Umkhakha wamazambane omkhulu waseRussia ka-2022/23 ukhombise izimpawu zokukhiqiza ngokweqile. Eqinisweni, akukho ukukhiqiza ngokweqile, lesi yisimo esenziwe ngokwenziwa emkhakheni wezohwebo olawulwa amanethiwekhi okuhweba angaphandle.
Izambane liyisitshalo sokudla esibaluleke kakhulu, indima yaso kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo kuzokhula kancane kancane esikhathini esizayo. Mayelana nokuqoqwa kwamandla esitjalweni ngeyunithi ngayinye, izambane lidlula ngokuphawulekayo zonke ezinye izitshalo zezolimo zesimo sezulu esipholile; liwumsebenzisi oyonga kakhulu futhi osebenza kahle kakhulu wamanzi, ohlinzeka ngesivuno esiphezulu emhlabathini ongaseceleni. Ukugomela kwezazi zezolimo namahlathi zaseRussia zangekhulu le-30 zokuthi ukutshala amazambane kufana nokuthola izikhwebu zommbila ezintathu lapho bekutshalwa khona kuzoba yiqiniso esikhathini esizayo. Uma kubhekwa la mathuba ezitshalo, ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane emhlabeni jikelele kulindeleke ukuthi kuphindeke kabili eminyakeni engama-XNUMX ezayo. I-Russia inazo zonke izimo namathuba (isimo sezulu senhlabathi kanye nezomnotho) ukuze ibe umkhiqizi ohamba phambili wamazambane ahweba ngekhwalithi ephezulu ezimakethe zomhlaba.
Isizathu sokuthengiswa okwanele kwamazambane kuvame ukubhekwa njengamanani aphezulu ezitolo zezitolo, uma kuqhathaniswa namanani okusanhlamvu ne-pasta. Izigaba zokudla ezihluke ngokuphelele ngenani lokudla okunomsoco kufanele ziqhudelane ngaphansi kwezimo zamandla okuthenga abantu anciphile eminyakeni yamuva. Amanani angenziwa ngokwejwayelekile ngokwethula imikhawulo yokulawula kusayizi wemajini yezohwebo (ingabi ngaphezu kwama-30%), ngokwethula indinganiso yesabelo semikhiqizo yasekhaya ekuthengisweni kwamaketanga okuthengisa (okungenani ama-90%), nokuvimbela ukungeniswa kwamazambane kwamanye amazwe. Lawa amathuluzi esimanjemanje athuthukile kwezomnotho asetshenziswa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzimela kokudla kanye nokweseka abakhiqizi bawo. Uhulumeni waseRussia, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ulinde iminyaka engu-30 ukuzilawula kwesandla esingabonakali semakethe, esimenyezelwe yi-theorists, okuvimbela ngokucacile ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wasekhaya kokubili ngokujwayelekile futhi ikakhulukazi. Ezimweni zamanje, abalimi bamazambane baseRussia ngokwabo badinga ukufunda ukusebenzisa izindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuthengisa imikhiqizo, okuwusizo ukutadisha nokusebenzisa ulwazi olungcono kakhulu lwangaphandle. Njengesibonelo okumele usilandele, cabanga ngohlelo lwe-Idaho Potato Trade Marketing System lwango-2023 - idokhumenti efinyeleleka kalula futhi enamandla kakhulu. Njengamanje, amabhizinisi ayi-150 kulesi sifundazwe endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-120 ngonyaka akhula amathani amazambane ayizigidi ezi-5, lokhu kuyingxenye yesithathu yawo wonke amazambane aseMelika. Futhi bayithengisa ngempumelelo, nakuba besathembele ezinhlobonhlobo ze-Russet endala futhi kunalokho yasekuqaleni (i-tuber enkulu e-oval emide engajwayelekile, enesikhumba esinsundu esikhanyayo nenyama emhlophe). Ingxenye enkulu yalesi sitshalo isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ama-fried, kodwa i-Russet isaqhubeka nokuduma njengezambane letafula (cishe isigamu sengqikithi yokuthengiswa kwe-US).
Izimo eziyisisekelo kanye nezici zokuthengisa ngempumelelo amazambane
1. Ubuchwepheshe kanye nokwenyuka kwamavolumu okukhiqiza. Amabhizinisi amancane awakwazi ukuhlinzeka ngamazambane kumaketanga okuthengisa isikhathi eside. Ukukhula kwamazambane kuhlangene noma kuhlanganiswe nokukhula kwemifino, kodwa kufanele kube umsebenzi oyinhloko kulokhu. Akunangqondo futhi ngeke kuphumelele uma utshala amazambane ngaphezu kwento efana nesitshalo esincane. Ngakho-ke, amapulazi amakhulu eRiphabhulikhi yaseBelarus agxile kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ubisi lwenyama nobisi, ngaphandle kokungavamile, anciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane. Amapulazi akhethekile kuphela aqhubeka namasiko okukhula kwezambane laseBelarusian elake lakhazimula, kepha amavolumu awafani. Ngezinye izikhathi akwanele emakethe yasekhaya.
2. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamabhizinisi akhulisa amazambane. I-Idaho Potato Association - I-Idaho Potato Commission (IPC) - yasungulwa ngo-1937 (!) Ngokwemvelo, hhayi ngokuphazima kweso, kodwa lokhu kuholele kunqubomgomo ehlangene yamanani nokumaketha, esekela ngempumelelo indima nezintshisekelo zemboni. Ukuba khona kwenyunyana yabasebenzi ehlanganisa bonke kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukusebenza ngokubambisana nangekhonsathi. Uma sikhuluma iqiniso, abalimi bamazambane baseRussia basekude nokuhlanganiswa. Ukuzanelisa, ukuzihlukanisa, ukucabanga kwepulazi kuyabusa: “Ngingakwazi ukuzithengisa ngokwami amazambane.” Kube nemizamo eminingana yokuhlanganisa futhi kunezinhlangano eziningi zezimboni, kodwa aziwuhlanganisi wonke umphakathi wamazambane. Ezingeni lesifunda, ukubambisana kwamabhizinisi amancane kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kwandiswe futhi kufomethwe umthamo wemikhiqizo ethengiswayo. Lawa futhi amacala angawodwa. Futhi ukuhlukana akukuvumeli ukuveza nokuvikela izintshisekelo zemboni. Akunakwenzeka ngisho nokwenza isikhundla esihlangene uma inhlangano ingafaki amabhizinisi aseRussia kuphela, kodwa futhi nabamele izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe ezinezintshisekelo ezihluke ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, iziphakamiso zivame ukuvela ezinhlanganweni ezikhuthaza izithakazelo hhayi zaseRussia, kodwa izinkampani zakwamanye amazwe.
3. Imikhiqizo yekhwalithi ephezulu. Isikhundla asidingi ukuthethelelwa, wonke umuntu kufanele alwele ukufinyelela izinga eliphezulu. Inkinga isesilinganisweni: esikhathini esizayo, amazambane amazambane azoqhudelana nesivuno esiphelele okungenani esingu-40 t/ha kanye nokumaketheka okungenani okungama-85%. Amazambane athengiswayo asho ingxenye yesitshalo ethengiswa ngamanani aphezulu. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, amanani aphezulu abakhiqizi (okungukuthi avela endaweni yokugcina impahla) ayebhekwa njenge-$ 100 / ton, futhi ngemva kokunyuka komhlaba wonke kwentengo yezimpahla nezinto zokwakha ngo-2021/22, okungenani $200/ton.
4. Izinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo. Ngaphandle kokuzibophezela kwe-American Conservative ku-Russet, ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinhlobo ezinhlanu zamazambane zihlala zikhona emashalofini e-United States: ophuzi, obomvu, omhlophe, omnandi kanye nomphakathi. Athengiswa ngezilinganiso ezihlukene.
Ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwezibalo zokuthengisa zesikhathi eside, izifunda ezimbalwa zezwe zihlonzwe ngezici ezihlukile zokusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamazambane. Lezi zici ziyacatshangelwa lapho kuhlelwa i-assortment yokulima nokuthengisa.
Futhi kuyasiza ngathi ngokuzimisela, kodwa ngokucabangisisa, sandise izinhlobonhlobo zamazambane etafula, umugqa womkhiqizo. Ukudlondlobala kohlobo olufanayo lwezinhlobo emashalofini ezitolo zaseRussia (eminyakeni yamuva nje bekunamazambane ayindilinga aphuzi) kuncisha abathengi ithuba lokukhetha. Futhi ukuntuleka kokuzikhethela kunciphisa ukuthengiswa kwamazambane ngokujwayelekile.
5. Ukwazisa njalo abathengi mayelana nokuba wusizo kwamazambane. Impumelelo yokuthengisa amazambane e-Idaho isekelwe, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ekwandiseni ukubaluleka komsoco nokondleka kwamazambane njengomkhiqizo wokudla. Kumelwe sivume ngokweqiniso ukuthi cishe asiyinaki le ngxenye yokukhushulwa. Okwamanje, kubaluleke kakhulu ukudlulisa ulwazi olusekelwe ngokwesayensi kumthengi.
Amazambane awukudla okunomsoco omningi. Njengoba wazi, ukusizakala kokudla kunqunywa isilinganiso sezakhi nama-calories. Isibonelo, amagremu ayi-100 wamazambane abhakiwe aqukethe cishe ama-calories angama-97, noma u-5% wesibonelelo sansuku zonke esinconyiwe. Kodwa lokho kukhonza okufanayo kunikeza u-10% wokudla kwakho kwansuku zonke kwe-fiber yokudla, uvithamini B6, ne-potassium, kanye no-5% noma ngaphezulu we-thiamine, i-niacin, uvithamini C, uvithamini E, uvithamini K, i-phosphorus, i-magnesium, nethusi, nokunye okwengeziwe. Futhi lokhu kufakazela ukuthi amazambane awukudla okunempilo kakhulu.
Amazambane kanye nobhontshisi oluhlaza kwakubalwa njengokudla okunomsoco omningi ngeyunithi ngayinye yemali esetshenziswe ocwaningweni lokudla okuvamile okungu-90. Ukukwazi ukuthengeka, inani lokudla okunomsoco, isikhathi eside seshalofu kanye nesivuno esikhulu samazambane kuwenza abe yingxenye ebalulekile yesu lokuphepha.
Amazambane ahlukaniswa ngokuthi "imifino enesitashi", okugqamisa i-macronutrient evelele, ama-carbohydrate, kanye nohlobo lwe-carbohydrate oluhamba phambili, isitashi. Isitashi samazambane sakhiwe i-amylopectin (i-glucose polymer yegatsha legatsha) kanye ne-amylose (i-glucose polymer ye-straight-chain) ngokwesilinganiso esingaguquki esingu-3:1. Lesi "sitashi esingazweli" (RS) sivutshelwa kakhulu yi-microflora kukholoni ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-acid e-short-chain fatty aboniswe ehlisa i-pH yamathumbu, amazinga e-ammonia anobuthi aphansi emgudwini wesisu, futhi asebenze njengama-prebiotics ukukhuthaza ukukhula amagciwane e-colon azuzisayo.. Ucwaningo olusha lwemodeli yezilwane kanye nocwaningo oluthile olulinganiselwe lwabantu lubonisa ukuthi i-RS ingase ikhulise ukusutha, ibe nomthelela omuhle ekubunjweni komzimba, ibe nomthelela omuhle emazingeni egazi le-lipid ne-glucose, futhi yandise amagciwane anenzuzo kukholoni.
Amazambane aqukethe izigaba ezimbili kwezinhlanu ze-RS: i-RS2, etholakala kakhulu kumazambane aluhlaza, kanye ne-RS3, eyenziwa lapho amazambane abiliswa futhi apholiswa. Ucwaningo lwakamuva luhlole inani le-RS ezinhlotsheni ezintathu zamazambane ezidumile eziphekwe ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene (ukubhaka nokubilisa) futhi ziphakwe emazingeni okushisa amathathu ahlukene. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi okuqukethwe kwe-RS kumazambane kwahluka kakhulu kuye ngendlela yokupheka nezinga lokushisa, kodwa hhayi ezinhlobonhlobo. Isibonelo, amazambane abhakiwe ayenama-RS amaningi (3,6 g RS per 100 g amazambane) kunamazambane abilisiwe (2,4 g RS per 100 g amazambane). Futhi ngokwesilinganiso, amazambane abandayo (ekuqale abhakwa noma abilisiwe) aqukethe i-RS eningi (4,3g RS kumazambane ayi-100g), alandelwa amazambane abandayo futhi ashiswe kabusha (3,5g RS per 100gmazambane amazambane) kanye namazambane anikezwa kushisa. nge-3,1 g yamazambane). Ngisho namazambane acutshunguliwe (njengamazambane ama-flakes) abonakala egcina inani elikhulu lesitashi elimelana nezwe.
Ngaphezu kwe-RS, amazambane aqukethe i-fiber yokudla - cishe ama-2 g nge-150 g, okuyi-7% yenani lansuku zonke. Zitholakala kokubili ku-pulp kanye nekhasi. Amazambane amhlophe anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-fiber. Okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni aluhlaza kumazambane kuqhathaniswa nezinye izisekelo eziningi zezimpande nama-tuber, cishe ama-2-4 g nge-tuber eyisilinganiso. Izinga lephrotheni livame ukubizwa ngokuthi "inani lebhayoloji" (BC), elicabangela iphrofayili ye-amino acid yeprotheni kanye nokutholakala kwayo kwe-bioavailability. Iqanda elimhlophe linenani lebhayoloji elingu-100 futhi lithathwa njengereferensi. Amazambane ane-BV 90 ephezulu uma kuqhathaniswa neminye imithombo ebalulekile yamaprotheni ezitshalo (isb. ubhontshisi wesoya one-BV engama-84 nobhontshisi one-BV engama-73). Kuwumbono oyiphutha ovamile wokuthi amaprotheni ezitshalo awekho noma ashoda ngeyodwa noma amaningi ama-amino acid abalulekile. Eqinisweni, amazambane aqukethe wonke ama-amino acid ayisishiyagalolunye abalulekile futhi ngaleyo ndlela angamaprotheni aphelele. Iphrotheni yamazambane iphakeme kunamanye amaprotheni emifino futhi ifana namaprotheni ezilwane ngokuphathelene nokuqukethwe kwama-amino acid abalulekile.
macro kanye trace izakhi. Amazambane anamavithamini namaminerali amaningi abalulekile, ikakhulukazi amavithamini C no-B6, kanye namaminerali e-potassium, i-magnesium nensimbi. Izambane eliphakathi nendawo (150 g) liqukethe u-27 mg kavithamini C, omningi impela. Amazambane angumthombo wokudla wesihlanu ophezulu wevithamini C kubantu baseMelika. Amazambane aqukethe i-riboflavin, i-thiamine kanye ne-folic acid, futhi angumthombo omuhle kavithamini B6 (12% we-US Daily Value ngokuphakelwa).
Amazambane angenye yemithombo egxile kakhulu ye-potassium, enezilimo eziyizigaxa eziphakeme kakhulu kunobhanana, amawolintshi kanye ne-broccoli.
Amazambane ane-magnesium ephezulu (cishe ama-48 mg ku-tuber ephakathi nesikhumba), futhi ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonisa ukuthi cishe u-5% yenani eliphelele le-magnesium ekudleni kwaseMelika livela kumazambane.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-ayoni ayiphezulu kakhulu kumazambane (1,3 mg noma 6% yenani lansuku zonke e-US), kodwa i-bioavailability yalesi sakhi iphakeme kakhulu kunemifino eminingi enensimbi.
Kuwumbono oyiphutha ovamile ukuthi zonke izakhamzimba zisesikhumbeni sezambane. Iqukethe cishe uhhafu wayo yonke i-fiber yokudla, kodwa iningi (> 50%) lomsoco lisekhona ku-pulp. Njengemifino eminingi, i-bioavailability yezakhamzimba eziningi kumazambane, ikakhulukazi amavithamini namaminerali ancibilika emanzini, kuncike ekucubunguleni nasekulungiseni izindlela. Ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezakhamzimba kwenzeka lapho amanzi esetshenziselwa ukupheka (ukupheka) kanye/noma lapho ukudla kubekwe emazingeni okushisa aphezulu isikhathi eside (isib. ukubhaka).
Ama-Phytonutrients. Amazambane aqukethe nezinhlobonhlobo ze-phytonutrients, ngokuyinhloko i-carotenoids nama-phenolic acids, futhi angumthombo omkhulu wezitshalo ezisekelwe e-phenolic compounds ekudleni kwaseMelika. Ama-carotenoid afana ne-lutein, i-zeaxanthin ne-violaxanthin atholakala kakhulu kumazambane aphuzi nabomvu, nakuba amanani amancane atholakala kumazambane amhlophe. Ingqikithi yokuqukethwe kwe-carotenoid kumazambane isukela ku-35 µg kuya ku-795 µg nge-100 g yesisindo esisha. Izinhlobo eziphuzi ezimnyama ziqukethe ama-carotenoid aphindwe ka-10 kunezinhlobo ezinenyama emhlophe. Ama-anthocyanins ayizinhlanganisela ze-phenolic ezitholakala kuncindi yezimbali, izithelo, namaqabunga ezitshalo futhi anikeze imibala esukela kokubomvu kuye kokusajingijolo kanye noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuye konsomi. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-anthocyanin kumazambane kufaka i-acylated petunidine glycosides (amazambane ansomi) kanye ne-acylated pelargonidin glycosides (amazambane abomvu nansomi). I-Chlorogenic acid, inhlanganisela ye-polyphenolic engenambala, iyisitshalo sesibili se-metabolite futhi ifinyelela ku-80% wengqikithi yokuqukethwe kwe-phenol ezigabeni zamazambane. Ekugcineni, I-Quercetin iyi-flavonoid etholakala ngamanani aphezulu kumazambane ansundu abomvu nabomvu futhi inezindawo zokulwa nokuvuvukala kanye ne-antioxidant ku-vitro kanye ne-vivo. Njengamanye ama-phytonutrients ezitshalo, i-glycoalkaloids ayinayo imiphumela enobuthi kuphela, kodwa futhi nemiphumela emihle, kuhlanganise nokunciphisa i-cholesterol, i-anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, nemiphumela ye-antipyretic. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu kwaziswa, kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi inani le-glycoalkaloids emazambane atholakalayo ukuze lisetshenziswe abantu ngokuvamile liphansi, futhi ukususa izithombo nokuhlubula isikhumba 3-4 mm ubukhulu ngaphandle ngaphambi kokupheka kususa cishe wonke ama-glycoalkaloids (ukuthola imininingwane eyengeziwe. , bheka iPotato Journal). uhlelo" No. 2, 2023).
Amazambane awanayo i-gluten (iqembu lamaprotheni enza i-gluten ezinhlamvini zokusanhlamvu abantu abaningi abangezwani nayo), ngakho awumthombo oyinhloko wama-carbohydrate ekudleni kwabantu abanesifo se-celiac kanye/noma ukuzwela kwe-gluten. Ukumane ukhiphe ukudla okune-gluten kungaholela kokunye ukuntula izakhi: i-fiber kanye nama-micronutrients amaningana, okuhlanganisa i-thiamine, i-folate, i-magnesium, i-calcium, ne-iron. Ngenxa yokuthi amazambane aqukethe inani lalezi zakhi zomsoco, awukudla okuyisisekelo kulabo abadinga noma abafuna ukulandela ukudla okungenayo i-gluten noma okukhawulelwe kwe-gluten. Emaphaketheni ama-chips amazambane (hhayi uhlobo olunempilo kakhulu lomkhiqizo wamazambane), sekuya kuba yimfashini ukunganaki okuqukethwe kwekhalori ephezulu, kodwa okuqukethwe yi-zero gluten.
6. Ukucindezelwa okuqinile kolwazi olungamanga olungalungile mayelana nezakhiwo ezinomsoco zamazambane. Abalimi bamazambane e-Idaho baqhubeka behlola indawo yolwazi futhi baphikise ngokushesha imininingwane engamanga ngezingozi zamazambane njengomkhiqizo wokudla. Basuka eqinisweni lokuthi umlayezo ngamunye omubi kufanele ususwe ezine ezinhle - esihlokweni esifanayo naseziteshini zolwazi ezifanayo. Izihlamba zamaFilisti-amateurish ngokumelene namazambane zivezwa ngezikhathi ezithile ezinye zezokudla emhlabeni wonke, ezindaweni ezintathu eziyinhloko:
Umfutho wegazi/umfutho wegazi ophezulu. I-U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) igunyaze isicelo sokuthi inzuzo potassium impilo kanye normalization of blood pressure. Njengoba kunikezwe okuqukethwe kwawo okuphezulu kwe-potassium nokuqukethwe kwe-sodium ephansi, amazambane angase abe ukudla okufanele ekwelapheni umfutho wegazi ophakeme. Nokho, olunye ucwaningo lwezokwelapha lwaphetha ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwamafrimu abhakiwe, abilisiwe, nama-French kuhlotshaniswa nengozi yokuba nomfutho wegazi ophakeme. Ukuhlolisisa imiphumela yalolu cwaningo kubonise ukuthi azikho izizathu zesiphetho esinjalo esingaguquki. Kwezinye izimo, ubudlelwano obuhle phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwamazambane kanye nokuthuthukiswa komfutho wegazi ophezulu kwabonwa kwabesifazane kuphela, kanti kwabesilisa ukuthuthuka kwaphawulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushintsha amazambane ngemifino engeyona isitashi kwakuzuzisa emaqenjini amabili kuphela abesifazane; emadodeni, kwandisa ingozi yomfutho wegazi ophakeme. Futhi esikhundleni samazambane esikhundleni semifino enesitashi (uphizi, ubhontshisi, ummbila, nobhatata) akuzange kunciphise ingozi yomfutho wegazi ophakeme kunoma yiliphi iqembu.
Ukulawula isisindo/ukukhuluphala. Amazambane ngendlela yawo yemvelo iyisitshalo semifino esinekhalori ephansi esinamandla acishe abe ngu-90 kcal nge-100 g yesisindo esisha (eqhathaniswa nokuqukethwe kwekhalori kwezaqathi, iklabishi, ama-beet). Okuqukethwe kwekhalori yamazambane kukhula izikhathi eziningi lapho kuthoswe ngamafutha noma emafutheni. Ngakho-ke, ama-chips anokuqukethwe kwekhalori okungaba ngu-450 kcal nge-100 g, kodwa cishe u-30% wesisindo sawo ungamafutha yemifino.
Siyaqaphela futhi ukuthi ukuthola amandla ngumuntu ngokudla kuwumgomo oyinhloko kanye nencazelo yokudla okunomsoco. Inkinga yokukhuluphala ayibangelwa ukuba khona kwama-kilojoule, kodwa ngenxa yobuningi bamandla adliwe ngokudla phezu kwezindleko zamandla. Abantu abaphila ngokuzihlalela kufanele baqaphele bafake amazambane abilisiwe namazambane agayiwe ekudleni kwabo, futhi bahlukanise amafrimu njengezitsha zamaholide.
Kodwa-ke, ku-inthanethi ungathola kalula lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ososayensi baseBrithani, ukubeka amazambane ngokulingana neziphuzo ezinoshukela kanye nenyama ebomvu egayiwe. Abalimi bamazambane e-Idaho kufanele baphikise ngokungapheli iziphetho ezinesibindi.
Impendulo ye-Glycemic/Type 2 sikashukela. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwawo kwama-carbohydrate kanye nenkomba ye-glycemic ephezulu (GI) ecatshangwayo, amazambane awagcini nje ngokukhawulelwa ekudleni okunesifo sikashukela, kodwa futhi acashunwe njengembangela yalesi sifo. Nokho, azikho izifundo zomtholampilo/zokuhlola ezifakazela ubuhlobo obunjalo bembangela. Kodwa-ke, abanye ababhali bafinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi amazambane (okuhlanganisa abhakiwe, abilisiwe, agayiwe kanye namafrentshi) ahlotshaniswa kahle nengozi yesifo sikashukela sohlobo 2, futhi acaphuna i-GI yamazambane njengendlela engase ibe yingozi enkulu. Ukubuyekezwa okusondelene okuzimele kwemiphumela yalolu cwaningo kubonise ukuthi uma i-body mass index (BMI) ifakiwe kumodeli yezibalo futhi ilawulwa njenge-cofactor, inhlangano ayizange ihlale ibalulekile kumazambane abhakiwe, abilisiwe noma agayiwe. Ukulawulwa kwe-BMI kubalulekile ngoba ukukhuluphala ngokweqile/ukukhuluphala kuyisici esiyinhloko sobungozi bohlobo 2 lwesifo sikashukela. Kwadingeka futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi abalobi abazange bacabangele ezinye izici zokudla ezingase zichaze lobu buhlobo, ikakhulukazi inyama ebomvu.
Ngokuqondene nenkomba ye-glycemic ngokwayo, ekhombisa izinga elihlobene lokuqhekeka kwesitashi kuya ku-glucose emgudwini wokugaya ukudla komuntu, liyahlukahluka kakhulu kumazambane ngokuya ngohlobo lokupheka nendlela yokusetshenziswa. Amanani e-GI asukela kwaphakathi (amazambane abomvu abilisiwe adliwa ebanda: 56) kuya phezulu kakhulu (amazambane abhakiwe aseRusset: 77) kuya phezulu (amazambane abunjiwe asheshayo: 88; amazambane abomvu abilisiwe: 89). Olunye ucwaningo lwabheka i-GI yezinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili zamazambane e-UK futhi lwathola uhla lwama-56 kuya ku-94. Futhi esinye isixwayiso: Amafrimu aseFrance ane-GI ephansi kunamazambane abilisiwe.
7. Ukwazisa abathengi mayelana nezinzuzo zezempilo zamazambane. Umthelela wamazambane empilweni yabantu ubukade ubukelwa phansi (uma kuqhathaniswa nenani lemifino). Kodwa iqukethe ukugxila okuphezulu kakhulu kwama-phytonutrients abalulekile anomsebenzi webhayoloji ongamelana nokuthuthukiswa kwezifo ezingapheli. Njengamanje, izivivinyo zomtholampilo ziye zafakazela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa njalo kwamazambane kunemiphumela ye-hypocholesterolemic kanye ne-anti-inflammatory, kusiza ukunciphisa ingozi yomdlavuza, isifo sikashukela, nokukhuluphala.
8. Ukwazisa abathengi ngokuphathwa ngendlela kwamazambane: indlela yokugcina, indlela yokuvimbela ukutshala, ukuhluma, ukulahlekelwa isisindo. Isibonelo, izwi nezwi esihlokweni sohlaza: I-Chlorophyll kanye ne-glycoalkaloids ngokwemvelo itholakala kumazambane. Ukuvezwa kwamazambane ekukhanyeni ensimini, endaweni yokugcina izinto, emashalofini esitolo segrosa, noma ekhaya kungabangela umbala oluhlaza ebusweni bezambane. Lokhu “kwenza luhlaza” kubangelwa ukwakheka kwe-chlorophyll, i-pigment etholakala ekudleni okuningi kwezitshalo, okuhlanganisa ulethisi, isipinashi, ne-broccoli. Amazambane, avame ukudliwa, ane-solanine encane. Amazinga aphezulu e-glycoalkaloids avame ukutholakala emahlumela, izimbali, amaqabunga, noma ezinye izingxenye ezikhulayo ze-tuber, okungezona izingxenye zamazambane ezivame ukudla abantu. Ukugcwala kwe-glycoalkaloids kuphezulu kumazambane angavuthiwe futhi kuncipha njengoba i-tuber ikhula futhi ivuthwa. Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi izinhlelo zokuzalanisa amazambane ziye zaholela ekukhishweni kwezentengiselwano kwemigqa ephansi kakhulu yamazambane e-solanine. I-FDA ibheka okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-glycoalkaloid okwamukelekile njengo-20-25mg/100g wesisindo samazambane amasha. Isibonelo, isilinganiso sokusabela komuntu okunobuthi kuma-glycoalkaloid singama-3 mg/kg wesisindo somzimba (ububanzi obuyi-1-5 mg/kg isisindo somzimba). Uma sicabanga ukuthi amazambane aqukethe ama-glycoalkaloid ezingeni elinconyiwe elingu-200 ppm, umuntu ongu-80 kg (176 lb) kuzodingeka adle ikhilogremu egcwele yezilonda zamazambane ekuphakeni ngakunye ukuze kubangele ukusabela okunobuthi. Futhi qaphela ukuthi amazambane analokhu okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-glycoalkaloid azoba nokunambitheka okubabayo, okuvuthayo. Ukunciphisa ukwakheka kwama-glycoalkaloids kumazambane ngesikhathi sokuvuna nangemva kokuvuna, imikhiqizo kufanele igcinwe endaweni epholile, emnyama. Uma ubona indawo eluhlaza kumazambane, yinqume, ingxenye eyinhloko yomkhiqizo iyasebenziseka.
I-Idaho Potato Growers Association isebenzisa isitayela esizolile nesakhayo sokwethula. Futhi unikeza izimpikiswano, ebhekisela emithonjeni yesayensi egunyaziwe yolwazi ngesihloko.
9. Izindlela zokupheka ezivuselelwa njalo zezitsha zamazambane. Lokhu, empeleni, ibhulokhi eyinhloko yolwazi kubathengi. Amawebhusayithi ezinhlangano ezikhulisa amazambane kanye namabhizinisi amaningi akhiqiza amazambane anezigaba eziningi zokupheka ezinemininingwane yokupheka, izithombe ezinhle zezitsha zamazambane kanye nokuphakelwa. Zihlala zigcwaliswa futhi zikhangiswa, kufaka phakathi esigabeni sokudayisa amazambane ezitolo.
10. Inhlangano yokudala yohwebo lwamazambane. Izincomo zezitolo zango-2023:
- khuthaza amazambane athandwa kakhulu;
- dala izithombe zokukhangisa ngamathoni abomvu-nsundu (kusiza ukwandisa ukuthengisa ngo-13%);
- beka izikhangiso ezibukweni ezitolo ezinkulu (ukwanda okwengeziwe kokuthengiswa ngo-22%, ngokusho kwe-IPC);
- sebenzisa izimpawu ze-IPC ekwakhiweni kwendawo yokuhweba (njengesikhumbuzo kumthengi ngamazambane e-Idaho);
- sebenzisa ekukhangiseni isithombe samaphakheji ngemikhiqizo (ucezu, ukuze abathengi bangatholi umbono wokuthi amazambane athengiswa kuphela ngobuningi);
- yenza ukwakheka kwamazambane kuhluke (amazambane e-Idaho angaphezulu kweRusset);
- hlela imincintiswano yabathandi bamazambane (imiqhudelwano yandisa inani lababekhona ezitolo).
I-Idaho Potato Growers Association ixhasa ngezimali amafestivali amazambane, ihlela irali ecishe ibe njalo kulo lonke elase-United States nge-mega-trailer enesithombe seshubhu yamazambane, amalotho ahlukahlukene anemiklomelo yabathengi bamazambane abakhuthele. Futhi akalindele ukuthi izambane elihle lingazithengisa, esisathembele kulo. Abalimi bamazambane baseRussia nabo kufanele balandele le ndlela. Izinyathelo eziningi ezisebenzayo zokukhuthaza ukuthengisa zingaphezu kwamandla anoma yiliphi ibhizinisi elilodwa. Ngakho-ke, okubalulekile kokuqala ukuqaliswa kwesigaba sesi-2 (bheka ngenhla).
Sergey Banadysev, Udokotela Wesayensi Yezolimo Sci., Doka - Gene Technologies LLC