyanga ngaphambi kokugcina amazambane, izindawo zokugcina zihlanzwa enhlabathini nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezindala, zihlanjululwe nge-lime ngokufakwa kwe-sulfate yethusi engu-2-3%, khona-ke izindonga zokugcina, uphahla, izindonga zomgqomo namaphaneli zigcotshwa ngomcako. Ukufuthwa nge-whist yokulungiselela kuyasetshenziswa (okuhlola ngobuningi 150-200g/1000 m3 igumbi lamazambane).
Ngesikhathi sokulawulwa kwangemva kokuvuna, kwenziwa izivivinyo ze-tuber ukuze kutholakale izifo ezivele kuma-tubers.
Inqubo yesampula yokuhlaziywa kwe-tuber kanye nezidingo zokulawula zekhwalithi yembewu kanye namazambane okuhweba (ukudla) kunqunywa ngamazinga: GOST R 53136-2008 "Imbewu yamazambane. Imininingwane yobuchwepheshe"; I-GOST R 55329-2012 “Imbewu yamazambane. Ukwamukelwa nezindlela zokuhlaziya" kanye ne-GOST R 51808-2001 "Amazambane okudla okusha, alungiselelwe futhi anikeziwe."
Ithebula 1 no-2 libonisa ukubekezelelana okungokomthetho kwamazinga okubola kwe-tuber kumaqoqo amazambane angena ekuhwebeni emazweni e-EU, eCanada, eRussian Federation naseRiphabhulikhi yaseBelarus.
Amazwe amaningi akhiqiza futhi athumela imbewu yamazambane ngokwezindinganiso zawo kazwelonke ngokuvamile ethula ukubekezelelana okuqinile uma kuqhathaniswa nezidingo zokulawula zezinga lamazwe ngamazwe le-UNECE, ikakhulukazi mayelana nokubola okumanzi okubangelwa isikhunta se-pathogenic namagciwane [6] (Ithebula 1).
Ithebula 1. Ukubekezelelwa okungokomthetho kwezindinganiso zokubola kwe-tuber ezigabeni/izizukulwane ezihlukene zamazambane athengiswa emazweni e-EU
Страны | Ukubekezelela amakilasi amazambane embewu, % | ||||
S | SE | I-1-3 | I-1-2 | B | |
I-EU1 | 0,5 | 1 | 1 | ||
United Nations | 0,2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Germany | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 |
Holland2 | Ama-tubers angu-1-4 nge-50 kg | ||||
Finland | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 1 | 1 |
France | 0,1 | 0,2 | 0,2 | 0,2 | 0,2 |
Belgium | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 |
Denmark | 0,1 | 0,1 | 0,1 | 0,1 | 0,1 |
Bulgaria | 0,5 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 1 | 1 |
I-Czech Republic3 | 1,0 (0,25) | 1,0 (0,25) | 1,0 (0,25) | 1,0 (0,25) | 1,0 (0,25) |
Канада4 | I-1,0 (0,1 / 0,5) | I-1,0 (0,1 / 0,5) | I-1,0 (0,1 / 0,5) | I-1,0 (0,1 / 0,5) | I-1,0 (0,1 / 0,5) |
1 – Ngokweziqondiso ze-EU 2002/56 kanye no-93/17;
2 – Ngokubola okumanzi, i-tuber eyodwa ku-1 kg ivunyelwe;
3 – Inkomba yokubola okumanzi ikhonjiswe kubakaki;
I-4 - Ukubekezelelana kokubola komkhumbi / indawo oya kuyo kunikezwa kubakaki.
Izidingo zokulawula zamazinga amanje kazwelonke e-Russia naseRiphabhulikhi yase-Belarus esigabeni se-OS ziqhathaniswa kakhulu namazinga omhlaba ezinga le-UNECE. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukubekezelelwa kwamaqoqo amazambane embewu yezigaba ze-EC kanye ne-RS kudlula kakhulu inkambiso ye-UNECE yokubola okomile nokumanzi, okuholela ekwehleni kwekhwalithi nokuncintisana kwembewu ye-elite kanye nenzalo yokukhiqizwa kwasekhaya. . Njengamanje, njengengxenye yokuthuthukiswa kohlaka olusha lwe-Interstate Standard lwamazwe angamalungu e-EAEU lokuhlinzekwa kwembewu yamazambane, kuhloswe ukuthi kwethulwe ukubekezelela okuqinile kokubola okomile nokumanzi, okuzoqhathaniswa kakhulu namazinga we-analogues yamazwe ngamazwe. (Ithebula 2).
Ithebula 2. Ukubekezelelana okulawulwayo kwezindinganiso zokubola kwe-tuber ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene zamazambane angena kwezohwebo eRussian Federation naseRiphabhulikhi yaseBelarus.
Amazinga | Izinkambiso Zekilasi/Isizukulwane* | ||
I-ОС | ES | RS 1-2 | |
I-GOST R-2008 | 0,5 (0) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) |
I-GOST yeRiphabhulikhi yaseBelarus | 0,5 (0) | 2 (1) | 3 (1) |
Okujwayelekile kwamazwe ngamazwe (okusalungiswa) | 0,5 (0) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) |
* I-OS - isigaba sembewu yoqobo; I-ES - imbewu ye-elite; I-RS - imbewu yokuzala. Inkomba yokubola okumanzi ikhonjiswe kubakaki.
Ngokuvumelana ne-GOST R 51808-2001, kuwo wonke amakilasi amazambane okudla amasha, alungiselelwe futhi ahlinzekwe, ukuba khona kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezithintekayo ezimanzi, ezomile, indandatho, ukubola kwezinkinobho kanye nokulimaza sekwephuzile, kanye nesithwathwa kanye nezimpawu "zokuminyanisa" akuvunyelwe. Ngaphambi kokwenza ukuhlaziywa kwe-tuber kwamasampula akhethiwe ukuze kusebenze isikhunta se-phytopathogenic, amagciwane kanye ne-stem nematode kuma-tubers, kunconywa ukugcina izilimo eziyizigaxa ekushiseni kwe-10-20.оC zingakapheli izinsuku ezingama-20.
Okokuqala, isampula iyakalwa, bese kuhlukaniswa inhlabathi yamahhala nokunye ukungcola. Inani lokungcola linqunywa isisindo njengephesenti yenani lesisindo sezigaxa zesampula esinikeziwe. Ngemuva kokukhipha ukungcola, i-tuber ngayinye igezwa emanzini futhi ihlolwe. Ezingezona ezijwayelekile nezingenasici zikhonjwa futhi ziqoqwe ngohlobo lomonakalo (izifo, izinambuzane, imishini). Inombolo yezilimo eziyizigaxa ezigulayo ivezwa njengephesenti yenani eliphelele kusampula. Ngokusekelwe kudatha yokuhlaziya, amaqoqo amazambane embewu abelwa ezigabeni ezihambisanayo zezinto zembewu, futhi amaqoqo amazambane e-ware anikezwa amakilasi ahambisanayo amazambane okuqala noma aphuzile (Engeziwe, amakilasi okuqala noma esibili).
Ukunquma izifo nokukhubazeka ngaphakathi (umlenze omnyama, ukubola kwendandatho, ukulimaza sekwephuzile, i-phomosis, ukufiphala kwe-pulp, indawo ye-glandular, umgodi, i-ditylenchosis), ama-tubers angu-100 isampula ngayinye asikwa ohlangothini lwe-longitudinal. Uma izifo noma ukukhubazeka kutholakala, izilimo eziyizigaxa ezisele zesampula nazo ziyasikwa.
Uma kunezifo eziningana ku-tuber eyodwa, esinye sezifo eziyingozi kakhulu sibhekwa ngendlela elandelayo: ukubola kwendandatho, umlenze omnyama, ukubola okuphuzile, i-fomoz, ukubola okomile, i-ditelenhoz, ukuphefumula, i-frostbite, i-scab evamile, i-rhizoctonia, i-powdery. kanye nesiliva utwayi, umonakalo mechanical.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezithinteke kunoma yiliphi izinga ngenxa yokubola sekwephuzile, ukubola okomile, ukubola okumanzi, umlenze omnyama, ukubola kwendandatho, i-phomosis, kanye ne-stem nematodes kubhekwa njengokugula. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlaziywa kwe-tuber, kukhishwa umbiko wokuhlaziywa kwe-tuber, obonisa inombolo kanye namaphesenti ezigaxa ezigulayo.
Ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahlekelwa ngenxa yokubola, imbewu yamazambane avela emasimini lapho ukubola sekwephuzile, i-phomosis, izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane zikhule kakhulu, futhi izilimo eziyizigaxa zithole umonakalo owenziwe ngomshini, ngesikhathi sokugcinwa futhi ngesikhathi sokuqala sokugcinwa, kufanele kubulawe amagciwane ngokumelene nalesi sifo futhi i-ejenti ye-causative ye-fusarium ukubola okomile (lapho ukuvuna namazambane kuhlanganisa lokhu kudla kuyadingeka) usebenzisa izidakamizwa i-Maxim (0,2 l / t) noma i-Fitosporin (1 kg / t).
Ukubulala amagciwane kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane kwenziwa ekwindla kusetshenziswa amajeneretha e-aerosol ezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, afakwe kuma-conveyor loaders noma amaphuzu okuhlunga. Ukusetshenziswa koketshezi olusebenzayo kungu-3-5 l/t. Ngalokhu kusetshenziswa kwamanzi, asikho isidingo sokumisa amazambane ngaphezu kwalokho. Ukufutha nge-whist yokulungiselela kuyasetshenziswa (okuhlola ngobuningi 5-10 g/t)
Amalungiselelo asebenza kahle kakhulu uma esetshenziswa kungakapheli izinsuku ezi-3 ngemuva kokuvuna amazambane, noma okungcono kakhulu, ngokushesha ngemuva kokuvuna lapho kugcinwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokugeleza okuqondile. Lapho uzisebenzisa, kufanele ulandele imithetho yokuphepha lapho usebenza nezibulala-zinambuzane.
Ezinsukwini zokuqala ezingama-20-25 zokugcinwa kwesikhashana noma unomphela (isikhathi sokwelashwa), izinga lokushisa kufanele ligcinwe ku-15-18.оC kanye nomswakama ohlobene 90-95%. Lokhu kunomthelela ekwelapheni ngokushesha kokulimala kuma-tubers. Ukuphakama kwendunduma ye-tuber kuncike ohlotsheni lwesitoreji nokuthi ifakwe umoya osebenzayo kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula isimo sezulu.
Ngemuva kokuphothulwa kwenkathi yokwelashwa, izinga lokushisa lenqwaba yamazambane liyancipha kancane kancane, kodwa lingabi ngaphezu kuka-0,5-1.оC ngosuku isikhathi esiyizinsuku ezingama-26 kuye kwezingama-30, futhi igcinwa ngesikhathi sokugcina phakathi kwama-2-5.оC, ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi izici eziphilayo zezinhlobonhlobo.
Izimo ezifanele zokugcina ziqinisekiswa ngokungena komoya, ukupholisa ngomoya ongaphandle noma ingxube yawo nomoya wokugcina. Kuzo zonke izimo, umoya onikeziwe kufanele ube nezinga lokushisa elihle. Entwasahlobo, imodi efanelekile igcinwa ngokungena komoya ebusuku nasekuseni isikhathi eside kunasebusika.
Izinga lokushisa lomoya noma ingxube yomoya elinikezwe udonga lwamazambane kumele libe lihle, kodwa libe ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lenqwaba yamazambane ngo-2-5.оC. Izinga lokushisa endaweni yokugcina impahla kufanele lilingane noma libe ngaphezulu kwezinga lokushisa endundumeni yamazambane, kodwa lingabi ngaphezu kuka-1.оC.
Ukugcina izinga lokushisa kanye nezimo zokugcina umswakama kufinyelelwa ngokufaka umoya endundumeni yamazambane izikhathi ezi-2-3 ngesonto imizuzu engama-30.
Ukuzijwayeza kukhombisile ukuthi indlela enconyiwe yokugcina amazambane ingabambezela kakhulu ukukhula kwe-tuber bola futhi inciphise kakhulu ukulahleka kokugcina.
Ukukha amazambane ebusika akuthandeki, njengoba kungaba nomthelela ekuthelelekeni ngokweqile kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ngokubola okomile futhi, ngenxa yalokho, okwandisa ubulukhuni besifo. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezithintekile ngenxa yokubola okomile kufanele ziqoqwe futhi zikhishwe ungqimba olungaphezulu lwe-embanking. Amaphakethe okubola okumanzi kufanele asuswe ngokucophelela kanye nongqimba oluseduze lwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinempilo.
Amazambane ahlungwa ngokuphelele uma ngaphezu kwe-10% yezilimo eziyizigaxa zithinteka yizifo ze-fungal ne-bacterial.