Njengoba wazi, abalimi abanazo izinkathi ezilula, kodwa unyaka ngamunye uletha ubunzima nezinkinga zayo. Abalimi bamazambane baseRussia bazokhumbula kanjani ukuphela kuka-2020?
Ngokwaleli phephabhuku, i- rhizoctoniasis isize yagqama ngokuqina kwazo zonke izifo “zamazambane” ezaziwayo kulo nyaka. Nakuba inkinga ayizange ithinte zonke izifunda zaseRussia.
Mayelana nokusabalala kwesifo ngamanani
Ngokusho kweRussian Agricultural Center of the Russian Federation, ngokuvamile, eRussian Federation ngo-2020, ukubonakaliswa kwe-rhizoctoniasis kwahlala kusezingeni lika-2019 futhi kwabonwa ukuthuthukiswa okulinganiselwe kwalesi sifo. Ake sikukhumbuze ukuthi ehlobo lika-2019, lesi sifo satholwa endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-23,30. Ngesikhathi esifanayo sika-2020, umonakalo wokutshalwa kwamazambane wabhalwa endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-21,47.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isimo sibe sibi kakhulu ezifundeni eziningi.
Ngakho-ke, eCentral Federal District ngo-2020, ukusabalala kwalesi sifo kwabhalwa endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-5,59 (ngo-2019 - amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-4,90). Indawo ephathwayo ngokumelene ne-rhizoctonia yayingamahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1,50 (ngowezi-2019 - amahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-0,03). Esifundeni saseNorthwestern Federal, ukusabalala kwe-pathogen ekutshalweni kwamazambane kutholwe endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-7,56 (amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-2019 ngo-5,01). Indawo eyalashwa ngokumelene nalesi sifo yayingamahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1,79 (ngowezi-2019 - amahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1,30). Esifundeni saseVolga Federal, indawo ehlaselwe yi-pathogen ekutshaleni amazambane yayingamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-3,19 (ngowezi-2019 - amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-2,64). Ukwelashwa okulwa nalesi sifo akuzange kwenziwe (ngo-2019 - amahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1,4).
Kodwa kwakukhona nezindawo lapho izifo ze-rhizoctonias zehla.
Isibonelo, esifundeni esiseNingizimu Federal, ukubonakaliswa kwesifo ekutshalweni kwamazambane kwaqoshwa endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-0,31 (ngowezi-2019 - amahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1,20). Indawo yokwelashwa ngokumelene ne-pathogen yayingamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-0,01 (ngo-2019 - amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-1,08). Esifundeni saseNyakatho Caucasus Federal, akukho monakalo otholakele ekutshalweni kwamazambane (amahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-2019 ngo-0,30). Akukho ukwelashwa okwenziwa ngokumelene ne-pathogen.
Esifundeni sase-Ural Federal, lesi sifo sazibonakalisa ekutshalweni kwamazambane endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-2,10 (ngowezi-2019 - amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-3,69). Indawo yokwelashwa ngokumelene ne-pathogen yayingamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-2,36 (ngo-2019 - amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-1,63). Esifundeni saseSiberian Federal District, ukusabalala kwe-pathogen ekutshalweni kwamazambane kutholwe endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-2,21 (ngowezi-2019 - amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-4,16). Ukwelashwa kwalesi sifo akuzange kwenziwe ngo-2019 nango-2020. Esifundeni saseFar Eastern Federal, ukutshalwa kwamazambane okuthinteke yi-rhizoctonia kutholwe endaweni engamahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-0,50 (ngowezi-2019 - amahektha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1,40). Ukwelashwa ngokumelene ne-pathogen akuzange kwenziwe (ngo-2019 - amahektha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-0,06).
Ochwepheshe beRussian Agricultural Center of the Russian Federation bathi ukwehla kwezindawo ezithintekile ukutshalwa kwamazambane ezifundeni zombuso eziseNingizimu, eNyakatho Caucasus, e-Ural, eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude nezimo zezulu ezikhona ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho kochwepheshe, ukuphumelela kwamapulazi amaningi ekulweni nalesi sifo kuchazwa umsebenzi ohlelekile wokwelapha amasimu ngemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo.
Ukwanda kwendawo yokusatshalaliswa kwe-rhizoctonia ekutshalweni kwamazambane ezindaweni eziPhakathi, eNyakatho-ntshonalanga naseVolga Federal kubangelwa isikhathi eside somswakama ophezulu, kanye nokwehla kwenani lokwelashwa kwezitshalo ngonyaka odlule.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokutheleleka (ngaphezulu kwe-100) ehlobo lika-2020 latholwa ePerm Territory (ngo-2019 - 29,28). Ukwenyuka kwezinga lokutheleleka kuphinde kwaqoshwa eRiphabhulikhi yaseKarelia - 1,58 (ngo-2019 - ayibonwa), iVologda - 6,30 (ngo-2019 - 4,90), Kaluga - 0,24 (ngo-2019 - ayihlangani), isifunda saseKostroma - 1,58 ( ngo-2019 - 1,29), isifunda saseTver - 0,04 (ngo-2019 - asihlangabezwanga), isifunda sase-Yaroslavl - 0,03 (ngo-2019 - asihlangabezwanga) , I-Komi Republic - 0,84 (ngo-2019 - ayihlangene), i-Mari El Republic - 0,11 (ngo-2019 - akuhlangene), Sverdlovsk - 0,78 (ngo-2019 - 0,69) kanye nezifunda zaseChelyabinsk - 0,81 (ngo-2019 - 0,36).
Ukwanda okusheshayo kwenani lezilonda ezithintekayo yi-rhizoctonia kwabonwa ngoJulayi no-Agasti. Ukushintsha njalo kwezinga lokushisa lomoya kanye nezimvula ezinamandla kube nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni okusebenzayo kwe-pathogen.
Abahleli bathanda ukubonga isevisi yabezindaba ye-Russian Agricultural Center ngezinto ezinikeziwe.
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Ngokombono wesayensi
U-Maria Kuznetsova, iNhloko yoMnyango Wezifo Zamazambane Nezitshalo Zemifino, i-VNIIF, I-Candidate of Biological Sciences
Ngokusho kokubonwa kwe-All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology (VNIIF), ukubonakaliswa okubaluleke kakhulu kwe-rhizoctoniosis kulo nyaka kwakuyisici sikaVladimir, Tver, Yaroslavl, Vologda, Novgorod, Leningrad, Kostroma, Moscow, Smolensk, Pskov kanye nenani le ezinye izifunda zezwe.
Izimbangela zesifo
Esinye sezizathu zokuthuthukiswa okusebenzayo kwe-rhizoctonia kule nkathi yamanje izimo zezulu ezivumayo ku-pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Ngokwesibonelo, esifundeni saseMoscow, emashumini eminyaka esibili nesithathu kaMeyi, izinga lokushisa lomoya lalingaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elivamile lesikhathi eside. Ukupholisa akukwazanga kodwa ukuthikameza izitshalo ezitshaliwe: izitshalo zamazambane ngalesi sikhathi zasala ngemuva ekuthuthukisweni, uma ziqhathaniswa nesilinganiso, ngamaviki angu-1-2, futhi zaba buthaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela ezinsukwini eziyishumi zesithathu zikaMeyi, kanye noJuni noJulayi walo nyaka, inani elikhulu lemvula lehle esifundeni (ngokumelene nesizinda sezinkomba zesikhathi eside ezimaphakathi). Zonke lezi zici zibe nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni okunamandla kwe-rhizoctoniosis ekuqaleni nakwalandela.
Вместе с тем, проблема ризоктониоза связана не только с погодными условиями, но и еще с целым рядом не менее важных причин. Среди них: низкое качество семенного материала; нарушение сроков посадки (речь о случаях, когда картофелеводы начинают высаживать неяровизированные семенные клубни в холодную почву), несоблюдение севооборотов, задержки с уборкой урожая и др.
Ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukhunta i-Rhizoctonia solani iyakwazi ukuthelela amazambane kuzo zonke izigaba ze-ontogenesis kusukela ekuhlumeni kuya ekuvuneni. Lesi sifo singazibonakalisa ngesimo soqweqwe olumnyama, i-necrosis e-reticulated kanye namabala ajulile kuma-tubers, ukubola kwamahlumela, ukufa kwama-stolons nezimpande. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi kwezimpawu kukhona ukubola okomile kwengxenye engaphansi kwesiqu - ngesimo sezilonda ezinsundu ("ukhuni olubolile") noma ukumbozwa "okuzwakalayo" okumhlophe okumpunga ("umlenze omhlophe").
Isikhunta sidala umonakalo omkhulu ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezithombo. Esimweni sezulu esiswakeme nesipholile, amazinga okushisa angaphansi kuka-8° C, ezigabeni ezitshaliwe, i-sclerotia (isigaba esithule sesikhunta) simila i-mycelium, engena emahlumela futhi iholele ekwakhekeni kwamabala amnyama acindezelwe kuwo. Amahlumela agulayo ngezinye izikhathi ayafa ngaphambi kokuba afinyelele phezulu. Esimweni sezulu esifudumele, izithombo zingakhula zibe isitshalo esinesilonda esibhinca engxenyeni engezansi yesiqu futhi amaqabunga angaphezulu agoqene emthanjeni.
Imiphumela
I-rhizoctonia yamazambane ibangela kokubili ukulahlekelwa kwesivuno esilinganiselwe kanye nokuncipha kokudayiswa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Izinkomba zesivuno samazambane ziyehla ngenxa yokulahlekelwa izithombo, ukulimala kweziqu, ama-stolons nezimpande, okubuye kube nomthelela kusayizi, ubuningi kanye nokudayiswa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa.
E-Russia, ukulahleka kwezitshalo okuqondile kusuka ku-rhizoctonia kungafinyelela ku-25%, futhi ukuncipha kokudayiswa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kufinyelela ku-30%.
Izinyathelo zokuvimbela nokulawula
Ukuze ulwe ngokuphumelelayo nalesi sifo, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa lonke uhla lwezinyathelo:
- Sebenzisa impahla yokutshala enempilo, okungcono kakhulu eqinisekisiwe lapho utshala.
- Ukwethulwa okubalulekile kwezinhlobo zamazambane zakuqala namaphakathi nenkathi yokukhula yezinsuku ezingama-60-80, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ezimelana futhi ezithintekayo ngalesi sifo.
- Ukuhambisana nokujikeleza kwezitshalo.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi i-fungus Rhizoctonia solani ingaphila isikhathi eside enhlabathini (iminyaka engu-3-4), ezigabeni zamazambane, i-carrion, nemfucumfucu yezitshalo. Isikhunta sisinda ngempumelelo ebusika ngendlela ye-sclerotia ezigabeni nasemhlabathini, kanye nangesimo se-mycelium.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi ngaphezu kwamazambane, i-R. solani iyakwazi ukuthelela izitshalo eziningi zemifino (ezifana notamatisi, ama-beet namathanga), kanye nokhula lwasendle (isibonelo, i-quinoa, ukuhlwanyela thistle. kanye nomsila wehhashi).
Ama-precursors amahle kakhulu anciphisa isitokwe esithathelwanayo se-rhizoctonia abhekwa njengezitshalo zokusanhlamvu (oats, ukolweni wasebusika kanye ne-rye, ibhali, ummbila), i-lupine, i-alfalfa kanye notshani obuhlala njalo.
- Ukutshala izilimo eziyizigaxa enhlabathini evuthayo ngokuhambisana nezidingo zokujula nokuqina.
Ukujula okufanelekile kokutshala kunqunywa kucatshangelwa ukubunjwa kwemishini kanye nomswakama wenhlabathi (emhlabathini osindayo - ukutshala okungashoni, ku-sandy loam - ukujula). Lapho uqweqwe lwakha emhlabathini osindayo ontantayo, isigaba esidingekayo somsebenzi sihlukumeza insimu ezinsukwini ezine kuya kwezinhlanu ngemva kokutshala nangemuva kwezithombo, ngoba uma kungenjalo amathuba okutheleleka kwezitshalo ayanda.
Ukuminyana okufanelekile kokutshala ngokubuka endaweni ye-phytosanitary yizilimo eziyizigaxa eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-50 ehektheleni. Ukukhuphuka kuya ku-60-80 ayizinkulungwane kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwe-rhizoctonia kuzo zonke izitho zezitshalo.
- Ukwengeza imithamo eyengeziwe yomanyolo wemvelo emhlabathini nokusebenzisa umquba oluhlaza.
Kunzima ku-R. solani ukuncintisana nama-microorganisms enhlabathini, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa komanyolo wemvelo kunganciphisa izinga lokutheleleka kwenhlabathi.
Iqhaza lomquba oluhlaza nalo linzima ukulicabangela ngokweqile. Emapulazini amaningi, izitshalo ezivela emndenini we-cruciferous - Brassica juncea (Sarepta lwesinaphi), iRaphanus sativus (isithombo esivamile), iSinapis alba (isinaphi esimhlophe), i-Eruca sativus - isetshenziswa njengama-biofumigants ngokumelene nenani lezifo zefungal ezihlala emhlabathini (Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum coccodes , Helminthosporium solani, Streptomyces scabies, Spongospora subterranea) kanye nama-cyst nematodes amazambane. Ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza (lapho ngaphezu kwe-50% yezimbali eziphelele), izitshalo ziyasikwa, zichotshozwe futhi zilinywe. Emhlabathini, tshala ama-metabolites esibili (ama-glucosinolate) ahlukaniswa abe yizinhlanganisela ezishintshashintshayo (isb., ama-isothiocyanates), anomthelela wokufutha kumagciwane nama-nematode.
- Ukuhlanza okufika ngesikhathi kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu.
Ukuvuna akufanele kubambezeleke ngemva kokugunda iziqongo isikhathi esingaphezu kwamasonto amabili; Akwamukelekile ukushiya izilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane nezilimele enkundleni).
- Ukusebenzisa ama-fungicides ukwelapha izilimo eziyizigaxa zembewu noma ukuzisebenzisa lapho utshala amazambane.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko wemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo zamakhemikhali ngalesi sikhathi ukunciphisa ubungozi be-rhizoctonia namanye amagciwane enhlabathini.
Imiphumela yeminyaka eminingi yokuhlolwa okwenziwa ku-VNIIF kusizinda esithathelwanayo nge-Rhizoctonia solani iqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kwezidakamizwa ezisekelwe ku-azoxystrobin, i-fludioxonil, i-penflufen, i-fluxapyroxad nezinye izithako ezisebenzayo ekuvikeleni i-rhizoctonia.
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