Naphezu kwenqubekelaphambili ebalulekile ocwaningweni lokulimaza kwamazambane sekwephuzile kanye nokuqaliswa kwezinyathelo zokulawula ezisekelwe olwazini lwe-phytopathogen, lesi sifo sisabangela umonakalo omkhulu ngenxa yokulahleka kwezitshalo kanye nezindleko zokwelapha ngamakhemikhali ngemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo.
Lesi sifo sibangelwa i-oomycete Ama-infestans ama-Phytophthora, ezithinta amaqabunga, amahlumela nezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezingena kwisitoreji ngisho nenani elincane lokutheleleka ngokuvamile ziholela ekulahlekelweni kwemikhiqizo emikhulu. I-causative agent ye-blight sekwephuzile ihlala isebenza ngisho namazinga okushisa angu-3 ° C. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-phytopathogen ebusweni bezilimo eziyizigaxa kusiza ukungena kwamagciwane angosomathuba esikhumbeni, okubangela ukubola okuthambile.
Izimpawu zokubola kwakamuva emaqabunga avela njengamachashaza amise ngendlela engavamile, akhula kancane kancane ngosayizi njengoba isifo sikhula. Umngcele oluhlaza okhanyayo wakha ohlangothini olungaphezulu lwamaqabunga ngasemaphethelweni amabala. Ngaphansi kwezindawo ezisemaphethelweni esimweni sezulu esimanzi, kuvela i-phytopathogen emhlophe. Ebusweni bezilimo eziyizigaxa, lesi sifo sivela ngendlela yamabala ansundu amnyama. Ukubola okunsundu okumnyama kwakha ngaphakathi kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, eziseduze nendawo, kodwa kancane kancane zingena phakathi kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Umzila oyinhloko wokusabalala kwe-phytopathogen udlula i-zoosporangia ehamba emoyeni esuka emasimini atheleleke, 'izitshalo zamazambane zokuzithandela' kanye nezitshalo ezitshalwe ezinqwaba zezilimo eziyizigaxa ezilahliwe eduze kwamasimu. Izitshalo ezikhuliswe ezigabeni ezilahliwe, njengalezo “zamavolontiya,” zingaba futhi imithombo yezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane asakazwa izintwala; ezinye izifo (i-rhizoctoniosis, i-anthracnose, i-powdery scab) nezinambuzane (ama-nematode aphilayo mahhala, ama-cyst nematode amazambane, ama-aphid). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-oospores angakha kuwo, okungase kube nzima ukulwa nokulimaza sekwephuzile ngenxa yokwanda kwengozi yokumelana nenani elikhulayo lokwelashwa kwesikhunta.
Ezifundeni eziseningizimu, ukuvimbela ukuhluma kwamazambane aqoshiwe, izinqwaba kufanele ziphathwe ngokushesha nge-diquat noma i-glyphosate (uma kuvela izitshalo, ukwelashwa kufanele kuphindwe). Indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokulwa nezitshalo ezinjalo ukumboza izilimo eziyizigaxa ezilahliwe ngefilimu emnyama. Emaphethelweni enqwaba, ifilimu kufanele ivikelwe kahle ukuze i-zoosporangia ye-phytopathogen ingakwazi ukundiza, futhi izilwane azikwazi ukungena ngaphansi kwefilimu futhi ziyiklebhule. Uma inqwaba imbozwa ngefilimu kusenesikhathi, ukwelashwa kwe-glyphosate kungase kungadingeki. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi izilimo eziyizigaxa eziqotshiwe zigcinwe kude nensimu yamazambane kanye nemithombo yamanzi okunisela.
Okuvame kakhulu Ama-infestans ama-Phytophthora i-asexual reproduction, lapho i-zoosporangia ingamila khona ngokuqondile njenge-hyphae noma ikhulule ama-zoospores ane-flagella, engena esitshalweni ngefilimu yamanzi. Ama-Oospores angaphila isikhathi eside emhlabathini. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokochwepheshe bamaDashi (iphephabhuku iPlant Pathology, 2000), ama-oospore angagcina ikhono lawo lokuthelela amazambane enhlabathini enesihlabathi izinyanga ezingu-48, nasemhlabathini wobumba izinyanga ezingu-34 lapho egcwele amanzi. Kwaphawulwa ukuthi inani elikhulu kunawo wonke lama-oospores lakhiwa ezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane ezinezinga eliphansi lokumelana nohlanga oluthile. Ngokusho kwedatha evela ku-database yaseYurophu I-Best4Soil (2020), ukunciphisa ukutheleleka kwenhlabathi Ama-infestans ama-Phytophthora (ama-oospores), ama-cysts amazambane, I-Rhizoctonia nezinye izinambuzane, kutuswa ukubuyisela amazambane ensimini ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu.
Kuze kube muva nje, isu lokuvikela amazambane lalisekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwenani elikhulu lokwelashwa ngemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo. Kodwa muva nje, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuvela kwama-genotypes amasha amelana I-Phytophthora izingane (emazweni amaningi ase-Europe, i-genotype EU_43_A1, imelana ne-mandipropamide ngemithamo engu-100 ppm), ukuvikelwa kwamazambane okuhlanganisiwe sekusetshenziswe kabanzi.
Izindlela eziyisisekelo zokuvikela amazambane okuhlanganisiwe ngokumelene nokulimaza sekwephuzile:
- Ukukhula kwezinhlobo zamazambane ezinamanani aphezulu okumelana.
- Ukucekelwa phansi kwemithombo yokuqala yokutheleleka (izitshalo “zevolontiya”, inqwaba yezilimo eziyizigaxa ezilahliwe, izigaxa zembewu ezinegciwane kanye nezitshalo zamazambane ezithintekile).
- Kusetshenziswa izinhlelo zokunquma zokwelashwa komuthi wokukhunta okusekelwe engcupheni yokulimaza sekwephuzile, ukumelana nezinhlobonhlobo kanye nezimo zezulu ukuhlela inani eliphelele lokwelashwa kokuvikela izitshalo njengengxenye yesu lokulwa nokumelana. Uhlelo lwesiRashiya lwenziwe ngesisekelo se-All-Russian Institute of Phytopathology (VNIIF) I-VNIIFBlight. I-FGBNU VNIIF ine-patent RU 2019663121 (2019) yohlelo lwekhompiyutha "Express forecast - late blight" ukuthola isibikezelo esiku-inthanethi sokuthuthuka kokulimaza sekwephuzile eRussian Federation. Njengamanje eRussia kunohlelo lokuthatha izinqumo (i-DMS) lokwelapha isikhunta ngokumelene nokulimaza sekwephuzile kanye ne-Alternaria "Agrodozor". Amanye amazwe amaningi nawo asungule izinhlelo zokusebenzisa ukubikezela ingozi yokulimaza sekwephuzile. Isibonelo, e-UK kunenkundla ye-inthanethi ye-blight sekwephuzile Hutton BlightSpy. Inkundla inakekelwa nguJames Hutton Limited, idatha yezezulu ihlinzekwa yi-Met Institute futhi imbozwe yi-Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Ezifundeni eziningana, izinsiza/amapulatifomu athuthukisiwe njengengxenye yomsebenzi wocwaningo wochwepheshe ekuqapheni ukwakheka kwabantu kanye nezinga lokumelana nemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo (isibonelo, eYurophu - I-Euroblight, e-China - ChinaBlight), ulwazi oluvumela odokotela ukuthi basebenzise izixazululo zokuvikela izitshalo kucatshangelwa ukwakheka kwenani le-pathogen esifundeni kanye nezinga layo lokumelana nezibulala-fungi. Emsamo we-European Consortium of Ongoti kanye nezinhlangano zocwaningo lwe-potato blight sekwephuzile I-Euroblight amatafula agcinwa nemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwezinto ezisebenzayo ukulwa nokulimaza sekwephuzile ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zesitshalo kanye ne-Alternaria.
- Ukucekelwa phansi kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezithinteke sekwephuzile ekugcinweni ukuze kwehliswe ukulahleka kwe-tuber nokunciphisa inani lokutheleleka kwembewu ngonyaka olandelayo.
UMaria Erokhova, umcwaningi, FGBNU VNIIF
e-mail: maria.erokhova@gmail.com