Imboni yokudla yamazambane eChina ithuthuka ngokushesha. Ngokwemithombo ehlukahlukene, kusuka ku-10 kuye ku-20% wesivuno esiphelele sithunyelwa ukuze sicutshungulwe minyaka yonke. Imikhiqizo egayiwe eyinhloko isitashi, amazambane aphelelwe amanzi emzimbeni (ama-flakes amazambane kanye nofulawa), ama-chips kanye nama-french afriziwe.
Isitashi
Isiqondiso esiyinhloko sokucubungula amazambane ukukhiqizwa kwesitashi samazambane. Ukubaluleka kwesitashi kungenxa yezizathu ezimbili: okokuqala, sisebenza njengempahla eluhlaza ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokusetshenzwa, futhi okwesibili, ukukhiqizwa kwesitashi kuyindlela eyinhloko yokusebenzisa izilimo eziyizigaxa ezingenakudayiswa zisha (ezincane, ezingenasici).
Isitashi esiningi sikhiqizwa eGansu nase-Inner Mongolia. Izikhungo ezinkulu zokukhiqiza zitholakala eGansu (ivolumu yokukhiqiza - amathani angama-788 ngonyaka), amathani angaphezu kuka-600 wesitashi ngonyaka akhiqizwa amabhizinisi e-Inner Mongolia.
Umkhiqizi omkhulu wesitashi samazambane e-China yi-Inner Mongolia Nailun Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd., enamandla okukhiqiza amathani ayi-100 ngonyaka.
Kunezimboni ezintathu zesitashi samazambane e-Chongqing, ezimbili zazo ziqhubeka nokucubungula isitashi esiba ama-noodle, okuxazulula inkinga yabasebenzi ebangelwa inkathi eqinile yokucubungula isitashi.
Izitshalo eziningi (okwamanje ziyisishiyagalombili) zikhiqiza kokubili isitashi samazambane kanye nesitashi esishintshiwe futhi zisebenzisa isitashi esimanzi (ngaphambi kokoma) ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo eshintshiwe, okusiza ukunciphisa izindleko zokomisa.
Amandla okukhiqiza isitashi samazambane esiguquliwe ezweni singamathani angama-458 ngonyaka. Njengoba inamafekthri amane namandla okukhiqiza angamathani ayi-000 ngonyaka, iGansu iyisifundazwe esihamba phambili.
Ukukhiqizwa kwesitashi esiguquliwe eShayina kuye kwenziwa kusukela ngawo-80, ikakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa umzimba, amakhemikhali, ama-enzymatic noma okuxubile kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokushintsha izakhiwo zesitashi semvelo.
Ngokusho kwe-China Starch Industry Association, zingaphezu kuka-2000 izinhlobo zemikhiqizo yesitashi eshintshiwe ekhiqizwayo njengamanje ezweni, okuhlanganisa isitashi esifakwe i-oxidized, isitashi esishintshiwe nge-asidi, isitashi se-cationic, i-cyclodextrin, nesitashi se-dialdehyde.
Ngo-2019, inani lokukhiqizwa kwesitashi esishintshiwe eChina lalingamathani ayi-1. Izinhlobonhlobo zesitashi esiguquliwe esikhiqiza amathani angaphezu kwe-757 zifaka isitashi esishintshiwe esiyinkimbinkimbi, isitashi esixutshwe ne-oxidized, isitashi se-cationic, isitashi se-acetate, isitashi se-phosphate kanye nesitashi se-pregelatinized esikhiqiza amathani angu-800, amathani angu-100, 000 kuya ku-319 kuya ku-200 kuya ku-279 tons, 600 tons. ns kanye amathani ayi-219 ngokulandelana. Umphumela wale mikhiqizo eyisithupha cishe u-900% wesamba sokukhiqizwa kwesitashi esilungisiwe.
Ukukhiqizwa kwesitashi esiguquliwe eChina kugxile kakhulu ezifundazweni zaseShandong, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Jiangsu naseJiangxi, okuhlanganisa ngaphezu kwama-85% omkhiqizo usuphelele. Ngo-2019, ukukhiqizwa kwesitashi esishintshiwe esifundazweni saseShandong kwaba amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-656,6. Kunamabhizinisi amane asebenza kulesi sifunda anomthamo wonyaka wamathani angaphezu kuka-100, okubalelwa ku-000% yenani lesitashi esiguquliwe. Phakathi kwazo, umkhiqizo we-Guangxi Nongken Mingyang Biochemical Group Co., Ltd. ngamathani ayi-40,96 (196% wesamba somkhiqizo wezwe).
Umthengi oyinhloko wesitashi esishintshiwe yimboni yamaphepha yaseShayina, eyenza ama-58% okusetshenziswa okuphelele kwesitashi esishintshiwe.
Isitashi esilungisiwe sibuye sisetshenziswe kakhulu yimboni yokudla, sibalwa ku-18% wesamba esisetshenziswa isitashi esishintshiwe e-China. Isitashi sisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ama-noodle asheshayo, amasoseji e-ham, iyogathi namasoso ahlukahlukene.
I-China ingumkhiqizi emhlabeni wonke wesitashi esiguquliwe, ikakhulukazi ngesimo se-dextrin kanye nesinye isitashi esishintshiwe. Inani eliphelele lokungeniswa kwesitashi esishintshiwe eChina lafinyelela kumathani angama-2019 ngo-369, likhuphuke ngo-100% kusukela ngonyaka owedlule, ngokusho kweChina Starch Industry Association.
Izinkinga eziyinhloko zokukhiqiza isitashi zihlobene neqiniso lokuthi leli bhizinisi lisebenzisa amabhizinisi amaningi amancane anamandla onyaka angaphansi kwamathani ayi-10, okuthola kunzima ukwethula ubuchwepheshe besimanje kanye nemishini ngesikhathi esifanele, ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezihlala ziqina. yezemvelo kanye nezinsiza zentela. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuphuma kubo, ngokombono kahulumeni, ukuhlanganisa nokwandisa izinga lokukhiqiza.
Ama-fries aseFrance
Lo mkhakha wokucubungula amazambane ukhula ngokushesha eChina.
Ukukhiqizwa kweShayina kwama-french fries aqandisiwe kwaba amathani angama-2006 ngo-63 futhi kwenyuka kwafinyelela kumathani angama-000 ngo-2015. Izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokukhula konyaka lalingama-318% ngo-000. Ngo-64,36, ngenxa yokulungiswa okuyingxenye kwamabhizinisi angaphandle ngokuphelele, isikali sokukhiqizwa kwe-French fry e-China sehle kancane. Ngo-2010, umthamo wokukhiqiza wonyaka wawungamathani angama-2016 ngesilinganiso sokukhula esingu-2017%.
Abathengi abakhulu bamazambane athosiwe e-China izindawo zokudlela ezisheshayo zesitayela saseNtshonalanga. Ochwepheshe babikezela ukuthi ngenxa yokukhula kwamadolobha, inani lezitolo ezinjalo zokudla lizokhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okuzothinta nemakethe yokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo. Qaphela ukuthi kusukela ngoFebhuwari 2020, bekunezindawo zokudlela zakwaMcDonald ezingaphezu kuka-3500 kanye nezindawo zokudlela ze-KFC eziyi-6600 ezweni.
Amanye amafrimu afriziwe angeniswa evela e-US, kodwa imakethe ibonisa ukwehla kokuthengwayo. Ngakho-ke ngo-2020, ukuthengwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe kwehle ngokushesha ngo-26% (isizathu esikhulu ukuthi yonke imikhiqizo yangaphandle ihlolwe isikhathi eside se-Covid-19, izitolo zokudlela zaphoqeleka ukuthi zishintshele ezimpahleni zasendaweni).
Ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane athosiwe e-China ngo-2022/23 kulinganiselwa kumathani angu-400, okungaphansi kancane kunonyaka odlule (amathani angu-000) ngenxa yekhwalithi ephansi yezinto ezingavuthiwe. Ngokusho kwemithombo yezimboni, amaphrosesa amaningi andise amahektare amazambane anenkontileka ekuqaleni kuka-410 ukuze ahlangabezane nesidingo esikhulayo sasekhaya, kodwa lokhu kukhuphuka kususwe amazambane amasha asezingeni eliphansi.
Phakathi kukaJulayi noSepthemba 2023, imigqa emisha emine yokukhiqiza yokukhiqiza amazambane athosiwe kulindeleke ukuthi yenziwe. Umthamo wabo ophelele wokukhiqiza uzofinyelela amathani engeziwe angama-400000, okuphinda kabili umthamo okhona.
Isikhathi sonyaka esishiwo singabalelwa ezinkingeni zendlela (kanye nayo yonke imboni yokucubungula amazambane). Iningi lamafekthri e-fry fry atholakala endaweni esenyakatho ye-monoculture, lapho amazambane evunwa khona ekwindla. Ukulethwa kwamazambane kule mikhiqizo kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya ku-Agasti kunqunyelwe, ngoba akunakwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi ukugcina inani elanele lemikhiqizo lisezingeni elifanele. Ingxenye yamabhizinisi esikhathini esingesiyo isizini isebenza ngezinto ezisetshenziswayo ezivela kwamanye amazwe.
Ama-chips
Imboni ye-snack e-China ithuthuka ngesivinini esiphezulu kakhulu, eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule, ngokusho koMnyango Wezohwebo we-PRC, imboni ikhule ngo-422,51%. Ngezindlela eziningi, ukuthandwa kwemikhiqizo engadliwa ekuhambeni kuhlotshaniswa nokusheshisa kwejubane lokuphila kwabantu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ama-chips amazambane kufanele amelane nokuncintisana okuqinile nezinye izinhlobo zokudla okulula ezisakazeke ezweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inselelo yomhlaba wonke yomkhiqizo ukuthambekela kwabathengi “ekudleni okunempilo” ngokuhambisana namathrendi endlela yokuphila enempilo emhlabeni jikelele.
Amafekthri e-Potato chip agxile kakhulu esifundazweni saseFujian (Dali Garden, Panpan, Qinqin (kuhlanganise namaPringles) njll. I-Shanghai (Lay's ne-Oishi) neBeijing (Orion) nazo ziyizikhungo ezinkulu zokukhiqiza ama-chips amazambane, babelana nge-accounting engu-22,59%. kanye no-12,91% wesamba esithengisiwe sikazwelonke.
I-Dali Group iyibhizinisi elikhulu kunawo wonke lamazambane e-China elithengiswa minyaka yonke ngama-yuan ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-16, okubalelwa ku-34,42% wesamba esithengisiwe sezwe. I-Dali Group inezinkampani ezingaphansi eziyi-18 ezifundazweni nasezifundeni eziyi-16 ezweni lonke. I-Copico brand chips yamazambane ikhiqizwa ezinkampanini ezingaphansi kuka-Dali ezingu-10 eziseQuanzhou, Chengdu, Jinan, Hubei, Jilin, Gansu, Maanshan, Shanxi naseYunnan.
ufulawa wamazambane
Ufulawa wamazambane ophelelwe amanzi emzimbeni uyimpahla ebalulekile yokukhiqiza ukudla ngoba unomsoco kunesitashi esimsulwa. Ama-noodle asekelwe isitashi ahlanzekile (kanye nemikhiqizo efanayo) anganikeza i-glucose kuphela emzimbeni womuntu, kuyilapho imikhiqizo yamazambane aphelele, njengamazambane agayiwe enziwe ngofulawa wamazambane aphelelwe amanzi, igcina inani lokudla okunomsoco we-tuber yonke yamazambane, i.e. isitashi, amaprotheni, amavithamini, i-fiber yokudla kanye namaminerali [Camire et al. 2009]. Ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kukafulawa wamazambane aphelelwe amanzi emzimbeni kubaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwemikhiqizo yamazambane abunjiwe enempilo futhi enomsoco elungele abantu baseShayina [Mu et al. 2017].
Eminye imikhiqizo yamazambane egayiwe
Eminyakeni yamuva, i-China iye yandisa izinguquko ekuphekeni kwemikhiqizo yendabuko eyenziwe ngaphambilini ngesisekelo sikakolweni noma ufulawa welayisi. Lapho ulungiselela isinkwa esishisayo, isinkwa esiyisicaba, ukolweni nama-noodle elayisi, amadombolo, ufulawa wamazambane wengezwa kusethi evamile yezithako. Umgomo oyinhloko wezinto ezintsha ukuthuthukisa izinga kanye nokwehlukahlukana kokudla okunomsoco kwezakhamuzi zezwe.
Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi isinkwa esenziwe ngenhlama ngokufakwa kukafulawa wamazambane siye sathuthukisa izimfanelo zokudla okunempilo nokusebenza kahle [Ama-Blades et al. 2008]. Ukwengeza ufulawa wamazambane kufulawa kakolweni kuye kwabikwa ukusiza ukunciphisa amazinga e-gluten nokuvimbela izinkinga ezihlobene nesifo se-celiac [Ijah et al. 2015]. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ochwepheshe abathuthukisa iresiphi benza yonke imizamo yokuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizo obuyekeziwe ugcina ukubukeka kwawo okujwayelekile kanye nokunambitheka kwawo. Ngakho-ke, kuyaphawulwa ukuthi ingxenye ephezulu kakhulu yama-granules amazambane ingalimaza izakhiwo ze-rheological zenhlama [Xu et al. 2017]. Ukwenza isinkwa, kunconywa ukusebenzisa ufulawa ovela ezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane (Hunmei, Blue Congo, Shepodi kanye ne-Atlantic).
Njengamanje, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-200 zokudla okuyisisekelo kwezambane sezakhiwe eChina, futhi ezinye zazo zidayiswe ngempumelelo.
Ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kwenani lemikhiqizo emisha kuphazanyiswa ukuntuleka kobuchwepheshe obukhethekile nemishini, kodwa le nkinga ixazululwa kancane kancane. Isibonelo ulayini wokukhiqiza i-noodle wesitashi samazambane othuthukiswe ososayensi nonjiniyela baseShayina. Imikhiqizo ivela emgqeni wokuhlanganisa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ihambelana ngokugcwele namasiko aseShayina, futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iwumkhiqizo wemboni yesimanje yokucubungula amazambane [Chen et al. 2017]. Ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe, ulayini wokukhiqiza ama-noodle ufaniswa nemigqa yokukhiqiza yama-french fries, amazambane aphelelwe amanzi emzimbeni, isitashi, njll.
ENingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-China (izifundazwe ezifana ne-Chongqing, i-Sichuan, ne-Guizhou), kukhona izambane lendabuko elilungele ukuphekwa eliwufanele ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni. Amazambane aphekwa ngesitimu, bese enqunywa abe yizicucu eziwugqinsi futhi aphelelwe amanzi. Umphumela uba umkhiqizo ocacile, ohlafunwayo ofana ne-abalone ephelelwe amanzi, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-abalone yemifino". Lolu hlobo lwamazambane aphelile aluxazululi kuphela inkinga yokugcina amazambane, kodwa futhi, ngokusekelwe emikhubeni yokudla yabantu baseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeChina, lungasetshenziswa ukulungisa isidlo esihlwabusayo kakhulu. Kunesidingo sokuthuthukisa imishini yokomisa ekhethekile yokucubungula lolu hlobo lwemikhiqizo yamazambane esezingeni eliphakeme ukuze kuncishiswe isikhathi sokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni - "ukomisa ilanga".
Ngu inikezwe ucwaningo Imboni Yokucubungula Amazambane e-China: Isimo Samanje, Amathrendi Azayo kanye Nomphumela Womhlaba Wonke; Zhao-jun Wang, Hong Liu, Fan-kui Zeng, Yan-chen Yang, Dan Xu, Yu-Ci Zhao, Xiao-feng Liu, Lovedeep Kaur, Gang Liu & Jaspreet Singh