Imakethe yamazambane embewu ezweni lakithi iseduze nezinguquko. Izinhlobo zaseRussia kanye nembewu ekhiqizwe eRussia ziyeza phambili. Kodwa kuningi okusamele kwenziwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe isimo somfuyi waseRussia. Sikhuluma ngakho konke lokhu nomunye wochwepheshe abagunyazwe kakhulu emkhakheni wokukhethwa kwamazambane kanye nokukhiqizwa kwembewu, inhloko yenkampani yokukhetha nokukhiqiza imbewu iMolyanov Agro Group, uVladimir Molyanov.
- UVladimir Dmitrievich, ake siqale ngokuhlolwa kwamathemba aseduze. Isizini yamanje ayinakubhekwa njengenenzuzo emapulazini asebenza ngokulima amazambane okuhweba. Abalimi bembewu babika ukwehla okukhulu kwesidingo semikhiqizo yabo. Ingabe ikhwalithi yezinto zokutshala enkathini entsha izoba ngaphansi kunokuvamile?
- Imbewu yezinhlobo eziphezulu (isibonelo, i-Colomba, i-Arizona, i-Riviera, njll.), ehlinzeka ngesivuno esiphezulu (ikakhulukazi esasekuqaleni) futhi iqinisekisa ukubukeka kwemikhiqizo ephezulu, yaphela emakethe ngaphambi kokuphela kukaNovemba ngonyaka odlule. . Okusho ukuthi, abalimi bamazambane, namuhla abathengisa umkhiqizo wetafula eliphezulu we-ruble angu-15 / kg ngokumelene nesizinda sezindleko ezijwayelekile zamazambane ama-ruble angu-8-9 / kg, sebevele babuyekeze imbewu yenkathi entsha.
Futhi, awekho cishe amavolumu amahhala ezinhlobo zembewu emakethe ezocutshungulwa. Kule nkathi, abaningi bangathanda ukwandisa umthamo wokukhiqizwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zokucubungula amabhizinisi, kodwa imbewu enjalo ayikhiqizwa "ukugcina" wonke amaqoqo asenenkontileka isikhathi eside.
Kodwa kunenkinga ngempela ngesidingo esikhulayo sembewu, njengoba njalo eminyakeni enzima kwezomnotho, ithinta iqembu lezinhlobo ezidumile ezimelana kakhulu nezifo. Abalimi bamazambane bayakuyeka ukuvuselelwa kwembewu okwakuhlelelwe ngaphambili ngethemba lokuthi izinhlobo zizosinda ngomunye unyaka.
- Ekupheleni kukaJanuwari, iRussia yethula isilinganiso sokungeniswa kwembewu yamazambane akhiqizwa phesheya. Isinyathelo besilindelwe, umthamo wesabelo mkhulu impela, nokho ukulinganisa okunomkhawulo. Ingabe imakethe izozizwa?
- Lesi sinyathelo singesinye isikhumbuzo sokuthi sesifikile isikhathi sokuthuthukisa ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane eRussia.
Izwe lethu lingenisa inani elikhulu lamazambane embewu evela phesheya; kweminye iminyaka lifinyelele amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-30, kepha ngokweqiniso, izidingo zemboni ziphansi kakhulu.
Kudingeka siqonde ngokucacile ukuthi kungani sithenga impahla yembewu phesheya?
Ukugqugquzelwa kwenkampani engenisa izinhlobo ezingenazo ama-analogue emakethe yaseRussia futhi ezinemingcele ebaluleke kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, kumaphrosesa, kuyaqondakala.
Kodwa kunesinye isigaba sabathengi abakholelwa ukuthi imbewu ekhiqizwa eYurophu, ngokwencazelo, isezingeni eliphakeme kunelaseRussia. Le nganekwane ibiza kakhulu kwezomnotho wepulazi. Amanani embewu yangaphandle ahlala ephakeme kuneyaseRussia, futhi kulo nyaka, ngokunikezwa isivuno esimpofu phesheya, umehluko ubonakala ikakhulukazi (izinga eliphansi: ama-euro angu-1-1,5 ngekhilogremu (ngokulethwa), okuvela kuma-ruble angu-120 kuya kwangu-150. /kg).
Ngingazama ukuphakamisa ukuthi yizinga elikhulayo lezindleko elizophoqa abalimi ngokushesha ukuthi balahle imiyalo evela kwabaphezulu baphesheya. Futhi lokhu kuzoba yisinqumo esiphusile, qaphela: Abalimi baseJalimane abathengi imbewu eScotland, futhi abaseBrithani abangenisi amazambane avela eNetherlands, ngoba akunakwenzeka ngokwezomnotho.
- Namuhla eRussia "ukukhanya okuluhlaza" akunikeziwe kuphela imbewu yokukhiqiza ekhaya, kodwa futhi nezinhlobo zasekhaya. Ngokubona kwakho, ingabe izwe lingashiywa lingenakho ukufinyelela ekuzuzweni kokukhethwa kwamanye amazwe? Futhi kufanele sikwesabe lokhu?
- Nginesiqiniseko sokuthi noma ngabe isimo sithuthuka kanjani, ukuvikeleka kokudla kwezwe lethu akukho engcupheni. I-Russia izohlale ihlinzekwa ngamazambane.
Ngokombono, abanikazi bezinhlobo zaseYurophu ezinelungelo lobunikazi bangakwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwazo, kodwa inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zamahhala zisasele emakethe. Yebo, baneminyaka engu-30 ubudala noma ngaphezulu, kodwa bahlala besimanje futhi bedingeka. Ngokuvamile, umqondo "wezinhlobonhlobo zakudala" akufanele ubonwe ngendlela engalungile. EYurophu, izinkulungwane zabalimi zitshala iBintje, eyasungulwa ngo-1910. Noma masikhumbule uhlobo lwe-Spunta oluphumelela kakhulu kwezohwebo, olusukela kuma-60s. E-Netherlands, ngaphezu kwe-50% yendawo yamazambane ihlala okuthiwa yizinhlobo ezindala.
I-Russia inephothifoliyo ehloniphekile yezinhlobo zayo, futhi singaphendukela emlandweni. Uma sifunda ngokucophelela izici zempumelelo yokukhetha ezifakwe kuRejista Yombuso phakathi neminyaka engama-30-40 edlule, sizothola okungenani izinketho ezingu-20-30 ezihlangabezana nezidingo zemakethe. Abazange batuswe ngesikhathi esisodwa ngoba babonakala kusenesikhathi ngesikhathi sabo. Ngama-90s, isibonelo, akekho owayenesithakazelo kumazambane angenasitashi, futhi wonke umuntu wayekholelwa ukuthi amazambane kufanele abe mnandi. Futhi namuhla abakhiqizi bakhathazeke kakhulu ngezinkomba zesivuno kanye nokwethulwa. Ngokuvamile, angiboni inkinga ekuqaleni ukusebenzisa izinhlobo zethu ezindala ngokulingana nezanamuhla. Ukuthi nje ngamunye wabo udinga ukusebenzela ubuchwepheshe obukhulayo.
Ungakwazi ukucabangela iziphakamiso ezivela kubafuyi bemakethe yangaphandle okungeyona eyaseYurophu - kusukela eShayina futhi kugcine emazweni aseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Vele, banemininingwane yabo - e-China, ngokwesibonelo, asikho isidingo sezinhlobonhlobo zokuvuna ngomshini, ngoba banomsebenzi owanele; Batshala amazambane amakhulu kakhulu angafanelekile ukugoqa, kodwa angapakishwa ngawodwana, futhi lokhu kwenza kube nzima ngathi ukungena ezimakethe zawo, kodwa angeza kithi.
Kunamathuba amaningi okugcina amanani okukhiqiza amazambane eRussia. Ungamane ulandele indlela yokwandisa isikhala. Kukhona izindawo ezigciniwe: ngeminyaka yawo-2000s esifundeni saseSamara, amazambane emkhakheni ohleliwe athatha amahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-15, kepha manje angamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezi-4 kuphela.
- Inkampani ye-Molyanov Agro Group ayenzi nje kuphela ukukhiqiza imbewu, kodwa nomsebenzi wokukhetha. Ufike kanjani kule ndlela? Unquma kanjani isidingo semakethe sezinhlobo ezithile?
- Sachitha isikhathi eside impela, iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10, sisebenza emsebenzini wokuzalanisa, sikhetha izinhlobo nezinhlobo, futhi sizama ukuzikhulisa ezifundeni ezahlukene. Ukwethulwa kohlelo oluncane lwenhlangano oluthi “Ukuthuthukiswa kokukhetha kanye nokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane eRussian Federation” kunikeze ukusheshisa okuthile ekuqaleni kwephrojekthi yethu yokuzalanisa kwakubaluleke kakhulu, nakuba kunomuzwa wokuthi ngabe siwuthathe le ndlela ngaphandle kwayo.
Ukukhuluma ngezidingo zemakethe kanye nemisebenzi yomfuyi kulula futhi kunzima ngesikhathi esisodwa. Azikho izinhlobo ezifanele emhlabeni; Isibonelo, izinhlobonhlobo ze-tuber ezibomvu zivela ngesikhumba esihle kakhulu, zilungele ukugeza, kodwa azigcinwa kahle noma azimelani namagciwane. Noma uhlobo olusha olusha kakhulu luphume nesivuno esimangalisayo, kodwa luwohloka ngokushesha. Abalimi bamazambane bahlala befuna izixazululo ezingcono, futhi izicelo zabo zibonisa izindawo ezithile emakethe.
Umfuyi angakhetha noma yimuphi. Kodwa akekho kubo ozosho ukuthi basebenzela ini nokuthi yini abafuna ukuyifinyelela, ngoba lokhu kuwulwazi lwenkampani. Futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, akekho owaziyo ukuthi ukukhetha kwakhe kuzoba okufanelekile ngemva kweminyaka engu-8-10, okuzodingeka ukudala izinhlobonhlobo ezintsha.
Isibonelo, ekwindla ka-2024 silungiselela ukungena emakethe ngezinhlobonhlobo zeJulia. Iyingxenye yeqembu elisheshe livuthwe, elinesikhumba esihle, esilungele ukuvunwa ngomshini. Ngithemba ukuthi kuzoba nentshisekelo kubalimi bamazambane, kepha lokhu akunakuqinisekiswa.
Izinhlobonhlobo zesibili zokukhethwa kwethu - i-Alva - izongena unyaka wesibili wokuhlolwa kombuso. Lokhu kuyinhlobonhlobo yokucutshungulwa kube ama-chips; sesivele sikuthose ukuhlolwa ezindaweni zokucubungula futhi sijabule kakhulu ngomphumela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inikeza isivuno esihle kakhulu ngisho nalapho ikhule ezindaweni eziseningizimu, ngaphansi kwezimo ezomile zokulima.
Ngizophinde ngisho ukuthi zombili izinhlobo zimelana kakhulu ne-virus Y, ehambisana nezindlela zomhlaba wonke: njengoba wazi, eNtshonalanga zizama ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuvikela zamakhemikhali, okusho ukuthi izinhlobo ezisengozini kakhulu ngeke ukumelana nokuncintisana esikhathini esizayo.
- Emicimbini yezimboni, baya ngokuya bekhuluma ngezindlela zokukhetha ezisheshisiwe. Awuzisebenzisi?
“Ngiyethemba ukuthi ngolunye usuku inkampani izothuthuka futhi sizokwazi ukuzikhokhela.” Kodwa udinga ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zindlela ngeke zikunike ithuba lokudala izinhlobo "kanye noma kabili."
Ayikho neyodwa inkampani enkulu yokuzalanisa emhlabeni wonke okumele kuze kube manje isimemezele ukuthi iyakwazi ukunikeza imakethe uhlobo olulodwa noma ezimbili ngonyaka (njengoba bekunjalo ngaphambili), kodwa ezinhlanu noma eziyisithupha. Kwethulwa ubuchwepheshe obusha, kodwa uguquko emkhakheni wokuzalanisa akukenzeki, futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi kulesi sigaba benza kube nokwenzeka ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle komsebenzi womfuyi, ukunciphisa imisebenzi evamile, kodwa akukho okunye. Nakuba lo mphumela ubaluleke kakhulu.
- Uxhumana nabafuyi bamazambane abavela emazweni ahlukene. Onyakeni odlule siye eChina naseNdiya. Ingabe kuyathakazelisa mayelana nokushintshisana ngemibono? Singasho ukuthi izindawo zocwaningo ziyedlulana?
- Ngemva kohambo, ngaphetha ngokuthi ososayensi bakwamanye amazwe banesithakazelo esikhulu kukho konke okwenziwa eRussia mayelana nokukhethwa. Ikakhulukazi uma ucwaningo lwethu luphathelene nezindaba ezibalulekile zesifunda esithile. Isibonelo, isihloko sokudala izinhlobo ezinokuqukethwe kwento eyomile ephezulu noma ephezulu kakhulu sibonakale sisebenza kakhulu e-China. Ukunakwa okukhulayo kukho kuyaqondakala: amazwe anabantu abaningi ahlala efuna izixazululo ezintsha zokuhlinzeka umphakathi ngekhalori ephezulu yokudla, kanti indaba eyomile iqukethe ama-carbohydrate, amaprotheni, namavithamini. Futhi imali.
Kuwo wonke amazwe lapho kunokwehla kwamandla emali okuphansi, inzuzo yebhizinisi iphakathi kuka-5-10%. Lapho inkampani ishintshela ekukhiqizeni amazambane anento eyomile engu-25% (esikhundleni sika-15-17%), lo mehluko wamaphesenti ambalwa uthinta ngokushesha izinga lenzuzo.
- Sesivele sishilo ukuthi inqubo yokudala izinhlobonhlobo ithatha isikhathi esiningi futhi ayiqinisekisi imiphumela. Kulokhu, ingabe imisebenzi yokuzalanisa ingathathwa njengebhizinisi?
- Ngikulungele ukuphinda ukuthi kuthatha iminyaka engaba ngu-10 ukudala izinhlobonhlobo. Kodwa kukhona ukucaciswa okubalulekile: njengomthetho, ososayensi kakade onyakeni wesibili noma wesithathu womsebenzi babona ukuthi imisebenzi yabo izoba wusizo yini. Enye into ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo zesikhathi esizayo zisalinde ukuhlolwa kokumelana nomdlavuza wamazambane (izinhlobo ezingazweli ngeke zifakwe kwiRejista Yombuso, noma ngabe inezici ezihlukile), i-golden nematode; izigaba zokuhlolwa kombuso. Ngemuva kokuthi izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zifakwe kuRejista Yombuso (njengomthetho, lokhu yiminyaka engu-6-9 yomsebenzi), umfuyi angaqala ukulungiselela ukukhululwa komkhiqizo omusha emakethe. Ngakho-ke kuvela ukuthi indlela esuka emcabangweni eya esigabeni sokuthola iqoqo lokuqala lembewu yezentengiselwano enomthamo wamathani ayi-100 ithatha okungenani iminyaka eyi-10-12.
Kodwa inkinga akukhona nje ukuthi inkampani ezalanisayo kufanele minyaka yonke “ingcwabe” cishe ama-ruble ayisigidi emhlabathini iminyaka eyishumi ngaphambi kokuba iqale ukuthola imbuyiselo.
Ngokubona kwami, ukuzalanisa kuzoba ibhizinisi eRussia kuphela lapho sithuthukisa umqondo wenani lezinhlobonhlobo njengophawu. Namuhla akekho ozimisele ukukhokhela igama. Imbewu kuphela enezici ezithile ezingaletha inzuzo, okungukuthi, inkampani yokuzalanisa nayo idinga ukuhlanganyela ekukhiqizeni imbewu.
– Ingakanani isamba sembewu okufanele inkampani ezalanisayo nekhiqiza imbewu iyithengise ukuze ibe nokuzethemba emakethe?
- EYurophu, ngokuvamile kuyamukelwa ukuthi izinkampani zembewu ezithengisa amathani angaphansi kwezinkulungwane eziyi-10 zembewu (lokhu cishe amahektha angama-300 okusakaza) zibhekwa njengezincane, ngakho-ke azinzile.
E-Russia, kunenkampani yembewu eyivelakancane ethengisa amathani angaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-10 zembewu ngesizini ngayinye, okuhlanganisa namahhovisi amele aseNtshonalanga ahlonishwayo. Ukuze sidayise kakhulu, sidinga imakethe yembewu, futhi njengamanje ayikho.
Amazambane ezweni lakithi atshalwa endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-300 (ngaphandle kwamapulazi angasese ezakhamuzi). Isidingo sangempela sonyaka sembewu singaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-900 - amathani ayizigidi eziyi-1. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isabelo sembewu eqinisekisiwe yi-Russian Agricultural Center ayidluli i-20% yale mali. Lona umthamo wemakethe yethu yembewu, uphaya esiwabelana nabanye abalimi bembewu. Ukube belilikhulu ngokuphindwe kabili, izwe belingaba nendawo enethezekile yokuthuthukisa ukuzalanisa. Imakethe yayizozilawula: izinkampani ezihlinzeka ngezinhlobo ezinhle nembewu yekhwalithi zizokhuphula umfutho wazo futhi zibe namandla.
– Yini okumele yenziwe ukuze imakethe ithuthuke?
- Kungumbuzo onzima. Imakethe yakhiwe ngokufunwa, kodwa eRussia kuvame ukuba nezibonelo lapho amapulazi ekhula amazambane iminyaka (kuze kube yiminyaka engu-9!) Ngaphandle kokuvuselela imbewu ezweni lethu lokhu akulawulwa muntu.
Amapulazi amancane naphakathi nendawo ngokomthetho anelungelo, ngaphandle kokukhokha intela, ukuhlwanyela imbewu yezitshalo ezithile (kuhlanganise namazambane) ngezidingo zawo iminyaka emibili. Iyini iminyaka emibili? Ipulazi lithenga i-elite, likhiqiza ukukhiqizwa kokuqala futhi alikhokhi ama-royalties. Khona-ke wenza ukukhiqiza okwesibili futhi akakhokhi ama-royalties. Futhi ukukhiqiza okwengeziwe akusenangqondo.
Izinkampani eziningi ezinkulu zezolimo zizikhulisela imbewu; lokhu kuthathwa njengesinyathelo sokunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza.
Inani lezinkampani zembewu likhuphuka kakhulu ngemuva konyaka ngamunye ongaphumelelanga ngokuthengiswa kwamazambane okuhweba, ngoba ikhilogremu yemikhiqizo yetafula ibiza ama-ruble angama-6-8, futhi imikhiqizo yembewu ibiza okungenani ama-30.
Angizami ukusho ukuthi konke lokhu kudinga ukuvalwa ngokushesha, sidinga nje ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zici azinawo umthelela ekukhuliseni inhlonipho ngomsebenzi womfuyi nokudlondlobala kwezinkampani zokuzalanisa nembewu.
Kodwa sisebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhona lapha namanje. Sakha uhlelo lokusebenzisana olusobala, ngokusho kwalo sidlulisela i-super-super-elite kanye ne-super-elite emapulazini akhiqiza i-elite kanye nokuzala kokuqala ngokusho kwe-oda lethu. Lesi sitshalo sidayisela amabhizinisi atshala amazambane athengiswayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, silawula ukukhokhwa kwezimali futhi sizikhokhele ngokwethu ngamavolumu aqinisekisiwe adayisiwe (uma kuziwa ezinhlobonhlobo ezivela kwezinye izinkampani ezizalanisayo). Futhi sikholelwa ukuthi senza igalelo lethu ekuhlelweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwemakethe yembewu.