Emashumini eminyaka azayo, ukunikeza abantu abaningi abakhulayo emhlabeni ukudla kuzodinga ukuphinda kabili ukukhiqizwa kwezilimo zezolimo. Kanye nommbila, irayisi nokolweni, amazambane ayisitshalo sokudla esitshalwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Izinzuzo zayo: ukufinyeleleka, inani eliphezulu lokudla okunempilo, ukufaneleka kokugcinwa isikhathi eside kanye nesivuno esiphezulu. Isebenza njengesisekelo sokulungiselela izitsha ezihlukahlukene ekhaya nasezinhlelweni zokudla zomphakathi, futhi futhi ihlala iyinto ebalulekile yokucubungula.
Kodwa amazambane ayisitshalo esinzima emikhakheni eminingi yezomnotho neyezinto eziphilayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngokonga kwamanzi nokuvumelana nezimo zezulu ezipholile kuhlanganiswe nezidingo eziphezulu zokuxega kwenhlabathi kanye nokungabikho kwamatshe. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukusatshalaliswa kwezindawo zokutshala amazambane ezindaweni ezihlukene zomhlaba akulingani kakhulu (Fig. 1).
Umfanekiso 1. Ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo yamazambane emhlabeni wonke (I-FAO 2016)
Ukulima okujulile kwesilimo esinesivuno esingu-40-50 t/ha kudinga ukulawula okusebenzayo kwezifo eziningi nezinambuzane, ngakho-ke kusetshenziswa imikhiqizo eminingi yokuvikela izitshalo ngamakhemikhali, engaba nomthelela omkhulu emvelweni. Isibonelo, cishe yonke indawo engaphansi kwamazambane ezifundeni zase-US ezinobuchwepheshe besikhathi eside nobukhulu (Idaho, Washington, North Dakota) ngezikhathi ezithile ingaphansi kofumigation. Lokhu kusho ukwengeza cishe u-500 kg/ha wezidakamizwa ezinamandla, njenge-metham sodium noma i-chloropicrin, emhlabathini. Ngaphandle kokuvala inzalo okunjalo, akunakwenzeka ukuthola umkhiqizo wekhwalithi ephezulu lapho, ngoba inhlabathi itheleleke kakhulu. Emazweni asathuthuka, isivuno sehektha ngalinye siphansi (15-20 t/ha) ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yekhwalithi ephansi kanye nezindlela zokulima ezingafanelekile. Ebalazweni lomhlaba, iRussia iphinde ifakwe phakathi kwezifunda ezinjalo (Fig. 2).
Umfanekiso 2. Ukusatshalaliswa komhlaba wonke kwesivuno samazambane (t/ha), FAOSTAT, 2014-2016
Kodwa-ke, akufanele sikhohlwe ukuthi idatha yezibalo zeRussian Federation isabheka isivuno samazambane ezindlini zabantu, okuthi noma kunjalo zingabi phezulu njengasemabhizinisini akhethekile ezolimo, osekunesikhathi eside afinyelela izinga lokukhula. 30-40 t/ha. Labo. Insimu yaseRussia iboniswa kahle kule mephu hhayi ngowolintshi, kodwa ngokuluhlaza okukhanyayo noma, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, okuphuzi.
Ngokwesibikezelo se-FAO, indawo etshalwa amazambane esikhathini esizayo izokwanda kakhulu e-Afrika, eLatin America, naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia (Fig. 3).
Umfanekiso 3. Ikusasa lokukhiqiza amazambane. Ibha eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka - idatha ka-2015, okuwolintshi - isibikezelo sika-2030, esiphuzi - isibikezelo sika-2050
Izindawo eziseNyakatho Melika naseChina zizohlala zisezingeni elifanayo, kanti eYurophu zizokwehla. Ngokusobala, lesi sibikezelo sijwayelekile kakhulu. Amazwe afanayo aseYurophu akhiqiza amazambane ayinhloko i-NWC-05 (iJalimane, iFrance, iNetherlands, iBelgium neNgilandi) ngeke anciphise, kodwa azokwandisa kuphela ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane. Ukuhlaziywa kwebhizinisi okuningiliziwe kombuso, izimo namathuba okuthuthukisa imboni yokulima amazambane kulawa mazwe kusanda kushicilelwa (Ithebula 1).
Ithebula 1. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-SWOT kokukhiqizwa kwamazambane emazweni e-NWEC-05
Amandla: inhlabathi evumayo kakhulu kanye nezimo zezulu zokutshala amazambane, okuholela ekuvunweni kwamazambane okuphezulu kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele; abalimi bamazambane abaqeqeshwe kakhulu kanye/noma abanolwazi olunzulu; ithuthukise imigudu edidiyelwe yokuhlinzeka ngempahla kusukela ekuzaleni nasekukhiqizeni imbewu kuya emakethe yokugcina; ithuthukiswe imboni yokucubungula, ikakhulukazi ukukhiqizwa kokudla okuqandisiwe; ukutholakala kanye nokufinyelela kubuchwepheshe bamuva bokukhiqiza amazambane, ukuvikelwa kwezitshalo nokugcinwa; ucwaningo lwezinga eliphezulu lwezemfundo nomphakathi lokubhekana nezinkinga emkhakheni wamazambane; ukutholakala kwezinsiza zokweseka/zokusabalalisa amazambane kuyo yonke i-NWC-05; ukuba khona kwezinhlangano zamazambane zamazwe ngamazwe njenge-Europatat (ukuhweba), i-EUPPA (abaprosesa) kanye ne-NEPG (abakhiqizi); inethiwekhi yokuhweba ethuthuke kahle yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwemikhiqizo yamazambane asanda kugaywa futhi asetshenziwe.
Ubuthakathaka: Ukunisela amazambane kukhiqiza ukukhishwa kweCO ephezulu2 mayelana nesivuno sezinto ezomile; ukusetshenziswa kwenqwaba yezibulala-zinambuzane ukulawula izifo/izinambuzane/ukhula; izinhlelo zezimpande ezine-N esebenza kahle ephansi, okuholela ezindlekweni eziphezulu ze-N kanye nezingozi ezivela ku-N leaching; isidingo sezinga eliphezulu lobuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa; Imisele yomhlabathi idala ukugeleza kwamanzi nezakhi kanye nokuguguleka emasimini atshekile; ukuntengantenga okuphezulu kwamanani amazambane uma kuqhathaniswa nezindleko zokukhiqiza; ukuntuleka kwezinga eliphezulu lokubambisana komphakathi phakathi kwamazwe ukuze kuxazululwe ngokuhlanganyela izindaba zokukhiqiza; izinselelo zomnotho phakathi kwabalingisi ochungechungeni lwenani lamazambane; isithombe esibi somkhakha wamazambane kwabezindaba.
Izici: ubuchwepheshe obusha bokuzalanisa ukusheshisa ukwakhiwa kwezinhlobonhlobo; ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo olunembayo kanye nokuzwa kude; ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo ye-biocontrol ukulwa nezifo zamazambane, izinambuzane, nokhula; ukuthuthukiswa kwemishini ehlukile kunezibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali zokulawula izifo/izinambuzane/ukhula; amandla okubambisana okwandisiwe ekukhiqizeni izinhlobo ezahlukene zamazambane ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-NWC-05; isidingo esikhulayo sokukhiqizwa kwamazambane e-organic; ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuholela ezinkathini zokukhula ezinde kanye namazinga aphezulu okukhula kwezitshalo kanye nesivuno; ukwandisa iziteshi zokuthengisa amazambane zesikhashana; isidingo esikhulayo solwazi, izilimo eziyizigaxa zembewu, imikhiqizo yamazambane emazweni asathuthuka.
Izinsongo: ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamazambane eYurophu; izifo ezintsha nezinkinga zezinambuzane; izinkinga zokuvikelwa kwezitshalo kanye ne-tuber ngenxa yokwenqatshelwa kwezinto ezisebenzayo; ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu; umthelela wokuqiniswa kokukhiqizwa kwamazambane ekuvundeni komhlaba wonke kanye nempilo yomhlabathi (izifo/ukuvela kwezinambuzane, ukugeleza kwamanzi, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, ukucinana kwenhlabathi); kwezinye izindawo (F, D, England) ukuchelela kuyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe noma kuzuze isivuno esiphezulu; indawo yokwamukela izivakashi engenangqondo noma izikhundla zokumaketha mayelana nezinqubo ezikhulayo (isb. umkhankaso we-No Residue ngokumelene nesimiso esiphezulu somkhawulo wensalela); ukuthuthukiswa ngokweqile kokucubungula amazambane.
I-Russia inazo zonke izimo namathuba okuba ngumkhiqizi ohamba phambili wamazambane ahweba ngekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nemikhiqizo yamazambane emhlabeni jikelele. Iningi kuphela lezici eziqinile ezihlukile zokutshala amazambane aseYurophu ezisezici zobuthakathaka beRussia. Imboni yokuhweba amazambane e-Russian Federation isanda kwakhiwa futhi isifinyelele endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-300 kanye nenani lokukhiqiza elingamathani ayizigidi eziyi-8 (inani elifanayo lamazambane athengiswayo akhiqizwa eNetherlands). Intula uzinzo kanye nezikhungo eziningi ezisebenzayo nezesekayo ezisohlwini lweThebula loku-1. Kodwa kunezinzuzo ezingenakuphikwa mayelana nokukhiqizwa okukhulu, izinga eliphansi lomthwalo we-pesticide esetshenziswa (i-fumigation yomhlabathi, isibonelo, ayisetshenziswa nhlobo), i-biologization, isimo sezulu esinzima sasebusika sisiza ukulawula izinkinga ze-phytosanitary. Izindlela ezifanayo zokukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa kanye nobugwaja, ukubhebhetheka kwesimo esithathelwanayo, lapho abalimi bamazambane aseNtshonalanga Yurophu behlupheka kakhulu, bephoqeleka ukuthi badlulisele, ngokwesibonelo, ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane baye kwezinye izifunda, kufanele kubhekwe njengezinguquko ezinhle zesimo sezulu. amazambane akhula kulo lonke elaseRussia. Kuyacaca ukuthi sekuya kuba nzima ukutshala amazambane emakethe yesizini ezifundeni eziseningizimu, kepha kuyenzeka ukuhambisa amazambane ngokuqhubekayo ezindaweni ezisenyakatho.
Ngasikhathi sinye, izinga elinjalo kuphela lokutshala amazambane aseRussia elithembisayo elizoqhudelana njalo uma liqhathaniswa nelaseNtshonalanga Yurophu neMelika, kanye nesizinda sokukhiqizwa kwezinye izitshalo zokudla eziphambili (ukolweni, irayisi, ummbila) , futhi kuzovumela ukuthola isivuno esiphezulu enhlabathini ehlukahlukene kanye nezimo zezulu. Inselele enkulu yesikhathi esizayo kuzoba ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo eminingi enezinsiza ezifanayo noma ezimbalwa kanye nokumosha okuncane. Izinqolobane namathemba eRussian Federation makhulu kakhulu. Lapho nje imithombo yemvelo yezwe iqala ukusetshenziswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe umnotho wayo, ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane eRussia kuzoba nokuncintisana okungaguquki, kube nenzuzo enkulu kakhulu futhi kube nenzuzo kunezinye izifunda zomhlaba. Kodwa ngenxa yalokhu kuyadingeka ukuthi uphethiloli, ugesi, igesi, izinsimbi kanye nomanyolo kuhlinzekwe emakethe yasekhaya ngamanani anele asekhaya angavimbi ukuthuthuka kwezinye izigaba zomnotho. Uphethiloli wase-Iranian e-Iran ubiza ama-ruble angu-10/litre (ngokwemibandela yokuguqulwa, kunjalo), futhi intengo ye-Belarusian potassium chloride engu-60% eRiphabhulikhi yaseBelarus entwasahlobo yalo nyaka yayingama-ruble angu-6/t, kuyilapho isiRashiya ngesiRashiya. Inhlangano yayingama-ruble angama-000/t.
Umbono omfishane wesimo sokukhiqizwa kwamazambane emhlabeni wonke unikezwa ngokuqondile ngoba umphumela wokukhiqiza amazambane (P) unqunywa umkhiqizo: P = G × E × M × S, lapho uG kuyi-genotype noma uhlobo, u-E ungumhlabathi futhi Izimo zezulu, uM ukuphatha noma izinga lobuchwepheshe kanye ne-S – macroeconomic environment. Inhlabathi ekahle kanye nezimo zezulu zibalulekile ekusebenziseni amandla ezinhlobonhlobo, izindlela ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kanye nokufaka isandla ekuchumeni komkhakha wamazambane wendawo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinsizakalo zezezimali nezingezona ezezimali (amazinga emalimboleko, ukuqashisa, umshwalense, uxhaso lwesabelomali sokukhiqiza nengqalasizinda, njll.) nakho kuyizingxenye ezibalulekile zokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwemboni (Fig. 4).
Umdwebo. 4. Imiphumela (P) yezinhlelo zokudla zamazambane zasemakhaya nezasezimbonini ezisekelwe emithelela ehlukile ye-genotype (G), imvelo (E), izici zokuphatha (M) kanye nezidingo zomphakathi kanye nezinsizakalo (S)
Ukuzalanisa noma ukudala izinhlobo ezintsha zamazambane - isici esibalulekile ekukhiqizeni amazambane okuphumelelayo, okuzokwandisa ukubaluleka kwawo esikhathini esizayo. Ngenxa yokucaciswa kwegenome yamazambane namandla obuchwepheshe obusha bokuzalanisa, kubonakala kuyinqolobane yokuqala yokuthuthukiswa kokukhula kwamazambane. Umthelela wemiphumela yezinkombandlela eziyinhloko zokukhetha ekwandiseni ukusebenza kahle kokutshala amazambane uvezwa kafushane kuThebula 2.
Ithebula 2. Umthelela wezinkomba zokuzalanisa ekwandiseni ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqizwa kwamazambane
Izinketho zocwaningo ezibalulekile zokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo zokukhiqiza amazambane | Izici zokuvikeleka kokudla | ||||||
Igalelo ekuqiniseni ukukhiqiza | Imali engenayo yomlimi | Ukusebenza kahle kwekhalori nokukhiqizwa kwezakhi | Ukunciphisa umthelela kwezemvelo | ||||
Ukusebenza kahle kwamanzi | Ukusetshenziswa kahle komhlaba | I-nitrogen ne-phosphorus zisebenzisa kahle | Ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane | ||||
Ukukhetha nokuzalanisa izinhlobo (G - genotype) | |||||||
Amandla okukhiqiza aphezulu | ** | *** | *** | Imaphakathi/Negethivu | *** | ** | - |
Ukumelana ne-Pathogen | - | *** | * | *** | ** | ** | *** |
Ukumelana nesomiso/ukushisa/usawoti | *** | *** | * | - | ** | ** | * |
Ubudala | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** |
I-Biofortification (isb. insimbi ne-zinc) | - | - | - | - | * | ** | - |
Izinhlobo ze-hybrid zangempela ze-F1 ne-TPS, ukuhlelwa kofuzo | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** |
Ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane (M - Management) | |||||||
Ukukhiqizwa nokusabalalisa imbewu yezinga eliphezulu | - | ** | * | * | *** | * | Imaphakathi/negethivu. |
Ukuzalanisa amazambane kuhloswe ukufeza imigomo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi enzima ukuhlanganisa. Ukuhlanganisa ukubekezelela ingcindezi kanye nokumuncwa kahle kwezakhamzimba kuba yinto ehamba phambili ekuphenduleni kangcono ekuguquguqukeni kwesimo sezulu. Izinhlobo ze-genotype ezikwazi ukumelana namagciwane, i-nematodes, i-bacterial wilt kanye nohlu olubanzi lwezingcindezi ze-abiotic ezifana nokushisa, isomiso nezimo zikasawoti zingathuthukisa ukukhiqiza futhi zandise ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane ezindaweni ezintsha. Ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo zakuqala nezikhiqiza kakhulu ezimelana ne-P. infestans kube umgomo wesikhathi eside wokuzalanisa amazambane. Ukumelana nezifo sekuphenduke umgomo oyinhloko wezinhlelo zokuzalanisa ze-EU muva nje, lapho indawo yokwamukela imvelo ifinyelela imingcele ekusetshenzisweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nomanyolo wamaminerali, kanye nokuvinjelwa ngokuphelele kokusetshenziswa kwezithako ezisebenzayo zamakhemikhali ezivamile nezinzima ukufaka esikhundleni. . I-Genetic biofortification (ukwandisa inani lokudla okunempilo) ingasiza ukunqoba ukushoda kwezakhi ezincane ekudleni komuntu futhi igcine amazinga aphezulu okusetshenziswa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinomsoco.
Zonke izimpumelelo eziqinisekisiwe nezifunwayo ekuzaleni amazambane zisekelwe ekuhlanganiseni, i.e. ukweqa amapheya abazali akhethiwe. Ukuhlanganiswa okuphumelelayo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezici zofuzo zabazali enzalweni kufinyelelwa kancane kakhulu ngenxa yezakhi zofuzo ze-tetraploid zamazambane atshaliwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wonke amasethi amane ama-chromosome ayahluka ngokwakhiwa kwezakhi zofuzo. Ngalesi sizathu, izinhlelo eziphumelelayo zokuzalanisa amazambane zisekelwe emithonjeni emikhulu yemithombo (okungenani izinkulungwane eziyi-100 ze-genotypes) kanye nenqubo yesikhathi eside (okungenani iminyaka eyi-10) yokukhetha nokuhlola izinhlobo ezingcono kakhulu. Ukusebenza kahle kokukhethwa kwakudala akudluli u-0,01%. Kwakunamathemba amaningi okwandisa izinga nokusebenza kahle kokuzalanisa ngokusebenzisa i-hybridization ekude, i-mutagenesis, ukukhethwa kwamaseli, i-somatic hybridization, ukumaka uphawu, njll., kodwa zonke lezi zindlela azizange ziholele ekudalweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane eziphumelelayo. Njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe bokuhlela i-genome buyavivinywa, futhi ososayensi baseDutch sebeqale isu lokuzalanisa amazambane ukuze kukhiqizwe futhi kusetshenziswe imbewu ye-botanical eyingxube (Ithebula 3).
Ithebula 3. Ubuchwepheshe bokudala izinhlobo zamazambane
Ubuchwepheshe bokudala izinhlobo zamazambane
Isebenza kanjani? | Ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yamazambane | Ukuthengisa imbewu | Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo aseYurophu | Amalungelo okuhweba | |||
Ibanga | Inqubo | ||||||
Ukukhetha kwendabuko | Izinhlobo ezintsha zenziwa ngokuwela izinhlobo ezikhona, kulandelwa iminyaka yocwaningo lokuzalanisa. | Ukwethulwa kwezici ezintsha kuthatha okungenani iminyaka eyi-10. | Ayifanele ukudayiswa ngoba i-tuber ngayinye inezici ngazinye. | Abafuyi baqinisile, izindleko zabathuthukisi: amashumi ezinkulungwane zama-euro. Abafuyi bangafaka izicelo zamalungelo obunikazi bezimpawu ezintsha zezitshalo. | Ukweqa izinhlobonhlobo kuyinqubo yemvelo futhi ayikho ngaphansi komthetho welungelo lobunikazi we-EU GMO. | I-Dutch General Inspectorate ihlukanisa imbewu yamazambane njengesigaba sekhwalithi. Izwe ngalinye linezidingo zalo zempilo yezitshalo zamazambane. | |
Ukukhetha okuhlanganisiwe | Izinhlobo ezintsha zithuthukiswa ngokushesha kakhudlwana ngokweqa imigqa yabazali emsulwa enohlobo olulodwa kuphela oluhlukile kuzo zonke izakhi zofuzo, kulandelwa iminyaka yocwaningo. | Bathembisa ukuthi izici ezintsha zingethulwa esikhathini esingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu. Nokho, kuyodingeka kuqala ukuthola imigqa ehambisanayo enezici ezifanele. | Yebo, imbewu yamazambane evela emigqeni yabazali ehlanzekile inezici ezifanayo futhi ingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokutshala. | Abafuyi baqinisile, izindleko zabathuthukisi: amashumi ezinkulungwane zama-euro. Abafuyi bangafaka izicelo zamalungelo obunikazi bezimpawu ezintsha zezitshalo. | Ukweqa izinhlobonhlobo kuyinqubo yemvelo futhi ayikho ngaphansi komthetho welungelo lobunikazi we-EU GMO. | Imithethonqubo yembewu yamazambane eqinisekisiwe isathuthukiswa. Amazwe amaningi awakabi nayo imithethonqubo. | |
Ukuguqulwa kofuzo kufaka phakathi i-CRISPR-cas9 | Ukuguqulwa kwezinhlobonhlobo ezikhona ngokungenelela okusebenzayo kuzakhi zofuzo, okulandelwa iminyaka yocwaningo mayelana nezici nokuzinza. | Ngisho noma ukuphazamisa i-DNA kuthatha izinsuku ezimbalwa kuphela, yonke inqubo kusukela ekuhlonzweni kofuzo kuya ocwaningweni lwasensimini ithatha isikhathi eside. Iphrojekthi ye-DuRPH, lapho izinhlobo ezikhona zanikezwa ukuphikiswa okuphindwe kaningi ekulimazeni amazambane sekwephuzile, kwathatha iminyaka eyi-10 isiyonke. | Ayifanele ukudayiswa ngoba i-tuber ngayinye inezici ngazinye. | Kungaphansi kwemithetho ye-EU GMO. Ukuze okuhlukile kugunyazwe ukusetshenziswa, umthuthukisi kufanele abonise ukuphepha komkhiqizo. Izindleko: ama-euro ayizigidi. Abafuyi bangafaka izicelo zamalungelo obunikazi ezimpawini ezintsha zezitshalo. | Ukuguqulwa kofuzo akuyona inqubo yemvelo futhi kungaba ngaphansi kokusetshenziswa kwelungelo lobunikazi. | I-Dutch General Inspectorate ihlukanisa imbewu yamazambane njengesigaba sekhwalithi. Izwe ngalinye linezidingo zalo zempilo yezitshalo zamazambane. |
* Amalungelo omfuyi angafunwa uma izinhlobonhlobo zintsha, zihlukile, zifana futhi zizinzile. Ngamalungelo omfuyi, usosayensi unelungelo elikhethekile lokuthengisa imbewu yamazambane kanye nembewu (yangempela) (Louwaars et al., 2009)
Ukuthola imbewu ye-botanical ekuweleni kuyisigaba sokuqala sokuzalanisa kwakudala. Kamuva, izilimo eziyizigaxa zitholakala embewini, kanti izinhlobo zamazambane zigcinwa futhi zisakazwa kuphela ngesimo sezilimo eziyizigaxa. Kodwa abalimi baseDashi bahlose ukudlulisa amazambane esigabeni sezitshalo zembewu ukuze amazambane akhule ngendlela efanayo nezinye izitshalo zemifino ezisabalele (izaqathe, iklabishi, u-anyanisi, ama-beet), i.e. kusuka kumbewu yezitshalo, nokuthi imbewu inazo zonke izici ze-F1. Kulokhu, kukhona ukungaqondakali kwegama elithi "hybrid potato". Zonke izinhlobo nazo ziyi-hybrids, ngakho-ke amagama angeziwe okuthi F1 kanye ne-TPS kwethulwe imbewu yamazambane e-botanical = impahla yembewu. Lo mbono webhizinisi omkhulu uklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iNetherlands igcina isimo sayo kanye nemali engenayo njengomholi womhlaba ekukhiqizeni imbewu yamazambane uma kwenzeka ukufudumala kwesimo sezulu kungavumeli ukutshalwa kwembewu ye-tuber ephezulu.
Amathemba e-hybrid F1 (I-TPS) ukuzalanisa amazambane abakaqiniseki kakhulu. Ukuzethemba kwasekuqaleni kokuqala kuka-2015-2016 ukukhiqiza inhlanganisela yezinga lethebula lezentengiselwano eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemithathu kancane kancane kuguquke kwaba isithembiso sokudala ama-hybrids anesitashi esiphezulu ngo-2028. Ukucaciswa komgomo wokwenza ama-hybridi anesitashi akwenzeki ngengozi - kumazambane anjalo azikho izidingo zokufana komumo, ukujula kwamehlo, umlingiswa wepeel, ukuvuthwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nezinye izici eziningi kanye nezakhiwo okufanele zibe nazo amazambane etafula lanamuhla. Kunzima kakhulu ukufeza ukufana kwembewu ye-botanical yamazambane atshaliwe e-tetraploid kuzo zonke izakhi zofuzo, futhi, ngokufanele, ngezici nezakhiwo, kodwa lokhu akukenzeki. Akukhona ngaphandle kwesizathu ukuthi ekuzaleni kwe-classical imbewu eyodwa evela ku-berry berry i-genotype eyingqayizivele futhi engase ibe uhlobo oluhlukile lwesikhathi esizayo, kanti enye imbewu evela kumajikijolo afanayo ingaba izinhlobonhlobo ezihlukile, ezihluke ngokuphelele kweyokuqala. Njengoba umuntu angalindela, abokuqala abathola impumelelo yangempela ekudaleni amazambane amatafula ayingxube kwakungewona amazambane, kodwa izinkampani zokuzalanisa imifino ezineziqu eziphakeme kanye nolwazi oluningi ekuzaleni okuxubile. Abafuyi be-Bejo bachithe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-15 benza uhlobo lokuqala lwamazambane oluyingxube ye-tetraploid, i-Oliver F1, eselikhiqizwe futhi litholakala emakethe yomhlaba kusukela ngo-2020.
Khonamanjalo, umsebenzi wokudayiswa kwembewu yezitshalo uqhubeka ngamandla, kunemithombo yezimali enkulu etshalwe kuyo. I-hybrid potato izuze isikhundla sesithonjana sikazwelonke e-Netherlands, futhi indlela yokuzalanisa ivikelwe yilungelo lobunikazi le-EU. Zonke izimakethe zendabuko zamazambane embewu yamaDashi seziqale ukusebenzisa imbewu ye-botanical kusenesikhathi. Okokuqala, emazweni ase-Afrika, Ephakathi naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia - amasemina, izethulo, ukutshalwa kwemiboniso. Kuthiwa izilimo eziyizigaxa zembewu ziyinto yesikhathi esidlule, futhi imbewu ye-botanical iyikusasa lemboni yamazambane emhlabeni. Futhi esikhundleni sika-2-3 t/ha wezinto zokutshala, kuzokwazi ukudlula ngo-30 g/ha kuphela (hhayi nelilodwa igama elithi imbewu kuzomele itshalwe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bezithombo, kusetshenziswa umsebenzi wezandla). Leli isu lombuso kanye nohlelo oluhlelekile, oluhlelekile lapho zonke izinhlaka zezohwebo nezikahulumeni zixhumene khona.
Njengoba kwenzeka, imbewu yamazambane e-botanical isivele ivivinywa ngokungekho emthethweni eRussia. Imbewu ye-Botanical heterosis ingumkhiqizo obiza kakhulu kodwa obiza kakhulu. Abathengi bayo abakhulu, njengoba kwakubikezelwe, kufanele kube amapulazi amancane emazweni asathuthuka, anabantu abaningi abatshala amazambane ngezandla futhi labo, ngayo yonke inhlonipho efanele, babhekwe ngokungafanele njengabacebile nabanobusha. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi abathuthukisi balobu buchwepheshe bokuzalanisa bafake abalimi bamazambane baseRussia, abaphanayo futhi njengamanje abakhokha ngokuphindwe kabili kunabaseYurophu uqobo, ngamazambane embewu aseYurophu, phakathi kwabathengi bembewu ye-F1.
Ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe bokuhlela i-potato genomic - enye indlela ethembisayo yokufeza izinzuzo zamazambane esikhathini esizayo. Ukuhlela i-genome kungukwengeza okuhlosiwe nokuhlosiwe, ukususwa, ukumiselela kanye nokudluliselwa kwezigaba ze-DNA yemvelo yomuntu. Le ndlela isekelwe olwazini nasekuqondeni indima nemisebenzi yezakhi zofuzo ezithile. Uma ulwazi olunjalo lutholakala futhi isici esifiselekayo singafinyelelwa ngokuguqulwa okuhlosiwe, ukuhlela i-genome kuba indlela esebenza kahle kakhulu yokwenza lezi zinguquko uma kuqhathaniswa nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa. Izinga eliqoqiwe lolwazi lwezakhi zofuzo likuvumela ukuthi uhlele izinhlobo zamazambane.
Izindlela zokuhlela zenziwe futhi zasetshenziswa ngokwandayo eminyakeni embalwa edlule ukuze kwenziwe izinguquko zofuzo ezinembayo nezibikezelekayo ezitshalweni ngaphandle kokwengeza i-DNA yangaphandle. Indlela ye-CRISPR/Cas9 ibonakale isebenza kahle kakhulu kunezinye izinhlelo ze-enzyme (i-zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), kanye nama-meganuclease (MNs). I-CRISPR-Cas okwamanje iyithuluzi elisetshenziswa kakhulu igenome ukuhlela futhi sekwemukelwe ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kokuzalanisa emhlabeni jikelele, ukuhlelwa kofuzo kungathuthukisa izinhlobo ezingasebenzi kahle noma ezinezinkinga ngaphandle kokwethula ulwazi lofuzo lwangaphandle noma olwengeziwe ngendlela ye-DNA, okuvumela ukuguqulwa okunembayo nokubikezelwa ukuthi kwenziwe ngokuqondile ku-genome eseyidaliwe kakade. izinhlobo.Lona umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kokuhlela i-genome yesitshalo sesitshalo kanye ne-transgenosis yaso, okungukuthi ukwengezwa okuhlosiwe kwezakhi zofuzo zangaphandle ku-genome.Izinto eziphilayo ezishintshashintshayo zitholwa kalula ngoba i-transgenosis idala isethi yofuzo entsha, eyingqayizivele neyi-atypical.
Izinguquko zofuzo ezenziwe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-CRISPR-Cas azihlukile ezinguqukweni ezingenzeka ngokwemvelo noma ngenxa yokuzalanisa okuvamile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaphandle kolwazi lwangaphambili, akunakwenzeka ukunquma ukuthi ukuguqulwa kofuzo kuwumphumela wokuhlelwa kwe-genome. Uma imikhiqizo ehlelwe yi-genome iphuma elabhorethri, kuba nzima ukulawula ukusabalala kwayo okuqhubekayo. Yilesi sici okwamanje esivimbela kakhulu ukuthengiswa kwezinhlobo ezihleliwe - izinqubo zofuzo ziyabiza futhi zidinga ukubuyiselwa uma kusetshenziswa umphumela owumphumela; abathuthukisi bafuna amathuba okuvikela ilungelo lobunikazi lemikhiqizo yokuhlela.
Ukuhlelwa kwe-genome kusetshenziswe ezitshalweni nasezicini ezihlukahlukene, futhi izinhlobo ezinjalo zokuqala sezivele zethulwa ekukhiqizeni kwangempela kwezolimo e-United States naseJapane. Imibiko yezinguquko ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-60 ishicilelwe ezincwadini zesayensi. Izibonelo eziqondile zama-genomes ahleliwe zihlanganisa: ubhanana - ukususwa kwegciwane le-banana vein; irayisi eliqhakaza ekuqaleni elinokwakheka kwamafutha ashintshiwe; irayisi eline-carotenoid; umvini ukumelana nezifo fungal; ubhontshisi wesoya onamafutha aphezulu namaprotheni; ama-strawberries aqhakaza izikhathi eziningi; ummbila onesivuno esikhulu ngaphansi kwengcindezi yesomiso; lwesinaphi ngokunambitheka okuthuthukisiwe ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-lycopene ye-tomato amylopectin; amazambane aphezulu eGABA; amazambane ngaphandle kwe-glycoalkaloids nabanye abaningi.
Njengamanje, ukutshalwa kwezitshalo ze-genomic kulawulwa ngendlela ehlukile emhlabeni jikelele. Emazweni aseMelika, kanye naseShayina, e-Australia, eNdiya naseJapan, ukutshalwa kwezinhlobonhlobo ezihlelwe ngofuzo akukho ngaphansi komthetho we-genetically modified organism (GMO). E-EU, ukuhlelwa kwe-genome kwaqashelwa njengohlobo lwe-GMO futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwavinjelwa ngo-2016, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwalobu buchwepheshe akuzange kume usuku olulodwa, ama-laboratories athunyelwa ngokushesha kwamanye amazwe. Ukuqaliswa ngempumelelo emhlabeni wonke kwendlela nezingxoxo ngalesi sihloko ezihlelwe ukuzalanisa nebhizinisi lembewu kuholele ekususweni kokuvinjelwa kwe-EU ekuhleleni i-genome ngo-2023.
Ngokumelene nokwasemuva kwentuthuko ebalulekile kubuchwepheshe bokuzalanisa okwenzeka emhlabeni, isimo sethu simi kanje:
- Ukuhlelwa kwe-genome e-Russian Federation ihlukaniswa njenge-GMO; ukusetshenziswa kwalobu buchwepheshe bekunqatshelwe kusukela ngo-2016. Futhi akukho ngxoxo ngalokhu ebhizinisini lokuzalanisa nembewu kanye nomphakathi wesayensi. Kodwa-ke, umhlaba ngokushesha (kancane e-EU) wahlola amathuba amasha futhi wasusa imikhawulo. Ukwenqatshwa kobuchwepheshe obusha bokuzalanisa kuzoholela ekubambezelekeni okwengeziwe kwenqubekelaphambili ezuziwe yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe.
- Ukwakhiwa kwama-hybrids F1 izambane Ngokweqile inhloso ethakazelisa kakhulu futhi esilingayo, kepha imbewu ye-botanical mancane amathuba okuthi isetshenziswe kabanzi ekukhuleni kwamazambane eRussian Federation, ngoba ukubuya ezingeni lokukhiqiza okuphezulu, okwenziwe ngomshini ngokuphelele kuya ezitshalweni ezikhulayo ngokusetshenziswa okungenakugwenywa komsebenzi wezandla akunangqondo. futhi engenangqondo. Ukuze kuncishiswe kakhulu izinga lokuhlukahluka kwemingcele ye-morphological and economic-biological of hybrid botanical imbewu, ukushintshela ezingeni le-diploid kanye nokuzalanisa okuphindaphindiwe kwamafomu omzali kuyenziwa. Iziphambano eziyingxube eziphumelelayo zidinga imigqa evundile, enamandla kanye ne-homozygous. Inkinga yokuthola isivuno esiphezulu sembewu ye-heterotic kufanele ixazululwe ngomshini, ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kwempova ngesandla, i.e. ngendlela efanayo njengoba kwenziwa kwezinye izitshalo zezolimo (ummbila, ubhekilanga, ama-beet ashukela, imifino). Lokhu kusho isidingo sokusebenzisa amathuluzi ofuzo afana ne-cytoplasmic sterility yabesilisa, ukuzifanelanisa nokungahambelani, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuzala okuphezulu. Futhi uma ezindabeni zokuzalanisa, ukwethulwa kwezici, ukuhlolwa kwe-heterosis yezinto zomthombo, njll. Ezicini ezisizayo ze-methodological, ukushicilelwa kwesayensi kuwukusakazwa okuqhubekayo, kodwa kubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza imiqulu yezohwebo ye-TPS - hhayi eyodwa. Ngoba lena indawo yokwazi, ezohlinzeka ngembuyiselo yesikhathi esizayo emalini etshalwe ekuthuthukisweni nasekuphatheni lobu buchwepheshe. Ukuthola isivuno esikhulu sembewu yamazambane e-heterotic akufani nhlobo nokuthola isivuno esikhulu sezigaxa zembewu. Ukutshalwa kwezimali okudingekayo ekuthuthukisweni kwe-potato heterosis kukhulu kangangokuthi izinkampani ezimbalwa zokuzalanisa emhlabeni jikelele zingakwazi ukukukhokhela. Azikho izinto ezinjalo e-Russian Federation okwamanje.
- Ukuzalanisa amazambane endabuko e-Russian Federation isesigabeni esingachazwa njengenkathi yemvuselelo engase ibe khona. Ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezingamakhulu amaningana zaseRussia kurejista yombuso akufanele kudukise, ngoba ukuphumelela kanye nezinga lokukhetha kuhlolwa umthamo wesigaba sesibili sokukhetha - ukukhiqizwa kwembewu, okuvame ukubizwa ngokufanele ngokuthi ukukhetha okusekelayo. Amavolumu okukhiqizwa kwembewu asho indawo okutshalwa kuyo izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, ingxenye yazo ekukhiqizweni okuphelele ikhombisa ukusebenza kahle nokuncintisana komsebenzi wokuzalanisa. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kokukhiqizwa kwembewu, kuyadingeka ukukhipha iningi lezinhlobo zaseRussia ezakhiwe ngaphambilini kurejista bese uvele ukhohlwe ngazo. Imithethonqubo eyamukelwe njengamanje kurejista yezinhlobonhlobo zeRussian Federation ihlinzekela lokhu: uma kungekho ukukhiqizwa kwembewu eminyakeni emibili edlule, izinhlobonhlobo kufanele zikhishwe kwirejista.
Ukuvuselelwa kokuzalanisa amazambane aseRussia, kanye nezinye izitshalo eziningi zezolimo, kwenzeka eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ngemuva kweminyaka engamashumi amabili iRussia iba imakethe enkulu kunazo zonke, kufaka phakathi imbewu evela ezinkampanini zokuzalanisa nembewu zakwamanye amazwe. Ukucekelwa phansi kwakusekelwe ekuqinisekisweni kwabalingani bangaphandle kanye nethemba elingenalutho lokuthi kungenzeka ukubambisana okulinganayo, bathi, manje abalimi baseRussia bazokwazi ukusebenzisa impumelelo engcono kakhulu yokukhethwa komhlaba. Uhlelo lokukhiqiza imbewu olwaluhleliwe lwakhululwa ukuze luntante ukuze luziphile futhi lwabhidlika ngokushesha. Izikhungo zocwaningo, lapho umsebenzi wokukhetha ubukhona futhi wenziwa, zaphuthuma ukuzikhulula efomeni yokuzalanisa kanye namabhizinisi okukhiqiza imbewu - ezinkampanini ezizimele ezikhiqiza imbewu. Ekuqaleni kuka-2000, umthamo wokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane wasekhaya waba mncane. Futhi ukukhethwa kwamanye amazwe kwafika ngempela, futhi ngokushesha ngesimo sezinhlamvu ezinkulu kakhulu zembewu, eyayidingwa amabhizinisi amakhulu akhiqiza amazambane avela ngendlela entsha. Isabelo sezinhlobo zakwamanye amazwe emasimini aseRussia siye sanda kakhulu, hhayi ngenxa yokuthi izinhlobo zaseRussia ziphansi, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi amafemu azalanisa aseYurophu akwazile ukuhlinzeka ngenani elingenamkhawulo lembewu. Isikhathi eside impela yonke into yayihamba kahle - izimbewu ezivela kwamanye amazwe zazihlinzekwa ngenani elingenamkhawulo, ngamanani akholekayo kanye nezinga elamukelekayo, izinkampani zokuzalanisa zakwamanye amazwe zasabalalisa amalayisense futhi zaqala ukukhiqizwa kwembewu esezingeni eliphezulu nekhiqizayo yezinhlobo zazo ezweni.
Futhi "ukulingana" emkhakheni wokukhetha kwanyamalala ngokushesha njengoba ukukhiqizwa kweRussia uqobo kuba buthaka. Amanani embewu yamazambane angenisiwe anyukile, futhi izinga lawo seliqale ukwehla ngokuphawulekayo. Kodwa kuphela ngemva kwesigaba sokuqala se-anti-Russian unswinyo ngo-2014 ezingeni likahulumeni kwafika ukuqonda kwengozi enkulu yokuthembela okuphelele ekukhethweni kwamanye amazwe. Ngo-2016, uMongameli weRussian Federation wayala ukuthi kuthuthukiswe uhlelo lokuxhasa ukukhethwa kweRussia kanye nokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane (FNTP) ukuze kwandiswe amanani okukhiqiza futhi kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yamazambane embewu ukuze kuqedwe ukuthembela ekuthengeni kwamanye amazwe. Pho kungani sisebenzisa igama elithi "inkathi yemvuselelo engaba khona" kunesikhathi sokuzalwa kabusha? Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ekusebenzeni ukwesekwa kunikezwa ngendlela engaqondakali.
Ngokombono wethu, kungaba okunengqondo ukuqondisa izinyathelo eziyinhloko kanye nenani lemali (okungenani i-50%) ye-FSTP ukukhuthaza ukukhuphuka okuqondile kwevolumu yokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane futhi kuthuthukise ikhwalithi yayo. Izinyathelo ezinjalo zihlanganisa:
- ukuxhasa izindleko zembewu ethengisiwe yezinhlobo ezintsha zaseRussia zazo zonke izigaba;
- ukuxhasa ukutholwa kwamabhizinisi abambe iqhaza futhi andise umthamo wokukhiqizwa kwembewu ngokudlanga kwezinhlobo ezintsha zaseRussia, izindlela ezikhethekile zokukhiqiza, ukwenziwa kwesimanjemanje kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindawo zokugcina;
- ukuhlelwa kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwengqalasizinda yendawo ekhethekile yesigaba "seBanga Eliphezulu" ezifundeni ezisenyakatho yeRussian Federation ukuze kukhiqizwe amazambane embewu esezingeni eliphakeme emakethe yasekhaya kanye nokuthekelisa;
- ukugqugquzela ukukhiqizwa kwasekhaya kwemishini yokuvikela amakhemikhali;
- ukugqugquzela ukukhiqizwa kwemishini ekhethekile yokukhiqiza imbewu yamazambane.
Imvelo ehlelekile kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwawo wonke amandla nezinsiza zezwe ukuze kuxazululwe lezi zinkinga ezicindezela ngempela embonini futhi kufinyelelwe inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile kumthamo wokukhiqizwa kwembewu nokutshalwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zokukhethwa kweRussia akukabonakali. Izinkampani zokuzalanisa zakwamanye amazwe zinesithakazelo esikhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isikhathi nemali iyachithwa, kodwa akukho ukuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo ekukhethweni kweRussia. Abafuni ukulahlekelwa imakethe yokuthengisa enekhono futhi engapheli.
Kungenzeka yini ukuqinisekisa ukuncintisana kokuzalanisa amazambane aseRussia esimweni samanje se-macroeconomic? Yebo, kukhona, kodwa kuphela ngesisekelo samakhono akhona amabhizinisi ngamanye. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa kanyekanye futhi ulawule izingxenye ezimbalwa zokuncintisana okuphezulu:
Okokuqala: dala izinhlobonhlobo zezinga eliphezulu (lomhlaba), ngenhlanhla kukhona okuthile nomuntu ongaqhathanisa nokuncintisana naye. Ukukhethwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu yamazambane, kufaka phakathi asekelayo, ngoba nasezimweni zendawo njalo kuphumelela, uma nje kungenxa yokuthi amazambane angumkhiqizo onzima futhi onzima ukuwuthwala.
Owesibili: Ukusebenzisa ifomethi yebhizinisi lokuzalanisa nokukhiqiza imbewu kuyisici esibaluleke kakhulu kanye nesimo sokuqinisekisa ukuncintisana kokuzalanisa amazambane eRussian Federation. Emazweni athuthukile, amafemu okuzalanisa ahlanganyela ekukhiqizeni imbewu, alawula ukukhiqizwa kwembewu ngayo yonke indlela futhi akubheke njengomphumela wokukhetha. Ukukhetha okuhlukene kanye nokukhiqizwa kwembewu ehlukene kuyinketho engenathemba.
Okwesithathu: sebenza ezingeni lesimanjemanje, lomhlaba wonke, sebenzisa ngokugcwele zonke izici zokuncintisana kulo mkhakha: ubungcweti; umhlabathi olungile nezimo zezulu; ukuhlomisa ngezinto ezikhethekile zesimanje kakhulu kanye nesisekelo sobuchwepheshe; ochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe kakhulu; ukuhambisana nezidingo nemithethonqubo yenhlangano, indlela kanye nezobuchwepheshe.
Okwesine: lawula futhi ugweme izingozi emsebenzini (isikhathi sokukhula esifushane; izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lomoya nenhlabathi; ukuntuleka komswakama; ukuchelela; ukungenisa kwe-tuber material; inhlanganisela yokukhiqiza imbewu kanye nokutshala amazambane athengiswayo).
Okwesihlanu: qinisekisa izinga eliphezulu lekhwalithi yezinto ezikhiqizwayo zembewu (okusho izinhlobonhlobo, izinkomba zokuhlwanyela kanye nezakhiwo zesivuno). Izimfanelo zokuhlwanyela kanye nezakhiwo ezikhiqizayo ziyizinqolobane ezibaluleke kakhulu zenqubekelaphambili yamabhizinisi okuzalanisa aseRussia.
Ekuphetheni, sigcizelela ukuthi singakhuluma ngokuncintisana emakethe yasekhaya yeRussian Federation kanye nokuqaliswa kwangempela yisimo sesethi yezinyathelo ezidingekayo zokuthuthukisa nokusekela umnotho wasekhaya.
Sergey Banadysev, udokotela wezolimo. Sciences, LLC "DGT",
U-Elena Shanina, udokotela wezolimo. Isayensi, i-Ural Research Institute of Agriculture