Inkambo yenqubo ye-pathological ye-rhizoctoniosis yamazambane ithinteka kakhulu ngobukhulu besibalo se-pathogen emhlabathini kanye nezilimo eziyizigaxa zembewu. Ngaphansi kwezimo zaseSiberia, ukutheleleka kwenhlabathi kudlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokutheleleka kwe-tuber, noma kunjalo, ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhula kwesifo, i-tuber inoculum ibaluleke kakhulu.
Ngokucatshangelwa izici ezikhonjisiwe zebhayoloji ze-agent causative ye-rhizoctoniosis yamazambane, ukuze kuncishiswe ukulimaza kwalesi sifo, kwandise isivuno futhi kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa iqoqo lezinqubo zezolimo ezinciphisa inani lezifo. i-pathogen kokubili ezigabeni zembewu nasemhlabeni.
Uma kungekho siqalo esithathelwanayo enhlabathini, amazambane angatshalwa ebhali, i-oats, i-rapeseed kanye nesinaphi, futhi izilimo eziyizigaxa kufanele ziphathwe ngama-fungicides ngaphambi kokutshala. Khona-ke, esigabeni sezithombo, singalindela ukuthuthukiswa kwe-rhizoctonia ebangeni lika-9-10%.
Lapho utshala izinto zokutshala ezingalashwa, le nkomba izokhuphuka ngo-3-5%. Uma kungenakwenzeka ukuhlakulela izitshalo ngokusho kwabanduleli abangenhla, kungabekwa ukolweni, khona-ke ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo kuzoba ezingeni le-14% ngokwelashwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kanye no-20% ngaphandle kokwelashwa.
Uma inhlabathi yamasimu ihlala i-agent causative ye-rhizoctoniosis, kungcono ukutshala amazambane ezitshalweni zangaphambilini ezifana ne-oats, i-rapeseed kanye nesinaphi. Kulokhu, ukukhula kwe-rhizoctoniosis kuzofinyelela ku-13-15% kokubili ezitshalweni ezitshalwe ezitshalweni ezilashwe ngesikhunta kanye nalezo ezitholwe ezintweni zokutshala ezingalashwanga.
Lapho utshala izitshalo zikakolweni nebhali, izilimo eziyizigaxa kufanele zifafazwe ngesibulala-magciwane ngaphambi kokutshala, isibonelo, i-Maxim 0,25 KS, ezonciphisa ukulimala kwamazambane ku-7,5%.
Ngesigaba sokuhluma - ukuqala kokuqhakaza kwezimbali emhlabathini ongenawo u-R. solani, ukuthuthukiswa okuphansi kwesifo kubonakala kulabo abandulele njenge-rapeseed nama-oats - 16 no-19%, ngokulandelana, uma izilimo eziyizigaxa ziphathwa ngesibulala-magciwane ngaphambi kokutshala. . Le nkomba iphakeme kancane ukolweni, ibhali nesinaphi - 22-25%. Uma izinto zokutshala zingelashwa, ngalesi sikhathi ukukhula kwalesi sifo kumazambane kuma-precursors okusanhlamvu kanye nesinaphi kufinyelela cishe ezingeni elifanayo lama-27-32%. Okuhlukile yi-rapeseed, lapho ukuthuthukiswa kwe-rhizoctoniosis kungu-22%.
Ukutshala amazambane enhlabathini ene-R. solani yama-oats, i-rapeseed kanye nesinaphi kuhlanganiswe nokugqoka kwasentwasahlobo kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezine-Maxim 0,25 KS kugcina ukutheleleka kwesitshalo nge-rhizoctoniosis ezingeni lika-26-32%. Ngebhali nokolweni, lesi sibalo siphezulu kakhulu futhi sifinyelela ku-37-44%. Ukutshala amazambane emhlabathini onegciwane kanye nokwenqaba ukwelapha izilimo eziyizigaxa zokutshala ngefungicide kuthuthukisa inqubo ye-pathological. Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-rhizoctoniosis kuleli cala lwesinaphi kungama-33%, ibhali, i-oats kanye ne-rapeseed - 37-40, kanye nokolweni - 53%.
Ukutshalwa kwamazambane ngemuva kwamazambane kuholela ekulimaleni okukhulu kwezitshalo yisifo phakathi nayo yonke inkathi yokukhula.
Ukutshala isitshalo ngokusho kwabanduleli abahlukahlukene, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesibulala-magciwane, akuvumeli nje kuphela ukulawula isimo se-phytosanitary se-agrocenosis, kodwa futhi nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo ewumphumela.
Ukubekwa kwamazambane enhlabathini engenambangela ye-rhizoctoniosis, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokutshala ezingenamagciwane, kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukutshala kuzo zonke izitshalo ezingenhla zokusanhlamvu neklabishi. Kulokhu, isivuno sezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinempilo sisukela ku-19-22 t/ha. Uma izilimo eziyizigaxa zingelashwa ngaphambi kokutshala, khona-ke ukwehla kwekhwalithi yesitshalo esisha kubonakala. Ukuqoqwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinempilo kuncishiswa ngo-1-3 t/ha, kuye ngesivuno sangaphambilini.
Kuvela isithombe esihluke ngokuphelele uma inhlabathi engaphansi kwamazambane igcwele ukhunta. Kulokhu, lapho ugqoka izinto zokutshala nge-Maxim 0,25 KS, abanduleli abangcono kakhulu ama-oats, i-rapeseed kanye nesinaphi. Zikuvumela ukuthi ukhuphule isivuno sezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinempilo kuze kufike ku-16-18 t/ha, kanti ukolweni nebhali - kufika ku-13-14 t/ha. Uma izilimo eziyizigaxa zingelashwa nge-fungicide, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukutshala amazambane ngokusho kwabanduleli abangenhla. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uthole isivuno sezigaxa zekhwalithi ezingeni lika-13-14 t/ha. Ukolweni nebhali kukhona abanduleli ababi kakhulu ngaphansi kwalezi zimo: lapha le nkomba izoba kakade 11-12 t/ha.
Ukutshalwa kwamazambane emva kwamazambane kuholela ekwehleni okukhulu kwekhwalithi yemikhiqizo etholiwe.
Kuphela ngokwelapha izinto zokutshala ngesibulala-magciwane, ungathola u-13 t/g wezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinempilo, kanti kwezinye izimo lesi sibalo asidluli ku-8-9 t/ha.
Ukuthola isivuno esiphezulu samazambane asezingeni eliphakeme enhlabathini engenambangela ye-rhizoctoniosis, ukwelashwa kwentwasahlobo kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ngama-fungicides kanye nokusetshenziswa kukakolweni, ibhali, oats, i-rapeseed noma isinaphi njengesitshalo sangaphambili kuyadingeka.
Ukuba khona kwe-R. solani enhlabathini kudinga ukuthuthukiswa kokuqala kwenhlabathi ngosizo lwe-oats, i-rapeseed kanye nesinaphi kanye nokugqoka okuyisibopho kwezinto zokutshala.
Ezimweni zokujikeleza kwezitshalo ngokushintshana okufushane, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukutshalwa kwamazambane kusuka ku-ejenti ye-causative ye-rhizoctoniosis, kuyadingeka ukwethula isandulela se-phytosanitary (ama-oats, i-Sarepta lwesinaphi, i-spring rapeseed) bese uphatha izinto zokutshala ngama-fungicides. Ukutshalwa kwe-mustard kanye ne-rapeseed njengezandulela kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukunciphisa ukuminyana kwesikhunta se-R. solani ngo-50-55% ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokukhula yamazambane, kanye no-5% we-oats. Ukusetshenziswa kukakolweni nebhali njengesandulela akukhuthazwa, njenge bafaka isandla ekuqoqweni kwe-pathogen (inani likhuphuka ngo-16 no-51%, ngokulandelana).
Ukushintsha kwenani lenhlabathi ye-R. solani ngaphansi kwabanduleli be-cereal neklabishi kunciphisa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-rhizoctoniosis eziqwini zamazambane ezigabeni zokuqala ze-ontogenesis ngo-53-70%, futhi ezigabeni zokugcina ngo-31-50% futhi kwandisa isivuno. izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinempilo ngo-66-86% uma kuqhathaniswa namazambane abekwe kumazambane (9,7 t/ha).
Uhlelo lokuvikela izitshalo, okubandakanya ukutshalwa kwamazambane kuma-oats, i-Sarepta lwesinaphi, i-spring rapeseed kanye nokwelashwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ngaphambi kokutshala nge-disinfectant yesimanje ye-fungicidal i-Maxim 0,25 KS, ihlinzeka ngokuncipha kokukhula kwalesi sifo ngo-54-64, 46. -67 kanye no-44-61% futhi kwandisa isivuno sezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinempilo ngo-88, 69 no-76%. I-complex yalezi zindlela ezingenhla iphinde ithuthukise ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo etholiwe, inciphisa inani labantu abane-sclerotia ngo-12-14%.
Uhlu lwezincwadi ezisetshenzisiwe:
1. Shaldyaeva E.M. Ukuqapha i-rhizoctoniosis ku-agroecosystems yamazambane eNtshonalanga yeSiberia / E.M. Shaldyaeva, Yu. V. Pilipova, N.M. Konyaev. -
Novosibirsk, 2006. - 196 p.
2. Shaldyaeva E.M. Ukwenza ngcono isimo se-phytosanitary sokutshala
amazambane uma usebenzisa i-spring rapeseed njengomanyolo oluhlaza
isiko / E.M. Shaldyaeva, Yu. V. Pilipova, M.P. Shatunova // Ukuvikelwa
izitshalo eSiberia: Sat. ezesayensi tr. othisha nabafundi abaneziqu ze-Faculty of Plant Protection. - Novosibirsk, 2003. - S. 77-83