In 2020 Ngonyaka Isikhungo Sokucwaninga amazambane siqanjwe ngegama lika-A.G. ULorha (kuze kube ngu-Agasti nyakenye - I-All-Russian Research Institute of Potato eqanjwe ngemuva kuka-A.G. Lorch) igubha usuku olukhulu olukhulu. Futhi lolu usuku olubalulekile hhayi nje kuphela lwabasebenzi bale nhlangano ehlonishwayo, umphakathi wabafuyi kanye nabatshali bembewu, kodwa futhi nawo wonke lowo mkhakha. Eqinisweni, sigubha iminyaka eyikhulu yendlela yesayensi yasekhaya yokukhula kwamazambane. Mayelana nokuthi kwaqala kanjani konke nokuthi yimiphi imisebenzi izikhungo ezixazululekayo esikhathini esizayo, - endabeni yoMqondisi we-FIC kubo. ULorch Sergey Zhevora.
Kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe I kuze kube namuhla
- Sitshele kancane ngomlando we-All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Economics. A.G. ULorha. Konke kwaqala ngeKorenovskaya amazambane esiteshini sokuzalela amazambane?
- Mhlawumbe ngaphambili. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-1914, amazambane asevele enokubaluleka okukhulu kwezomnotho eMbusweni waseRussia. Kepha lapho izwe lingena eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala, amathuba okuthenga amazambane embewu angaphandle ayelinganiselwe. Kulezo zimo, kwathathwa isinqumo sokuhlela ngonyaka ka-XNUMX esifundeni saseBronnitsky esifundazweni saseMoscow indawo ekhethekile yokuhlola isiko lamazambane.
Esikhathini sokuvuselela emuva, naphezu kwabo bonke ubunzima, umbuzo wokuhlela insimu ekhethekile yokuhlola umsebenzi wokuqokwa kwezinhlobo zamazambane asekhaya wawubhekwa njengobaluleke kakhulu. Iphrojekthi yokwakhiwa kohlelo lokuhlela inkundla yokushayela inikezwe u-Alexander Georgiaievich Lorkh, owayengusosayensi osemusha waseMoscow (wayeneminyaka engama-29 kuphela). Futhi kwaba nguyena ngo-Ephreli 1920 ehola umsebenzi weSiteshi Sokuhlola Esisanda kwenziwa, esinye sezagaba zazo okwakunguMnyango Wokuzala Potato. Ngawo lowo nyaka, umnyango wamazambane wedluliselwa epulazini likahulumeni laseKorenevo.
Ngo-1925 A.G. U-Lorch wakwazi ukuletha imishini ekhethekile yaseKorenevo ukuhlinzeka indawo yokusebenza kanye nokuqoqwa (amasampula angaphezu kwama-800) ezinhlobonhlobo zezangaphandle, ngesisekelo sokuthi umsebenzi wokuqalwa kanye nokwakhiwa kobuchwepheshe bokulungiselela amazambane kwaqala. Imizamo yaletha imiphumela: izinhlobo zokuqala zasekhaya zamazambane - uLorch noKorenevsky - zidalwe ngo-1929. Wayehliselwe ikusasa elide nelithokozisayo, ikakhulukazi umlimi weLorch: iminyaka engama-40, izindawo zawo zokulima eSoviet Union zazimi ngamahektare ayizinkulungwane ezingama-500.
Ngaphezu kokuzalela okuqondile, izifundo eziphathelene ne-physiology ne-genetics yamazambane zazihlelwe eSiteshini; I-biology yezimbali yafundwa, kwavezwa izinto ezijwayelekile kanye nesimo sezinto eziguqulwayo ezizivelelayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwasungulwa umnyango we-phytopathology, owawusebenza ocwaningweni lwezifo zamazambane. Ngokokuqala ngqa ezweni, umsebenzi waqala ukuhlola izinhlobo zokungamelana nomdlavuza wamazambane.
Abasebenzi besiteshi babuye bathuthukisa indlela nezindlela zokuhlela ukuhlolwa kwamazambane ngobubanzi.
Impumelelo yososayensi yaziswa kakhulu, kwathi ngo-1930 iSiteshi sashintshwa saba yiPotato Research Institute.
Umlando wale Nhlangano wawungelula, njengoba nomlando wezwe abesebenza kulo wawusebenza kalula. Bekumele sinqobe ubunzima bempi nangemva kwempi, isikhathi sezinguquko. Kepha iqembu laziphumelela zonke izivivinyo. Ngokubambisana, ososayensi bakha ulwazi olusha, izinhlobo, ubuchwepheshe.
Khumbula ukuthi ngeminyaka yama-1990s ephendukayo, inhlanhla eyaziwayo yavela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe obuxhunyiwe be-immunosorbent assay technologies lwasungulwa futhi lwasungulwa ukuze kuhlolwe ubukhona bokutheleleka ngegciwane, futhi kwaqalwa futhi kwethulwa ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza imbewu obungenagciwane.
Izinselele zanamuhla. Ikusasa linsomi
- Sicela ukhombise impumelelo esemqoka yenhlangano yakho yocwaningo eminyakeni yamuva.
- In 2000s at the Institute. ULorha wasungulwa waba yiBhange Lezinhlobonhlobo Zamazambane, okunikeza izinsiza ezisezingeni elifanele kumabhizinisi akhula imbewu kulo lonke elaseRussia.
Namuhla, isikhungo sethu sokucwaninga sigcina ukuqoqwa kofuzo okubonakalayo kwezinhlobo zamazambane. Njengamanje, ukwakheka kwayo cishe kungama-700 genotypes. Ngokusekelwe eqoqweni, kwakhiwe iSikhungo Sokuhlanganisa Abasebenza Ngokubambisana futhi sisebenza, esivulekele bonke abafisa ukwenza ucwaningo ngesiko lamazambane.
Ochwepheshe bethu baphinde bathuthukise futhi basebenzise ubuchwepheshe be-patent yokukhiqiza imbewu yamazambane, okuhlose ukukhulisa isivuno sezinhlobo ezifuywayo, zisebenzele izindlela zokuvikela ngokususelwa kwimithi yakamuva.
Kepha noma kunjalo, ukuqondiswa okuyinhloko emisebenzini ye-FIC kuhlala kungumsebenzi wokufuya. Minyaka yonke, okungenani izinhlobo ezimbili zamazambane ezintsha ezakhiwa ososayensi bethu zifakwa Kurejista Yombuso yokufinyelelwa okuvunyiwe okusetshenziswe eRussia. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo aziphambani neze ngabalingani bakwamanye amazwe, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ziyazehlula. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobonhlobo zeGulliver zibukeka zithembisa kakhulu, ngokwezinkomba zesivuno, zithola abaningi baseYurophu (kufaka phakathi nalabo abafakwe ohlwini lwabaholi ngokuya ngendawo yokulima eRussia namuhla). Izinhlobonhlobo zehlukaniswa ikhwalithi enhle yokugcina kanye nokumaketha okuphezulu.
Imizamo ebalulekile yabasebenzi be-FIC amazambane. I-Lorch igxile ekwakheni izinhlobo ezikhiqiza kakhulu ezinekhono ephezulu yokusebenzisa, kanye nezinhlobo “ezinemibala” (okuwukuthi, ugqinsi olunemibala). Izinhlobo zeViolet ne-Aurora Borealis sezivele zifakwe ohlwini lweRegional State. Izinhlobo eziningi, njengoba besho, "zisendleleni." Umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinhlobonhlobo kusuka kwezendabuko ukuthi ziguqula wona kanye umbono wamazambane njengomkhiqizo ophakeme. Kuyemukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi amazambane awusiwo umkhiqizo wokudla. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinhlobonhlobo - ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-vithamini C nama-antioxidants (anthocyanins) - zingasetshenziswa ekudleni kokudla ngisho nakwezokwelapha.
Kodwa-ke, uma izinhlobo "zombala" ezikhonjisiwe kusamele zinqobele imakethe (okuyinto ngokungangabazeki), lokho okuzuziwe okukhethiwe kweZiko sekuvele kudinga okuzinzile. Okokuqala, sikhuluma ngezinhlobo ezintsha zeGrand, Gulliver, iSadon esezithandwa kakhulu ngabakhiqizi bezolimo basekhaya. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo ziyanelisa izidingo eziyisisekelo zabathengi, zibonisa ukuthengiswa okuphezulu kwesitshalo nokugcina ikhwalithi.
Ukubambisana nabakhiqizi bezolimo
- I-Potato Institute ngumhlanganyeli oqhubekayo kuwo wonke amaphrojekthi amakhulu ahlobene nokukhethwa kanye nokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane ezweni. Yikuphi kubo ocabanga ukuthi ubaluleke kakhulu?
- Kuyo yonke iminyaka yokuba khona kweSikhungo, abasebenzi bayo babamba iqhaza ekwethulweni kanye nasekuthuthukisweni kwamaphrojekthi amaningi “amazambane” ezweni lonke, futhi lelo projekthi ngalinye, ngaphandle kwesilinganiso, lihlala libalulekile futhi libalulekile kithina.
Namuhla, abantu abaningi baphendukela eNhlanganweni ukuthola usizo. Ngizobiza izindawo ezimbili kuphela ezifunwa kakhulu ngokubambisana nabakhiqizi bezolimo. Okokuqala: Lesi Sikhungo sikhulisa izitshalo zazo ezincane nezinsimbi ezinhlobonhlobo zazo ezizikhethele sona, sinikeza abathengi impahla esezingeni eliphezulu yembewu. Muva nje, i-batch ngayinye imakwe nophawu lwe-Institute, oluqinisekisa ikhwalithi ephezulu yemikhiqizo.
Okwesibili: njalo ngokuqhubekayo, iSikhungo sibamba izifundo ezithuthukisiwe zokuqashwa kwabasebenzi bamabhizinisi akhula ngembewu, kanye nama-seminar kanye namatafula ayindilinga ngezihloko ezifanele ochwepheshe. Isikhungo sishicilela imithombo yolwazi yokusekelwa kwesayensi kulo mkhakha, sihlela imibukiso eyingqophamlando yezimpumelelo zesayensi.
Amazambane ka-Fitz aqanjwe ngo-A.G. ULorha
- Igama elisemthethweni lesikhungo namuhla isikhungo i-A.G. Federal Potato Research Center U-Lorha (ngemuva kokuhlelwa kabusha kanye nokutholakala kwe-VNIIKH yezinye izinhlangano zesayensi). Kungani kwenziwa lokhu? Yini eguqukile emsebenzini wazo zonke lezi zikhungo?
- Ngo-Agasti 5, 2019, uNgqongqoshe Wezesayensi Nezemfundo Ephakeme YaseRussia wasayina umyalo wokuhlelwa kabusha kwesikhungo i-All-Russian Science Science Research Institute ofolimo Yezolimo ngokungeza i-Kaluga Research Institute of Agriculture ku-Federal State Budgetary Science Science Institution, ne-Kostroma Science Science Institute of Agriculture Federal State Budgetary Institution kanye neLeningrad Science Science Federal State Institution. Isikhungo Sezolimo "Belogorka".
Inhloso yokuhlelwa kabusha okunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuqina kocwaningo olwenziwe ezinhlanganweni zesayensi ezithintekayo kuzo, ukuthuthukiswa kwabasebenzi ezinhlanganweni ezihlelekile nokwenziwa kabusha kwesisekelo sezinto ezibonakalayo nezobuchwepheshe. Futhi lo mgomo uzogcwaliseka. Okwamanje, ukuhlanganisa kabusha akukaqedelwa, kepha sekuvele kusigaba sokugcina.
Njengomphumela wokuhlelwa kabusha, uHlelo Lokuthuthukiswa Kwesikhungo Esisha Sezezimali Sombuso wePotato Potato esiqanjwe ngo-A.G. I-Lorha ”, ezokhomba imisebenzi ebhekene nesikhungo esihlanganayo, izinkomba ezizodinga ukufezeka, izinsiza ezidingekayo kulokhu. Uhlelo lolu lusakhiwa.
Kodwa-ke, into eyodwa engingakusho ngokuqinisekile: yonke imisebenzi eyenziwa njengengxenye yokuhlelwa kabusha izokwenziwa ngenhlonipho ephelele yamagugu omlando ezinhlangano ezihlelekile zesayensi. Amagama omlando kanye nemigqa yendabuko yocwaningo izogcinwa. Futhi, kuzokwenziwa umsebenzi wokugcina amandla akhona walezi zinhlangano zesayensi, kubandakanya nabasebenzi.
I-Subprogram "Ukuthuthukiswa kokukhethwa nokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane eRussia Federation"
- FIC them. U-Lorha ubamba iqhaza ekwenziweni kwe-subprogram "Ukuthuthukiswa kokukhethwa nokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane eRussia Federation" we-Federal Target Program for Agricultural Development of the Russian Federation ka-2017 ukuya ku-2025. Sitshele ngokuzuziwe kweSikhungo kule ndawo yomsebenzi..
- Isikhungo sisebenza njengomxhumanisi womsebenzi wezesayensi nowokwenziwa okwenziwa njengengxenye yohlelo oluncane “Lokuthuthukiswa kokukhethwa nokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane eRussian Federation” kohlelo lweFederal Science Science and technical Programme for the Development of Agriculture for 2017-2025.
Ngiyabona ukuthi i-Subprogram uqobo lwenziwa izikhungo eziningi zocwaningo, futhi umnikelo walowo nalowo kubo ubalulekile.
Kusekuseni kakhulu ukuthi uthathe umthwalo walomsebenzi - i-Subprogram isetshenziswa ngonyaka wesibili kuphela - kepha imiphumela ethile seyitholiwe. Isibonelo, kwakhiwa izinhlobo ezintathu zamazambane (kufaka phakathi uGulliver, okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla). Ukuhlolwa kwemvelo nokwendawo zezinhlobo zamazambane kuyenziwa (amashumi amaningana ezinhlobonhlobo esezidlulile kuze kube manje). Isigaba esilandelayo somsebenzi kuzoba izivivinyo zokukhiqiza, imiphumela yakho, ngineqiniso, izoba yisiqinisekiso esicacile sokuncintisana kwezinhlobo zasekhaya.
Ngaphansi kohlaka lwe-Subprogram, ukuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo kanye nokuqamba kobuchwepheshe emkhakheni wokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane kanye nokukhiqizwa kwento yembewu engenagciwane kuyaqhubeka. Amasu akhiwa ngokusetshenziswa kwezitshalo ze-aerohydroponic ngokukhulisa izinhlobo ezintsha zamazambane. Izinhlobo ezintsha zomanyolo nemikhiqizo yokuvikela amazambane ayakhiwa.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ucwaningo oluyisisekelo oluhlobene ne-potato genetics nalo luyaqhubeka. Ngakho-ke, okumaka okusha okubhekene nezimpawu ezibalulekile kwezomnotho kuyaqokonyiswa, izindlela ze-CRISP / CAS9 zithuthukiswa ukuze zikwazi ukusetshenziswa kwazo kusiko lamazambane, izindlela ezikhethiwe zokumaka umaka zithuthukile.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi impumelelo yezikhungo izigxile kumthengi wokugcina - lokhu kungamabhizinisi ezolimo anoma yiliphi isilinganiselo: ukusuka ekubambeni kwezolimo kuya emapulazini amancane. Ngakho-ke, udokotela ngamunye we-agrach osebenzisa i-Intanethi angasebenzisa uhlelo lwe-geoinformation ukuthola izingozi zokuqubuka kokulimala sekwephuzile noma abheke database weSolanum Tuberosum, eyadalwa ngenxa ye-Subprogram.
Ukubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba
- Sitshele ngokubambisana kwe-FIC nezinhlangano ezikhethekile zakwamanye amazwe.
- Isikhungo sisebenza ngokuzikhandla ekwakhekeni kobudlelwano besayensi phakathi kwabatshali bamazambane basekhaya nabangaphandle. Eqinisweni, ososayensi bethu basebenzisana nezintathu zamazwekazi amahlanu ahlalwa ngabantu.
Owokuqala ohlwini lwabangani bakwamanye amazwe, yiqiniso, kufanele abizwe ngokuthi yi-International Potato Center (CIP). Isivumelwano esingenamkhawulo sokubambisana kwesayensi nezobuchwepheshe saphetha phakathi kwale nhlangano kanye nesikhungo sethu, ngaphakathi kohlaka lapho ukushintshaniswa nokuphinda kuqoqwe okuqoqiwe kwezinsiza zenzalo yamazambane kwenziwa minyaka yonke ngezindlela ezinezimpawu ezithile futhi ezimelana nobubanzi bokucindezelwa kwe-biotic ne-abiotic.
I-FRC nayo ibambisana ngentshiseko nenkampani yocwaningo i-Agvenchur Exploitation B.V. ISolynta (Netherlands) kanye neRomania National Institute for Potato Research and Development. Phakathi kozakwethu be-FIC abavela emazweni ase-Asia, kuyadingeka ukugqamisa i-Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Science (Harbin, China), i-Institute of Vegetables and Flowers of the Chinese Agricultural Academy (Beijing, China), i-Vietnamese Genetic Institute of Agriculture (Hanoi, Vietnam).
Ukusebenzisana kuyathuthuka namazwe ase-Afrika: ngokwesibonelo, isivumelwano sokusebenzisana kwezesayensi nezobuchwepheshe phakathi kwe-FIC neNational Seed Production Association (e-Angola) sekuphelisiwe, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwalo msebenzi owenziwayo wokwenza izinhlobo ezintsha zamazambane nokuhlela ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yabantu abakhethekile.
Vele, kufanele kuphawulwe namazwe angomakhelwane. Abasondelene kakhulu basungulwa neKazakhstan, Tajikistan ne-Uzbekistan. Kwenziwa ucwaningo oluhlanganayo nezinhlangano zesayensi zala mazwe ezinhlobonhlobo zezifundo: kusukela ekukhetheni kwezinhlobo ezintsha zamazambane kuya ekungenisweni kwalezi zinhlobonhlobo ekukhiqizweni, kanye nasekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe obusha bokukhiqiza imbewu yamazambane.
Isifo Sokuhlasela Kwesifo
- Igciwane langenelela ezinhlelweni ze imicimbi yeminyaka yokuzalwa ukuhlonipha iminyaka engama-100 yeSikhungo Sokucwaninga Amazambane Sobumbano. Sitshele ukuthi yini eguqukile kulolu hlelo?
- Ngikholwa ukuthi konke okwenzekayo kwenzelwa okungcono! Lesi Sikhungo saphoqeleka ukuba siguqule isimo sokugujwa kosuku lokugubha iminyaka eyisikhumbuzo, kodwa ngenxa yalokho sathola imicimbi emibili ngasikhathi sinye, amaholide amabili.
Sizohlangana okokuqala ngqa ngoJulayi 16, 2020 esakhiweni sethu eduze nedolobhana laseKraskovo, lapho kuzoba khona usuku lwePotato Field Day. Izinhlobo zamazambane zizokwethulwa ezindaweni zokuhlola zeSikhungo, kuzovela imiphumela yokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokutshala nezinhlelo zokuvikela amazambane. Kuzoba nomncintiswano wabalimi futhi abazophumelela bazothola imiklomelo nezipho ezibalulekile.
Isigaba sesibili sizokuba ngoSepthemba 28-29 eMoscow. Ngaphansi kohlaka lwayo, i-International Science Science and Practical Congress (ngokubamba iqhaza kososayensi abavela ngaphandle nabasekhaya), kuzoba nombukiso nezethulo zezimpumelelo zesayensi nezobuchwepheshe.
- Isikhumbuzo siphakamisa izipho. Yisiphi isipho uMnyango ongathanda ukusithola ngosuku lomhlangano?
- Ngonyaka owedlule, besiba nomqondo wokugubha ikhulu leminyaka lePotato Institute ngokufakwa kwesikhumbuzo esikweni elibaluleke kakhulu kithi, iqhaza lakhe lomlando ekulweni nokudla kwabantu libhekwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Ngeshwa, ngenkathi izimali zokwenza lo msebenzi zingaqoqwa ngokwanele, kodwa umsebenzi usaqhubeka nokuthola abaxhasi. Ngokuthatha leli thuba, ngithanda ukucela wonke amabhizinisi akhulisa amazambane ukuthi anikeze ukusekela ekuxazululeni lolu daba.
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