Kuze kube ingxenye yesithathu yekhulu leminyaka elidlule, amazambane ayewumkhiqizo wokudla wendawo. Yadliwa futhi yacutshungulwa phakathi kwamakhulu ambalwa amakhilomitha ukusuka lapho ikhule khona, kodwa kancane kancane yaba yimpahla ebalulekile ekuhwebeni komhlaba. Ukuthuthwa okuqinisekisiwe kwesizini yonke kwempahla okuningi okusha, i.e. Amazambane emvelo anezici zawo futhi ahambisana nezingozi eziningi. Amazambane njengempahla ahlukaniswa ngokusemthethweni ngokwamazinga ajwayelekile amukelwayo. Emhwebeni wamazambane wamazwe ngamazwe, imithetho yezokuthutha olwandle iyona ebekwe ngokucophelela kakhulu (CargoHandbook.com). Ngezichibiyelo ezithile, le mithethonqubo iyasebenza futhi endleleni yokulethwa kwezimoto, okuthi ngenxa yezizathu eziningi ibe iyona eyinhloko eRussian Federation. Ngasikhathi sinye, abalimi bamazambane baseRussia kufanele baqale ukubhekisisa indlela yokulethwa olwandle, ngoba izinga lokuthuthuka kwemboni liyakhula, futhi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu ngokuzayo kuzokhuphula ukuncintisana kwamazambane aseRussia futhi kube lula ukuhlinzekwa kwawo kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. . Ngeke kukhishwe ukuthi kusabonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuthi amanani okuthutha amazambane ngojantshi phakathi kwezifunda ezikude zezwe azobuyela ezingeni elanele.
Amazambane njengento yokuthutha, izici eziyingozi kanye nokuvimbela ukulahlekelwa ngesikhathi sokuthutha
1. Izinga lokushisa ukuthutha kufanele kube ngendlela yokuthi ukulahlekelwa ngenxa yokuphefumula futhi, ngakho-ke, ukuncipha kwesisindo ngenxa yokuhwamuka kuphansi ngangokunokwenzeka. Amandla okuphefumula kwamazambane mancane ekushiseni kuka-3-5 °C, futhi ukusuka ku-12-18 °C akhuphuka izikhathi ezimbili kuya kwezintathu njalo ngo-10 °C, ehla ngo-40-50 °C ngokulimala kwe-tuber. Amazinga okushisa abalulekile asukela ku-21 kuya ku-29 °C. Lapho isikhathi sokulala okujulile siphela, amazambane aqala ukuhluma (emazingeni okushisa> 6-7 °C). Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuba amazambane athuthwe, kubalulekile ukusungula ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo amazambane ayegcinwe ngaphambili, njengoba lokhu kunomthelela obalulekile wokuthi amahlumela azohlala isikhathi eside kangakanani. Uma izinga lokushisa lesitoreji lingaphezu kuka-6-7 ° C, ukuhluma kufanele kulindelwe. Emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-3°C, amazambane aqala ukuba mnandi futhi alahlekelwe ukunambitheka (ukulimala okubandayo). Emazingeni okushisa asuka ku-2 kuya ku-3 °C, izilimo eziyizigaxa ziyabanda. Ukupholisa isikhathi esifushane kuphela okuvunyelwe ngesikhathi sokuphatha impahla emazingeni okushisa aze afinyelele ku -2 °C; Nokho, amazambane awonakaliswe isithwathwa isikhathi eside kufanele alahlwe.
Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile elisetshenziswa lapho kuthuthwa amazambane lisuka ku-4 kuye ku-15 оC. Ngembewu, kaningi, 3-4 оC, yegumbi lokudlela: 5-7 оC, kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nokuqala kusukela ensimini: 10-15 оC.
2. Umswakama Lapho uthutha amazambane, kubalulekile ukuwagcina ebangeni lama-85-90%. Ngezinye izikhathi kunconywa u-95%, kodwa lokhu izinga eliyingozi kakhulu emazingeni okushisa aphansi okuthutha kanye nokugcinwa. Uma amazambane, ngesizathu esisodwa noma esinye, epholile ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lamazolo, khona-ke umswakama uyancipha phezu kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Futhi i-condensation yinto eyingozi kakhulu yekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Amaconsi e-condensation ahlinzeka ngezimo ezifanele zokuqalisa amagciwane angaba khona okubola. Umswakama owedlulele, ukugcinwa okufudumele kubangela izimpande ukuthi zakheke phansi kwamahlumela, okulandelwa isisindo esikhulu kanye nokulahlekelwa izakhi. Uma amazambane elethwa ukuze alayishwe, kufanele uqinisekise ukuthi izikhwama noma amabhokisi aqukethe izimpahla omile. Lapho ulayisha emvuleni noma eqhweni, umthwalo kufanele uvikelwe ekunetheni, njengoba umswakama ungaholela ekuboleni nasekuwohlokeni ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Amazambane akufanele ahlangane nosawoti, njengoba emunca umhwamuko wamanzi ngenxa ye-hygroscopicity yawo.
3. Ukungenisa umoya. Ngesikhathi sokuhamba, amazambane kufanele abe endaweni ethile yegesi (okuqukethwe kwe-oksijeni - ezingeni lika-16-18%, i-carbon dioxide - 2-3%. Ukunikezwa komoya-mpilo kufanele kuqinisekiswe ngokungena komoya osebenzayo, njengoba ukushoda kwawo (O okuqukethwe).2 emoyeni wekamelo < 6 amaphesenti ngevolumu) kuholela ekuqaleni kokuphefumula kwe-anaerobic nokuvutshelwa. Izimo zokungena komoya ezinconyiwe: Ivolumu yomoya engama-60-80 ngehora (ukushintshana komoya nokutholakala komoya omusha okuqhubekayo). Njengoba amazambane ebeka izidingo eziphezulu ohlelweni lokungena komoya, ekulayisheni okuvamile kuyanconywa ukugcina ubude bestaki sezikhwama eziyisishiyagalombili noma nini lapho kunokwenzeka (ubude obukhulu bestaki yizikhwama eziyi-12-13) ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukungena komoya owanele kwebhulokhi yomthwalo. Ngalesi sizathu, izikhala zokungenisa umoya kufanele futhi zihlinzekwe futhi zivikeleke ekuvinjweni okungenzeka yizikhwama ezishelelayo.
4. Umsebenzi we-Biotic. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane zihlukaniswa njengempahla yezokuthutha enomsebenzi wesibili we-biotic. Ukunakekelwa kwempahla ngesikhathi sokuthutha kufanele kuhloselwe ukulawula izinqubo zokuphefumula (ukukhishwa kwe-CO2, umhwamuko wamanzi, i-ethylene nokushisa) ukuze umkhiqizo ube sesigabeni esifiselekayo sokuvuthwa lapho ufika lapho uya khona.
Amazambane kufanele futhi avikelwe ekukhanyeni (ukukhanya kwemini, ukukhanya kwelanga ngisho nokukhanya okwenziwa endaweni yokubamba), ngoba, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubangela ukusebenza kwama-enzyme akhuthaza ukukhula (=> ukuhluma), futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunomthelela ukutshala kwezilimo eziyizigaxa.
5. Amagesi. Ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 ngesikhathi sokulala kwamahlumela amazambane (okuhlobene ne-100 g yesisindo esisha): ku-5-10 ° C: 0,8-1,4 mg / h, ku-20 ° C: 2,0-4,0 mg / h. Umkhawulo ophezulu wokuqukethwe kwe-CO okuvumelekile2 - 0,5 amaphesenti ngevolumu. Amazambane azwela kancane ku-ethylene, okwenza inqubo yokuhluma iqale ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ukukhishwa kwe-ethylene kumazambane ngokwawo kuphansi kakhulu, ngaphansi kuka-0,1 µl/kg*h. Kodwa ukudla okukhipha inani elikhulu le-ethylene (isibonelo, ama-apula) kuholela ekuhlumeni kwamazambane ngaphambi kwesikhathi (i-allelopathy). Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, amazambane akufanele agcinwe noma ahanjiswe kanye nezimpahla ezifanayo, njengoba wonke umthwalo ungase ulahleke.
6. Ukuzishisisa/ukuvutha okuzenzakalelayo - Amazambane awanayo ingozi yokuhamba ngenxa yale parameter.
7. Iphunga. Amazambane akhipha iphunga eliqinile, eliqondile (lomhlaba). Izilimo eziyizigaxa futhi zimunca kalula amaphunga angaphandle, njengophethiloli, uphalafini, amakhemikhali nokudla.
8. Ukungcola. Ukuthutha amazambane kuhlotshaniswa nesizukulwane sothuli. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amazambane ngokwawo azwela ukungcola, amafutha namafutha.
9. Amathonya emishini. Amazambane azwela ukucindezelwa kwemishini futhi awakwazi ukuthuthwa amabanga amade ngokushesha ngemva kokuvuna. "Isikhathi sokuphumula" kufanele sibe okungenani izinsuku eziyi-10-14.
10. Ingozi Yezempilo. Uma ukungena komoya kunganele noma kuhlulekile ngenxa yesici, ukugxila kwe-CO esongela ukuphila kungenzeka ekamelweni lapho amazambane athuthwa khona.2 noma ukungabi khona kwe-O2. (Ngakho-ke, ezokuthutha olwandle kuphela, ngaphambi kokuba noma ubani angene endaweni yokugcina izinto, kufanele kungene umoya futhi kulinganiswe izinga legesi. I-MAC yokugxilisa ingqondo kwe-CO2 ifinyelela kumaphesenti angu-0,49 ngevolumu).
11. Ukuncipha kwesisindo. Ngesikhathi sokuhamba isikhathi eside (ngaphezu kwenyanga), amazambane angalahlekelwa kuze kufike ku-10-15% wesisindo sawo ngenxa yezinqubo zokuphefumula kanye nokukhululwa komhwamuko wamanzi. Ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwawo okuphezulu kwamanzi, amazambane avame ukulahlekelwa ukulahlekelwa okukhulu okubangelwa izici ezihlukahlukene:
- ukulimala komshini (sikhuluma ngezilimo eziyizigaxa ezidabukile, ezichotshoziwe, ezichotshoziwe noma ezisikiwe; ezimweni lapho umonakalo ungaphezu kuka-5 mm ngaphansi komhlaba). Amazambane anesikhumba esixege kakhulu nawo awela kulesi sigaba uma enesikhumba esingaphezu kuka-25% esilahlekile noma esilimele;
- umonakalo obangelwa izilwane (izinambuzane, iminenke, amagundane);
- ukulimala okuvela emakhazeni;
- umonakalo obangelwa amakhemikhali: uma amazambane ehlangana nosawoti kamanyolo noma amanye amakhemikhali anolaka, isikhumba kanye ne-pulp yezilimo eziyizigaxa zibhujiswa yisenzo sazo;
- ukubola kwamazambane ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kokubola okuphuzile, ukubola okumanzi nokomile. Ukubola okuphuzile akubonakali kahle ngaso sonke isikhathi ngesikhathi sokulayisha, kodwa kungasakazeka kakhulu ezinsukwini ezimbalwa phakathi nokuhamba olwandle. Ukubola okumanzi kubangelwa amagciwane e-pectolytic angena enyameni yamazambane amanzi noma awonakele, ngokuvamile ngokusebenzisa imifantu emincane. Lesi sifo singasakazeka kuyo yonke impahla phakathi namasonto ambalwa. Amagciwane ahlala ekhona phezu kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, ukukhula kwawo kuvinjelwa umoya opholile, owomile kanye nokungena komoya okuvamile. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezigulayo zivame ukuchotshozwa ngaphansi kwesisindo samazambane phezulu, okuvumela amabhaktheriya ukuthi athele amazambane anempilo. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukulawula ukubola okumanzi futhi kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kwawo wonke umthwalo. Utwayi oluyisiliva lungasakazeka ngokushesha ngesikhathi sokulethwa kwamazambane. Kwehlisa kakhulu ukubukeka kwamazambane etafula futhi kunciphisa ukuhluma nokukhiqiza amandla embewu yamazambane.
Imithethonqubo yokuthutha amazambane
Lapho unquma izindlela nemibandela yokulethwa kwamazambane, kubalulekile imingcele ye-biological yenqwaba. Kudingeka ukucabangela uhlobo lokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo (ithebula, lobuchwepheshe (lokucubungula izimboni) noma imbewu yamazambane); isikhathi sokuvuna: amazambane asekuqaleni kakhulu anesikhumba esixegayo, anesikhumba esincane esixebuka kalula, ngenxa yalokho awonakaliswa kalula; Uma zivunwa sekwephuzile, izilimo eziyizigaxa zinesikhumba esiminyene ngakho-ke zilungele ukuthuthwa.
Ikhwalithi/Impilo yeshelufu. Lapho ulayisha, amazambane kufanele avuthwe ngokugcwele (isiteji esithule), enesikhumba esiqinile, esiqinile, esiqinile, esinhlobonhlobo esifanayo, hhayi eluhlaza, emanzi noma egcotshwe. Isamba esiphelele semikhiqizo akufanele sibe nenhlabathi (i-causative agent yokubola), izakhi eziphilayo namatshe (uma kungenjalo ngeke sibe nendawo eyanele yokungena komoya phakathi kwezilimo eziyizigaxa).
Kuyavunywa ukuthi isikhathi esiphezulu esiqinisekisiwe sokugcina amazambane emazingeni okushisa angama-4-6 ° C kanye nomswakama wama-90% wokuhamba okwengeziwe izinyanga eziyi-10. Ukusetshenziswa komkhathi olawulwayo angeke kuthinte kakhulu isikhathi sokugcinwa kwamazambane kanye nokuhamba. Ukwengezwa kwama-germination inhibitors kwandisa isikhathi sokugcina okungenzeka sibe yizinyanga eziyi-12. Eqinisweni, ukuthutha kuyisigaba sokugcina sokugcina amazambane isikhathi eside. Umthengi unentshisekelo yokwamukela umkhiqizo usesimweni nesimo esifanayo njengoba ubukade ugcinwe lapho ulayishwa. Izici ezibalulekile zokuthola ikhwalithi engcono kakhulu yokugcina nokuthutha ukuqinisekisa amandla aphezulu ekhwalithi ngaphambi nangemuva kokuvuna, izinqubo zokuphatha umsindo futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, izinga lokushisa elilungile kanye namazinga omswakama ngesikhathi sokulondoloza. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amazambane agcinwa ngendlela efanele ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa. Ngemuva kokuvuna, kwenziwa umehluko phakathi kwezikhathi ezintathu zokugcina kanye nezikhathi zokuthumela.
Isikhathi sokumisa (izinsuku ezingu-1-2 ngemva kokuvuna)
Ngokushesha ngemva kokuvuna, izilimo eziyizigaxa kufanele zomiswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe izimo ezivumayo zesikhathi sokuphulukiswa kwesilonda esilandelayo. Kudingekile ukuqonda ukuthi uma ukomiswa kunwetshwa izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezinsuku ezimbili, ukusebenza kwawo kuyancipha kakhulu. Amazambane amanzi athuthwa kuphela esuka ensimini ayiswe endaweni yokugcina; izimpahla azikwazi ukuhanjiswa ngale ndlela kumthengi. Ukomisa kufanele kwenziwe kusetshenziswa umthamo omkhulu womoya (50-100 m).3/h) ezingeni lokushisa elingu-2-3°C ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa lezigaxa, kodwa izinga lokushisa lamazambane akufanele lehle ngaphansi kuka-8°C. Uma izilimo eziyizigaxa zimbozwe ifilimu yamanzi, ukuncipha kwe-oksijeni kwenzeka, okwandisa ingozi yokubola ngokushesha.
Isikhathi sokuphulukiswa kwesilonda (izinsuku eziyi-10-14 ngemuva kokuvuna)
Izindawo ezilimele zivikelekile ekungeneni kwama-microorganisms abangela ukubola nge-suberization, okudingekayo ukuqinisekisa izinga lokushisa lekamelo lika-10-15 ° C kanye nomswakama ohlobene no-85-95%. Ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo kanye namazinga e-CO akhuphukayo2 (>0,5%) kunomthelela ekucindezelweni kokuphefumula futhi ngenxa yalokho ukuphulukiswa kwesilonda, futhi kukhuthaze ukuqala kokubola. Uma izinga lokushisa liphansi kakhulu (<8°C) futhi nomoya wome kakhulu, izigaxa ezingavuthiwe ezinezikhumba ezixegayo zizohwamuka kakhulu. Enyangeni yokuqala ngemva kokuvuna, ukulahlekelwa isisindo kungaba 4-6%; izilimo eziyizigaxa ziyathamba futhi zithambekele ekubeni nemihuzuko kanye nokubola okomile kweFusarium. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezivuthiwe ezinesikhumba esiqinile zilahlekelwa isisindo esingu-1-3% kuphela ngenxa yokuhwamuka. Uma amazambane ethunyelwa ngesikhathi sokuphulukiswa kwesilonda, izimo zezulu ezijwayelekile zalesi sikhathi kufanele zicatshangelwe.
Isikhathi sokupholisa/sokupholisa
Emazingeni okushisa aphansi, amazambane angafudumala ngo-0,25 ° C ngosuku ngenxa yenqubo yokuphefumula. Amazambane etafula kufanele agcinwe ekushiseni kwe-4-6 ° C kanye nomswakama ohlobene we-90-95%. Imbewu yamazambane idinga ukupholiswa ku-2-3 оC, futhi ubuchwepheshe kufanele bugcinwe isikhathi eside ku-8-15 оNgokusetshenziswa kwe-germination inhibitors. Ukwehliswa kwezinga lokushisa kumazinga okusebenza kufanele kwenziwe kancane kancane futhi kungabi ngaphezu kuka-0,5-1,0 °C / ngosuku. Ukulungiselela (ukufudumala) ukuthunyelwa kwamazambane abandayo kwenziwa ngesivinini esifanayo, kufanele kuqale ngesikhathi esifanele, kucatshangelwa imigomo kanye nezinga lokushisa lokuthutha elibalulwe ezinkontileka.
Ukupakisha. Amazambane ahanjiswa kakhulu ngezikhwama ze-jute noma zepulasitiki ezinezikhala ezibanzi, futhi ngezikhwama ezinkulu zepulasitiki ezinezimbobo namabhokisi, amabhokisi amakhadibhodi nobhasikidi, izikhwama zamaphepha.
Izimpawu zokuthutha:
Izimoto. Umkhumbi wasolwandle noma womfula, imoto, inqola yesitimela, indiza. Ukuthuthwa kwesitsha: iziqukathi ezinomoya osebenzayo, iziqukathi ezinezinhlangothi ezivulekile, izinqola eziyisicaba (zokulayisha ngaphansi kwedekhi).
Ukuphathwa kwempahla. Esikhathini sezulu esimanzi (imvula, iqhwa), amazambane kufanele avikelwe kumswakama. Kumelwe kucatshangelwe ukuthi okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamanzi kwenza izilimo eziyizigaxa zibe lula kakhulu ekulinyazweni. Izinga lokushisa elidingekayo lezokuthutha kufanele futhi ligcinwe ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwempahla; ukuchezuka kwesikhashana (akukho ngaphezu kwehora) okungama-1-2 degrees kuvunyelwe.
Isici sesitaki: 1,95 – 2,03 m3/t (izikhwama zejute, 25 kg), 1,53 - 1,81 m3/t (izikhwama), 1,62 – 1,90 m3/ t (amabhokisi amakhadibhodi), 1,70 - 2,25 m3/t (izikhwama), 1,98 – 2,25 m3/ t (amabhokisi amakhadibhodi), 1,62 - 1,90 m3/ t (amabhokisi amakhadibhodi kathayela), 1,53 - 1,67 m3/t (impahla eningi) - ngokwemithombo ehlukahlukene.
Izidingo zendawo yokugcina impahla: kupholile, komile, umoya omuhle, kumnyama ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ukuhlukaniswa (ukuhlukaniswa kwamaqembu): amacansi, izambatho zejute, intambo yefiber, i-fiber mesh emincane.
Ukuqiniswa kokulayisha. Uma amazambane elayishwa ezikhwameni, kuyancomeka ukuthi ubude bestaki bungeqi izikhwama eziyisishiyagalombili (ubukhulu bobude bestaki yizikhwama eziyi-12-13) kanye nokuthi kuqinisekiswe ukungena komoya okwanele kwebhulokhi yempahla. Uma amazambane elayishwa emakhrethini noma emakhathoni, kufanele abekwe ukuze isikhala phakathi kwamaphakheji noma amathreyi sigcwaliswe ukuvimbela ukushelela noma ukugoqa.
Izidingo zokupakisha zokuthutha izilimo eziyizigaxa
Izikhwama zephepha ze-Kraft amunca umswakama ovela emkhathini futhi alahlekelwe amandla ngesikhathi sokuthutha amazambane. Ngakho-ke, kunconywa ukusebenzisa izikhwama ezimbili noma ezintathu-ungqimba. Akunconywa ukusebenzisa ukupakishwa kwephepha uma isikhathi sokugcina samazambane sizodlula izinsuku eziyi-10.
Jute knitted noma izikhwama polypropylene kufanele isetshenziselwe izindiza ezinde kunezinsuku eziyi-10. I-jute noma isikhwama selineni esenziwe ngendwangu eboshwe ngokukhululekile sipakisha esingcono kakhulu sembewu yamazambane. Izindwangu zemvelo zivumela umoya nomswakama ukuba udlule kahle, ubambe umswakama owedlulele, futhi uvimbele ukwakheka kwe-condensation.
Imifino yemifino ngoba amazambane anenzuzo eyodwa kuphela engenakuphikwa - iwuhlobo olushibhile lokupakisha. Okubi okuyinhloko kufaka phakathi: ukufinyeleleka okuphezulu ekukhanyeni kwelanga namandla aphansi okudonsa. Uma i-palletizing kanye nokulayisha ezimotweni kwenziwa ngesandla ngabasebenzi abangenamdlandla, khona-ke ukuphuka kwamanetha amaningi akunakugwenywa. Kodwa-ke, ngokuphathwa ngokucophelela kanye nentambo eqinile (isisindo se-mesh engu-50x80 cm okungenani singama-28 g), abaningi abakwazi ukuthutha kuphela, kodwa futhi bagcine amazambane isikhathi eside. Inamandla kakhulu kunamanetha ka-anyanisi (isisindo sabo sobukhulu obungama-50x80 cm okungenani si-38 g), kodwa futhi zibiza kakhulu.
Izikhwama ze-polypropylene 50 kg awasetshenziswa kakhulu ukupakisha amazambane, naphezu kwezindleko zawo eziphansi. Iqiniso liwukuthi kufanele ushise izimbobo kuzo khona lapho ukuze uqinisekise okungenani umoya omncane. Ngesizathu esifanayo, izikhwama ezijwayelekile zezimboni zisetshenziswa ngezinga elilinganiselwe. Futhi lapha amazambane akhethekile izikhwama ezinkulu, nge-ventilation eyanele, yiba isitsha esikhulu samazambane. Izikhwama ezinkulu zifaneleka kakhulu izindiza ezifika ezinsukwini eziyi-10. Kuyinto engathandeki ukuvumela ukushintsha okungazelelwe kwezinga lokushisa, okungaholela ekuhlanganiseni komswakama. Uma kungekho kungena komoya osebenzayo, amazambane asezikhwameni ezinkulu aqala ukufudumala. Lokhu kubangela ukuhluma nokuthuthukiswa kwezifo, ikakhulukazi uqweqwe lwesiliva. Ngakho-ke, ngokushesha ngemva kokulethwa emasakeni amakhulu, imbewu yamazambane kufanele ifakwe ngobuningi noma ezitsheni.
Ukuthuthwa kwamazambane ngekhadibhodi namabhokisi epulasitiki akuvamile ukusetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi emikhiqizweni yekhwalithi ephezulu epakishwe ephepheni noma ezikhwameni ezihlanganisiwe ze-2-5 kg. Kuzo zonke izimo zokuhamba, kunconywa kakhulu ukubeka amazambane ezitsheni kuma-pallets wokhuni. Ithreyi inikeza ukuphatha okufanayo futhi ivumela ukujikeleza komoya okuhle kusuka ngezansi. Amazambane azogaywa abe ama-chips, ama-fried, kanye nesitashi ngokuvamile athuthwa ngobuningi.
Imithetho yezokuthutha kumele ibhekwe ngokucophelela ngokulinganayo lapho kuthuthwa amazambane azo zonke izigaba - ithebula, imbewu kanye nezimboni.
Kubalulekile ukugwema ukuhlanganisa izinhlobo/amazambane amaningi ngoba lokhu kungaholela ekuthelelekeni.
Amazambane kufanele agcinwe emazingeni okushisa afanayo kuyo yonke inqubo yokuthutha, kusukela ekupakini kuya ekuthululeni. Ngenxa yokushisa nomswakama ngokweqile, iqala ukuhluma, futhi ukoma ngokweqile kubangela ukuhwamuka nokuncipha. Uma umswakama womoya ungaphansi kwama-80%, isisindo sesaka lika-25 kg samazambane sehla ngamagremu angama-200 ngosuku. Izimo ezimanzi zivumela noma yiziphi izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane noma zesikhunta ezikhona ukuthi zisakazeke ngokushesha esikhwameni sonke, nokulimala okulandelayo ezikhwameni ezizungezile. Izinga lokushisa elilungile kanye nomswakama kufanele kugcinwe ngokungena komoya, kunikeze ubuncane be-14 kodwa okungcono amavolumu womoya omusha oyi-16 ohlinzekwa ngehora ukuvimbela ukugcwala kwe-CO.2. Kudingeka amazinga omoya aphezulu ukuze kulungiswe izinga lokushisa.
Amazambane kufanele ahanjiswe ngokuhambisana nezidingo zomkhiqizo ezimotweni ezivaliwe, ezifakwe ngaphakathi noma eziqandisini, kucatshangelwa inhloso yenkatho, uhlobo lomkhiqizo, ibanga lokuhamba kanye nezinga lokushisa langaphandle. Amazambane athuthwa ngezikhwama ezivulekile ezimotweni ezivulekile kufanele embozwe kahle. Uthango kufanele luthuthwe ngendlela ezovimbela ukungcoliswa kwalo.
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ama-parasites agcinwa ngaphandle, izinga eliphezulu lokuhlanzeka kanye nenhlanzeko kufanele kugcinwe ezindaweni ezithwala impahla kanye nasemagumbini ezimoto ngesikhathi sokulethwa. Ukudla okupakishiwe nezitsha akufanele kubekwe phansi ngqo. Amazambane angapakishiwe angagcinwa ngqo phansi noma ezintweni ezifanele, kodwa phansi noma impahla kufanele igcinwe ihlanzekile. Umkhiqizo kufanele ugcinwe futhi uthuthwe ngendlela yokuthi kungabikho ubungozi bokungcoliswa.
Inhlangano yokuthutha amazambane. Abahlinzeki nabathengi bamazambane banethuba futhi bangavumelana ngesikhathi futhi balungise kwinkontileka zonke izimo ezibalulekile zokulethwa. Izimo ezibalulekile zokulethwa zihlanganisa: isisekelo sokudiliva ngokuya nge-INCOTERMS, isikhathi sokulethwa, isibopho sokuqasha nokuhlinzeka ngezokuthutha, uhlobo nezinga lokulayishwa kwezinto zokuhamba, uhlobo, indlela nezindleko zokupakisha, izimo nenqubo yokulayisha nokuthulula, ubunikazi kanye nesibopho sempahla. ngesikhathi sokuthutha , inqubo yokwamukela ikhwalithi kanye nobuningi, izindlela zokuqapha okuvunyelwene ngazo ngezimo zokuthutha, isibopho sokwephulwa kwezimo zokulethwa, inqubo yokufaka nokucatshangelwa kwezimangalo. Ukwenza lula kwalesi sigaba sesivumelwano sokunikezela kuvame ukuholela ekungaqondini nasekufakeni izimangalo ezingenasisekelo, okuholela ezingxabano zomthetho.
Umthengisi nomthengi banelungelo lokusungula izindlela ezingezona ezijwayelekile zokuthutha amazambane. Imbewu yamazambane engakavuthwa ingaqalwa ukufudumala ngesikhathi sokuthutha uma ukutshala kuhlelwe ngokushesha ngemva kokubeletha. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kuyatuswa ukuthutha amazambane etafula ukuze ugcinwe ngokuqhubekayo endaweni yokushisa ephansi kakhulu. Izinga lokushisa lamazambane kanye nezinga lokushisa lomoya endaweni yezimpahla zemoto kufanele kubhekwe futhi kubhalwe phansi ngaphambi kokuthi kuqale ukulayisha. Izinga lokushisa kulo lonke uhambo kufanele ligcinwe futhi libhalwe ngokuqhubekayo ngokuvumelana nemibandela yenkontileka. Ikhasimende kufanele lithumele imiyalelo ebhaliwe kumthwali wempahla mayelana nezimo zokushisa ngaphambi kokulayisha. Lolu lwazi kufanele lubhekwe kulo lonke uchungechunge lwezokuthutha.
Izinga lesimanje lama-elekthronikhi lisivumela ukuthi siqophe ngokunembile izimo zangempela zokuhamba. I-logger yokushisa nomswakama ingafakwa kuyunithi ngayinye yezokuthutha, futhi ngemva kokuphela kohambo, uhlelo lwezindlela zokuthutha lungaphrintwa.
Abahlinzeki nabathengi bamazambane kufanele baqonde ukuthi ukulethwa esiqandisini akukwazi ukuqinisekisa imiphumela engu-100% ngenxa nje yokuthi amazambane abesesimweni esihle ngaphambi kokulayisha. Ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kungenzeka ngisho naphakathi kweviki elilodwa ngaphansi kwezimo zokuthutha ezingezinhle. Kodwa kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa ngokucophelela nokuqapha lapho unquma izimbangela zezinkinga ngekhwalithi nokuphepha kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ngesikhathi noma ngemva kokubeletha. Iqiniso liwukuthi izinga lemikhiqizo yezitshalo lincike futhi linqunywa yizici eziningi ngaphambi nangemva kokuvuna, kuhlanganise nesimo sokuphila sezilimo eziyizigaxa ngosuku lokuthunyelwa. Izimo ezingaphansi kwesigaba sokuqala sokutshala nokugcinwa zivame ukuvela futhi zibe nomthelela omubi kuphela phakathi noma ngemva kokuthutha. Izimpawu eziningi ezingamukeleki zinezimbangela ezisobala: isibonelo, ukuba khona kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezithambile ezimnyama kungase kubonise ukungena komoya okuncane ngesikhathi sokugcinwa noma ukulethwa, kuyilapho ukuba mnyama kwenyama ngaphansi kwesikhumba kungase kubonise ukubanda, lapho kwenzeka khona amabala amanzi angase avele phezulu. kwezilimo eziyizigaxa . Ukuba luhlaza kwesikhumba kubonisa ukuchayeka ngokweqile elangeni ngesikhathi sokugcinwa noma ukuthutha.
Ukuthutha amazambane, ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo eziqinile zokushisa, kuhlotshaniswa nengozi eyodwa engaba khona evame ukunganakwa. Uma amazambane abandayo ehliswa ekamelweni elinomoya ofudumele nonomswakama (njengoba, ngokwesibonelo, ngokuvamile kwenzeka lapho kunikezwa imbewu yamazambane entwasahlobo noma ehlobo), kunengozi enkulu yokwakheka kwe-condensation, elandelwa yi-anaerobiosis, elandelwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukusabalala. ukubola kwebhaktheriya notwayi lwesiliva. Ngisho nalapho kungekho ukufingqa, amathuba okulahlekelwa yizifo ahlala ekhona uma amazambane egcinwe ezitsheni ezimweni ezifudumele nezingenawo umoya opholile ngemva kokuthulula. Kuwukuhlakanipha (izinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokufika) ukuvumela impahla ukuthi ifudumale ifike ezingeni lokushisa elingaphezu kwamazolo alindelwe ekamelweni. Izinga lokushisa lamazambane angalayishiwe kufanele libe ngaphezu kwendawo yamazolo ekamelweni lapho ukuthulula kwenzeka khona. Uma kungenjalo, udinga ukuhlela ukomiswa okusheshayo komkhiqizo.
Ezimweni lapho kungabonakali khona, kunzima ukucacisa ukuthi inkinga ibangelwa ukukhubazeka kwasekuqaleni komkhiqizo noma ukuphatha okungalungile ngesikhathi nangemva kokubeletha. Kuzodingeka uphenyo oluningiliziwe, kwenziwe izivivinyo ezidingekayo, kuqhathaniswe imiphumela yokudiliva amazambane eqoqweni elifanayo kwezinye izinsuku nakwamanye amakheli. Ezimweni lapho imibono yamaqembu ihluka khona, kuyasiza ukubandakanya ochwepheshe abazimele, noma kunjalo, ngokwemibandela yokuxazululwa kwekhwalithi yamazambane, uhlaka lokulawula lweRussian Federation alucaciswanga kahle. Ukuhweba amazambane kuwuhlobo oluthile lwebhizinisi, njengoba umkhiqizo unomjikelezo wempilo omfushane, uzwela kakhulu ezimweni zemvelo, futhi ikhwalithi yawo ingawohloka ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi izinkomba eziningi zekhwalithi zihlolwa ngokuzimele. Ngakho-ke, e-Europe isethi ehlukile yemithetho yokuhweba ngamazambane sekuyisikhathi eside yamukelwa futhi isetshenziswa, ilawula, phakathi kwezinye izinto, inqubo yokuhlolwa kochwepheshe kanye nokulamula (RUCIP-2017). Lezi zimiso zivame ukuqashelwa emazweni aseYurophu; kungaba okunengqondo ukuzithatha njengesisekelo lapho kwakhiwa idokhumenti ehambisanayo eRussia. Mayelana nokuwohloka kwekhwalithi yamazambane ngesikhathi sokuhamba, i-RUCIP inalesi sigatshana esilandelayo: “Uma inkontileka phakathi kwezinhlangothi ingabhekiseli ku-INCOTERMS, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo luni lokuthengisa okuvunyelwene ngalo, ngaphandle kokuthengisa nokulethwa, ubungozi bokuwohloka. ngekhwalithi ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa (amazambane) athwalwa umthengi, ngaphandle kwezimo lapho umthengisi enephutha khona ngaphambi noma ngesikhathi sokulayisha." Wonke amagama alesi sakhiwo acabangela izimo ezibalulekile nezimo zokuhlinzekwa kwamazambane.
Ngakho-ke, amazambane amasha abe yimpahla yohwebo yomhlaba wonke futhi athuthwa ngamanani abalulekile ngokuhamba amabanga amade unyaka wonke. Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwesilimo kubheka imininingwane kanye nezimo ezifanele zokuhlinzekwa kwetafula, imbewu namazambane asezimbonini, umsebenzi webhayoloji, ukuzwela okuphezulu kanye nezingozi ngesikhathi sokuthutha lo mkhiqizo. Imithethonqubo yokuthuthwa kwamazambane yenziwe yazo zonke izigaba zemikhiqizo nazo zonke izinhlobo zokuthutha. Zonke izimo ezibalulekile zokulethwa kufanele zirekhodwe kuzinkontileka, futhi izindlela zangempela kufanele ziqashwe futhi zibhalwe phansi. Izinkinga zokunciphisa ikhwalithi yamazambane ngesikhathi sokuhamba ziyenzeka; ukusungula izimbangela zazo ezimweni eziningi kungenzeka kuphela ngesisekelo sokuhlaziywa okufanelekile nokuphelele kwalo lonke ulwazi olutholakalayo, kufaka phakathi isikhathi esandulelayo sokuhamba.
Sergey Banadysev, udokotela wesayensi yezolimo Isayensi, i-Doka-Gene Technologies LLC