IMpumalanga Ekude iyisifunda esiyingqayizivele, esingafani nanoma yisiphi esinye. Nokho, bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuthi ezimweni ezimbi zesimo sezulu sendawo, ezolimo zithuthuka ngesivinini esifiselekayo. Futhi phakathi kohlu olukhulu lwezitshalo zezolimo, amazambane athanda ukushisa atshalwa ngempumelelo. Abamele umphakathi wesayensi kanye nomkhakha wezolimo esifundeni saseFar Eastern Federal bakhulume ngesimo sokutshala amazambane kanye nolwazi lwabo lomsebenzi.
Okuthandwayo okuhlukahlukene
Ashot Nazaretyan esifundeni sase-Amur udale ipulazi labalimi ngo-2019 ukuze alime amazambane ngezidingo zebhizinisi lakhe lokudla. Waqala ngendawo engamahektha ayi-7, kodwa, njengoba besho, wayinambitha, kwathi ngo-2022, kwase kwabelwe amahektha angama-80. Usomabhizinisi uncamela izinhlobo zokukhetha kwamanye amazwe, okuhlanganisa iGala, i-Adretta. , Rosara, Queen Anna. Phakathi kwasekhaya emasimini epulazi ungabona izinhlobo ze-Aurora ne-Udacha. Izibalo eziphakeme kakhulu zatholwa nge-Aurora neVeneta, isivuno sayo esingamathani angama-40 ehektheleni.
Eyakho ipulazi labalimi ePrimorsky Krai Alexander Morozov yasungulwa ngo-2010. Ngesizini yokuqala ngatshala cishe amahektha ama-3, kodwa kancane kancane ngandisa indawo engaphansi kwamazambane yaba amahektha ayi-100. Ngokubona komlimi, izinhlobo ezinenkathi yokukhula yezinsuku ezingama-65-75 zisebenza kahle kakhulu. Banesikhathi sokukhula emswakameni wasentwasahlobo futhi "baphunyuke" izifo ezibangelwa inkungu evela olwandle. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezinjalo, kepha abaholi abaningi bazo zonke izilinganiso zaseRussia abanikezi imiphumela emangazayo lapha. Kodwa iBellarosa, enesivuno esingamathani angama-30 ehektheleni ngalinye, ngokuphambene nalokho, yaba ukutholwa okujabulisayo komlimi.
Inhloko yoMnyango Wokukhulisa Amazambane Nemifino we-Federal State Budgetary Institution "Federal Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnologies of the Far East eqanjwe ngo-A.K. Chaika" UDmitry Volkov yathi eminyakeni yamuva nje i-Far Eastern Federal District ibithembele ezinhlobonhlobo zokuzikhethela ezidalelwe isimo sezulu sendawo.
E-Primorye, enye eyayidume kakhulu kwakuyi-Kazachok, iqoqo leqembu eliphakathi nendawo elivela kubafuyi bendawo. I-Yantar, eyakhiwe esifundeni ngo-2006, iphinde itshalwe ezindaweni ezinkulu. Isadingeka kakhulu ngenxa yesivuno sayo esiphezulu kanye nokumelana nezifo zefungal.
Amazambane e-Magadan kanye ne-Kamchatka ekhethiwe futhi athatha izindawo ezitshaliwe eSifundazweni SaseFederal. Izinhlobonhlobo ezivela kwezinye izifunda zaseRussia nazo zethulwa, kuhlanganise ne-Meteor yokuqala ne-Gulliver, egunyazwe ochwepheshe abavela ku-A. G. Lorch Federal State Budgetary Scientific Research Institute of Potatoes. Zombili zizibonakalise futhi zikhule emapulazini amaningi. Kwabangaphandle, u-Adretta noSante bangabaholi: izinhlobo zavela emakethe ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, kodwa zisadingeka.
Umcwaningi ohamba phambili eLabhorethri ye-Biotechnology ye-Field Crops and Potato Breeding, i-Kamchatka Research Institute of Agriculture. Vera Gainatulina waphawula ukuthi lesi sifunda sikhiqiza izinhlobo zakuqala namaphakathi, ngoba amazambane aphuzile awavuthwa. Lokhu kufaka phakathi, ngokwesibonelo, iGeyser ne-Vulcan esizikhethele yona, imbewu yayo eyavuselelwa ngo-2019, futhi ngesizini edlule kwatholakala i-super-super elite. Amapulazi angaphansi komuntu siqu, alima ngaphezu kwengxenye yezindawo zamazambane eKamchatka, abonga ngokushesha izinzuzo zalezi zinhlobonhlobo. Futhi ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza kwabo esikalini sezimboni kakade senziwe.
Uhlobo olusha olusanda kuqala kakhulu, i-Pearl of Kamchatka, lulungiselelwa ukukhululwa futhi lusahlolwa isimo namuhla. Isivuno sayo esingaba amathani angama-45 ehektheleni ngalinye, okufanele ihehe abantu abakhuthalele ukutshala amazambane ngokwezidingo zabo.
Izivunguvungu nezivunguvungu
Ngaphandle kwehaba, izimo zezulu zeFar Eastern Federal District zibizwa ngokuthi ngokwedlulele.
UDmitry Volkov wachaza ukuthi eningizimu ye-Far Eastern Federal District, e-Primorsky Territory naseningizimu ye-Khabarovsk, kunesimo sezulu esishisayo. Intwasahlobo ifika ngaphambi kwesikhathi lapha, futhi ukutshala amazambane kuqala ngasekupheleni kuka-April-ekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Lezi zindawo zibonakala ngenani elikhulu lemvula ewela ngoJulayi-Agasti kanye nezishingishane ezivamile. Isomiso namazinga okushisa aphakeme ngokungavamile nakho akuvamile.
Inkinga enkulu yesimo sezulu sendawo Alexander Morozov ibala izimvula ezingana ngokungami amasonto. Izikhukhula nezikhukhula kwaba yizinto ezivamile. Ngakho-ke, ngo-2022, ingxenye yezitshalo zamazambane epulazini lomlimi yakhukhulwa ngamanzi, futhi ukulahlekelwa kwaba amathani angaba ngu-2 XNUMX.
У Ashot Nazaretyan onyakeni ngaphambili, ngemva kokuba uMfula i-Amur udla izindwani, amahektha angama-60 amasimu amazambane ayegcwele izikhukhula. Ngenxa yalokho, kwasuswa indawo engaba amahektha ayi-10 kuphela.
Inyakatho yesifunda, ehlanganisa iKamchatka Territory, inezimo ezinzima kakhulu zokutshala amazambane. Ukutshala kulezi zindawo kwenziwa ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo, futhi ukuvuna kuqala ngo-August. Uma kubhekwa isikhathi esifushane sokukhula kanye nenani elilinganiselwe lezinsuku ezinelanga, zonke izinsuku ezifudumele zibalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo.
Esifundeni esiseMpumalanga Ekude, njengoba kuphawuliwe UDmitry Volkov,ubusika bufika ekuseni kakhulu. Isithwathwa sokuqala siqoshwa engxenyeni yesibili kaSepthemba, ngakho-ke abalimi badinga ukuvuna sonke isitshalo ngaphambi kuka-Okthoba 1.
Izici zenhlabathi yendawo zidinga ukufakwa kukamanyolo okuyimpoqo, ngaphandle kwalokho izitshalo zezolimo zikhombisa isivuno esincane. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi eKamchatka Territory, lapho kunenhlabathi elula yentaba-mlilo kanye nohlobo oluvuzayo lombuso wamanzi. Futhi esifundeni sase-Amur umhlaba unamatshe, yingakho kudingekile ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bemigqa emibili ukutshala amazambane.
Kude nendawo
Njengakulo lonke elaseRussia, kukhona ukushoda okukhulu kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe kwezolimo e-Far Eastern Federal District.
Ngokusho Ashot Nazaretyan, abasebenzi abasha kufanele baqeqeshwe ngokwabo. Kukhona ochwepheshe abambalwa abaqinisekisiwe, ngoba abaphothule emanyuvesi ezolimo kanye nezikole zobuchwepheshe abafuni ukusebenza embonini ngenxa yamaholo amancane nezimo zokusebenza ezinzima.
Alexander Morozov uheha abasebenzi ngezinhlelo zokuxhumana Ngokuhlinzeka abantu ngezindlu, umlimi unikeza izisebenzi izindlu ezinethezekile ngemva kweminyaka eyi-10. Ngemva kokuba nesikhathi sokuthatha izimpande, bona, njengomthetho, bahlala ebhizinisini.
Esifundeni saseFederal kukhona ukushoda okukhulu kwezindawo zokugcina amazambane nemifino, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihlangabezana namaqiniso esimanje futhi zifakwe ezishintshayo.
Njengoba kushiwo Alexander Morozov, iningi lezindawo zokugcina izimpahla ezisetshenziswa abalimi seziphelelwe yisikhathi futhi zidinga ukwakhiwa kabusha. Epulazini lakhe, wakha indawo yokugcina imifino enesimiso sokulawula isimo sezulu esingamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingu-1,25. Nokho, ayisaneli izidingo zomlimi.
Kunendawo yokugcina imikhiqizo eyenzelwe amathani ayinkulungwane, kanye nepulazi lomphakathi Ashot Nazaretyan. Kodwa ngokwanda kokukhiqizwa kanye nesidingo samanje emakethe, ukwethulwa kwamakhono amasha ngokuqinisekile kuyodingeka.
Ngokuvumelana ne Ukukholwa Gainatulina, le nkinga iphinde ibe nomthelela omubi ekuthuthukisweni kokukhiqizwa kwembewu esifundeni sombuso.Izidingo zezimo zokugcina izinto zokutshala ziphakeme kakhulu, futhi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nazo, izindawo zokugcina kufanele zibe zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu.
Ezifundeni ezikude kakhulu nesikhungo sikahulumeni, ngokusho kuka UDmitry Volkov, ungantuli umanyolo nemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo.
Izinhlobonhlobo zemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo zihlinzekwa yizinkampani ezimele abahlinzeki bomhlaba wonke bale mikhiqizo. Kodwa udinga uku-oda umanyolo wamaminerali wesizini ezayo kusengaphambili, kakade ekwindla. Kungenjalo, njengoba ngiphawulile Ashot Nazaretyan, entwasahlobo ungase ungawatholi enenani elifanele.
Vera Gainatulina ukuqinisekisile ukuthi imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo kanye nomanyolo kuthengwa kuqala. Ngenxa yesikhathi eside sokulethwa, kubalulekile ukuhambisa izicelo ngaphambi kokuphela konyaka wekhalenda ukuze yonke into ibe sesitoko entwasahlobo.
Ngaphambi kokungena endaweni ye-Far Eastern Federal District, izimpahla ezidingekayo zihamba amakhulu, ngisho nezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha. Intengo yabo ihlanganisa nezindleko zokuthutha, okuthi, ngokwezilinganiso, zilingane U-Alexandra Morozovfuthi, kuze kufike kumaphesenti angu-15 ezindleko "zamakhemikhali" nemikhiqizo yezitshalo zokudla okunomsoco.
Ukubhejwa kwasekhaya
Ngenxa yokugcwala kwamanzi kwenhlabathi, imishini enamandla enekhono eliphezulu lokunqamula izwe elivela ezinkampanini zakwamanye amazwe ibonisa ukukhiqiza okukhulu kakhulu. Kepha, njengoba kwenzeka, abalimi abaningi bamazambane esifundeni saseFar Eastern Federal bakhetha ama-analogue asekhaya.
Ashot Nazaretyan Bengicabanga ngokuthenga isivuni esinothe amandla esihlanganisi kolunye lwemikhiqizo edumile emhlabeni. Kodwa ngazo zonke izinzuzo zayo, imishini enjalo nayo inezinkinga. Isikhathi sokulethwa kwezingxenye ezisele ngeMoscow singafinyelela izinyanga eziyi-1,5-2. Ngakho-ke, abalimi, ngisho noma bethenga imishini yaseNtshonalanga, zama ukuba nemishini yaseRussia noma yaseBelarusian esandleni. Isibonelo, usomabhizinisi unezivuni ezintathu zamazambane ezifuywayo nezimbili zaseJapan.
Imishini yaseJapan yokutshala nokuvuna amazambane, eqashwe kubalimi bendawo, nayo iyasetshenziswa eKamchatka Research Institute of Agriculture. Vera Gainatulina ikhuluma ngale mishini njengethembekile futhi isebenza kahle. Kodwa le mishini emincane ehlangene ifaneleka kakhulu ukucubungula izindawo ezincane, futhi emapulazini amakhulu ingabangela ukuhlanzwa isikhathi eside.
Emapulazini abantulayo U-Alexandra Morozova Balungiselela isizini kusenesikhathi futhi bazame ukuthenga izingxenye eziyisipele ezaziwa kakhulu ukuze zisetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo. Izinhlanganisela ezisetshenziswa lapha zivela kubakhiqizi baseYurophu, kodwa ogandaganda bangamaBelarusian.
Ngokuvumelana ne UDmitry Volkov, Isimo ngemishini yobuchwepheshe yemboni sisanda kushintsha saba ngcono. Ngenxa yosizo lukahulumeni ngendlela yoxhaso nezibonelelo, amapaki emishini ayabuyekezwa futhi agcwaliswe hhayi nje abalimi namabhizinisi ezolimo, kodwa nayizikhungo zocwaningo.
Sibheke isu elisha
I-Far East ayizange igweme izinkinga zenkathi yamanje ehlobene nokudayiswa kwamazambane.
Njengoba kuphawuliwe I-Ashot Nazaretyan, Kukhona cishe amathani angu-900 emikhiqizo endaweni yokugcina impahla yepulazi, futhi ukuthengiswa lapha akukakaqali ngempela. Izindleko zezilimo eziyizigaxa zehla ekwindla, ekuphakameni kokuvuna, lapho izimpahla zamazambane ziqala kwezinye izifunda. Naphezu kwamanani aphansi, abekho abathengi bezitolo ezinkulu, futhi umlimi kufanele adayise ezitolo.
Ngo-2022, amapulazi amakhulu aseFar Eastern Federal District afaka izitshalo zawo endaweni yokugcina, elindele ukukhuphuka kwentengo yemikhiqizo yawo. Kodwa ngisho nasekuqaleni konyaka omusha, isimo semakethe asishintshile.
Ngenxa yesimo sakhe sengqondo, isazi sezolimo saseRussia sivame ukuthemba ukuthi umthengi wemikhiqizo yezolimo uzotholakala ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu kuye. Kodwa kubonakala sengathi ngaphansi kwezimo zokuncintisana okukhulu lolu hlelo luyayeka ukusebenza.
Ngokusho U-Alexandra Morozova, ngonyaka odlule amapulazi asePrimorye athola isivuno esihle.Kodwa awekho amanani amazambane, ukuthengiswa kwe-wholesale kuyabiza, isidingo sabathengi siphansi, futhi awekho amabhizinisi okucubungula. Izitolo zendawo zigcwele imikhiqizo, futhi akekho owaziyo ukuthi zingathengiswa kanjani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazambane angenisiwe ayaqhubeka nokufika emakethe yaseMpumalanga Ekude.
Ashot Nazaretyan Nginesiqiniseko sokuthi manje kumele senze ngendlela ehlukile. Epulazini lakhe labalimi, uhlela ukuvula umnyango wezokuthengisa ozosebenza ngokusekelwe kumasu alinganiswe ngokucophelela. Kuyadingeka futhi ukudala amakhono okugeza, ukupakisha kanye nokucubungula okujulile ukuze kukhiqizwe izimpahla ezinganikezwa umkhakha we-HoReCa, izitolo zamaketanga kanye nabathengi.
Ilinde imbewu
Ukuze kuxazululwe indaba yokuhlinzeka abalimi ngezinto zokutshala e-Far Eastern Federal District, akwanele uhlelo oluhlelwe ngokucacile lokukhiqizwa kwalo. Izikhungo zocwaningo eziningana zisebenza ngempumelelo lapha, zibandakanya ukukhethwa kanye nokukhiqizwa kwembewu yokuqala yezinhlobo zasekhaya nezangaphandle. Kodwa-ke, kunamapulazi ambalwa kuphela esifundeni sombuso aqhubeka ekhula futhi aphindaphinde amazambane ama-elite.
I-Primorye kuphela ezihlinzeka ngembewu yokukhiqiza okuphezulu cishe amaphesenti ayi-100, okubangelwa nesimo sezulu esipholile sesifunda. Ngokuvumelana ne UDmitry Volkov, Okokuqala, umsebenzi wenziwa ngezinhlobo zethu, kanye nangaphansi kwezivumelwano zamalayisense nezinye izikhungo zokuzalanisa.
Isikhungo sokukhetha amazambane kanye nokukhiqizwa kwembewu ye-Federal Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnologies yaseMpumalanga Ekude sibambisana nomkhiqizi wezimbewu wendawo omkhulu kunawo wonke - iPutsilovskoye LLC. Ibhizinisi liphindaphinda izinto zokuqala ezitholwe kososayensi, futhi kusukela lapha imbewu ithunyelwa eKhabarovsk Territory, Amur Region, Kamchatka nezinye izifunda zeFederal District.
Kodwa abakhiqizi bePrimorye bakhulisa uhla olulinganiselwe lwezinhlobonhlobo. Labo abanganelisekile ngalolu hlu kufanele ba-ode izinto zokutshala enkabeni yeRussia. Njengoba u-Alexander Morozov ephawula, ukulethwa kugcwele ubunzima obuthile. Ukuthumela imbewu kusenesikhathi kuyingozi, ngoba impahla idlula endaweni yaseYakutia, lapho amazinga okushisa ephansi kakhulu. Futhi lapho kufudumala lapho, umkhankaso wokutshala wezakhamuzi zasePrimorye usuphelile.
Ukuntuleka kokuzikhethela nakho kuyakhuluma Ashot Nazaretyan. Umlimi uyaqiniseka ngesidingo sokudala amabhizinisi endawo angahlangabezana nezidingo zabakhiqizi bezolimo esifundeni sase-Amur nakuso sonke isifunda sase-Far Eastern Federal. Ngaso sonke isikhathi uku-oda imbewu eqhele ngezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ukusuka lapho itshalwe khona akwenzeki futhi kumba eqolo.
Ngokusho Vera GainatulinaI-Kamchatka Territory nayo inethuba lokuzanelisa ngembewu yamazambane. Kodwa okwamanje, iningi lazo - ikakhulukazi izinhlobonhlobo zokukhethwa kwamanye amazwe - lihlinzekwa enhlonhlweni kusukela ePrimorye, eSiberia noma engxenyeni yaseYurophu yezwe. Futhi lokhu kugcwele ukwethulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo ezingajwayelekile endaweni engayodwa.
Ngeso lekusasa
Indawo yesifunda saseFar Eastern Federal inquma izinga lokuthuthuka kokukhula kwamazambane endawo. Futhi akukhona nje mayelana nesimo sezulu. Isikhungo sikahulumeni sihlinzeka ngemali enganele yesayensi, ukukhetha, nokukhiqizwa kwembewu ezindaweni ezikude. IMpumalanga Ekude ayifakwanga ngisho ezinhlelweni eziningi zikahulumeni zokusekela ezolimo.
Kodwa-ke, izinguquko ezinhle zingenzeka ekuqaleni kuka-2023. Vera Gainatulina ithe udaba lokufaka inombolo yezikhungo zesayensi zaseMpumalanga Ekude esakhiweni seFederal State Budgetary Institution “FRC All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources eqanjwe ngo-N. I. Vavilov” (VIR) isixazululiwe. Ukujoyina esinye sezikhungo ezihamba phambili ezweni kuzokuvumela kuqala ukuthi uthole isizinda sakho selabhorethri ukuze wenze imisebenzi yesayensi esebenza ngempumelelo.
Ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu, abakhiqizi bezitshalo abahlosile ukuma lapho futhi benza izinhlelo ezifisayo.
Ashot Nazaretyan ifuna ukwandisa ubukhulu bendawo ngaphansi kwamazambane ngesizini ezayo ibe amahektha ayi-100-150, futhi eminyakeni embalwa ezayo - kuya kumahektha angama-500. Namuhla, umlimi ulungiselela ukuthenga umugqa wobuchwepheshe obuphezulu wokufaka izilimo eziyizigaxa endaweni yokubeka nokuwakhipha endaweni yokugcina. Ekupheleni kwesizini izobe isifakiwe, futhi ipulazi lizothatha elinye igxathu elibheke ekusetshenzisweni kwemishini.
Alexander Morozov igxile ekuxazululeni izinkinga ngokudayiswa kwemikhiqizo. Amandla e-Far Eastern Federal District emkhakheni wokutshala amazambane makhulu, futhi isibalo sabahlali bezifunda zakhona asifinyeleli ngisho ezigidini eziyi-8. Isidingo esilinganiselwe sibambezela abalimi ukuthi bahambe baye emsebenzini ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu. Lapho efuna izindlela zokuthengisa, usomabhizinisi wabeka amehlo akhe kubathengi bakwamanye amazwe. Inketho enhle kakhulu, ngokubona kwakhe, kungaba ukungena ezimakethe zase-China eseduze, i-South Korea ne-Japan kanye nenani labantu elibiza izigidi zamadola. Noma ngubani ohlela ukunikezwa kwamazambane ashibhile namnandi aseRussia kulawa mazwe uzoba nalo lonke ithuba lokuthuthuka.
Ibona amathemba amahle UDmitry Volkov, okholelwa ukuthi abakhiqizi bendawo bangakhuphula amanani okukhiqiza futhi bakhulise isivuno samazambane. Kusukela ezikhathini zamaSoviet, iMpumalanga Ekude iye yagcina isisekelo esiqinile sesayensi, abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe kanye nesikole esiqinile sokutshala amazambane. Futhi abalimi besimanje bakha ngempumelelo izinhlobo ezintsha ezincintisana ngokuzethemba nakwamanye amazwe. Futhi nakuba izimo zokusebenza zabalimi zinzima ngempela, ungasebenza lapha futhi ubonise imiphumela emihle kakhulu.
U-Irina Berg