Abantu be-Colorado potato beetle banekhono elimangalisayo lokuthuthukisa ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane, okuhlanganisa eziningi ze-carbamate, i-organophosphate, i-pyrethroid, i-spinosyn, ne-neonicotinoid insecticide esetshenziswa kakhulu namuhla.
Ikhono lebhungane lokuthuthukisa ukumelana akumangazi ngoba lesi zinambuzane kwadingeka sizivumelanise nezinga eliphezulu lama-glycoalkaloid anobuthi kuma-Solanaceae hosts. Eqinisweni, la mabhungane alungiselelwe kusengaphambili ukulwa nobuthi bemvelo ehlukahlukene.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Colorado potato beetle ikhiqiza inzalo enkulu, okwandisa kakhulu amathuba okuguquguquka okungahleliwe okungamelana nezinambuzane. Amaqanda angu-50 isitshalo ngasinye aphindaphindeka ngezitshalo zamazambane ezingu-20 ihektare ngalinye angakhiqiza amabhungane ayisigidi esizukulwaneni esisodwa nje. Futhi ngokuvamile kunezizukulwane ezimbili noma ezintathu zebhungane ngenkathi ngayinye.
Uma isibulala-zinambuzane siqala ukusetshenziswa esitshalweni, inani elincane lezinambuzane eziqondiwe (mhlawumbe ezincane njengeyodwa kwezigidi eziyi-10) zingase ziphile ngenxa yokuguqulwa okungahleliwe. Uma kungekho okunye okuzibulalayo, izakhi eziguquguqukayo ezimbalwa ezimelana nazo zizozalana. Futhi abaningi benzalo yabo bayothola ifa lokumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane.
Amathiphu okulawula i-Colorado potato beetle kanye nokuvimbela ukumelana nama-insecticide
Ukujikeleza kwezitshalo zamazambane kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwendawo
Amabhungane Abadala overwinter enhlabathini emasimini amazambane ngonyaka odlule futhi ziyavela entwasahlobo ukondla, mate futhi amaqanda. Izibungu ziphuma emaqandeni, zidla isikhashana, bese ziwelela phansi ukuze ziqhume futhi ziqale umjikelezo futhi. Ukubeka amazambane alo nyaka kude nawanyakenye kwenza kube nzima ukuthi amabhungane athole ukudla uma eqhamuka.
Amabhungane adla kuphela izitshalo ze-nightshade nokhula futhi awahambi amabanga amade. Ukuze lelisu lisebenze, hlukanisa amasimu okungenani ngamamayela angu-0,25.
Futha iseluleko
Amanye ama-insecticides ayawohloka uma isisombululo sesifutho sine-asidi kakhulu (isb. i-spinosad, i-spinetoram). Ezinye ziqala ukuwohloka uma isixazululo singathathi hlangothi nge-alkaline (isb. i-phosmet). Amanye ama-insecticides ane-adjuvant (isb, i-abamectin ne-thiamethoxam) akufanele asetshenziswe.
Izigaba zokukhula nezinga lokukhula
Ngokuvamile uzozuza ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kwezinambuzane uma ulinda ukuthi izibungu zivele. Ama-insecticide amaningi asebenza kangcono ngokumelene nezibungu ezincane ezisanda kuchanyuselwa. Ngokuvamile kunconywa ukuphakela amaqabunga lapho cishe ama-50% echanyuselwa. Sebenzisa inani eliphelele (umthamo) wesibulala-zinambuzane esohlwini lwelebula ukuze uthole imiphumela engcono kakhulu.
Amanye ama-insecticide anezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokwenza
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-insecticide eyodwa (noma ama-insecticide amaningi anendlela efanayo yokwenza) kungaholela ngokushesha ekuphikisweni noma ekuphikisweni kwe-cross-resistance ku-Colorado potato beetle labantu. Kuyadingeka ukushintshanisa ama-insecticide avela emaqenjini ahlukene ngohlelo ngalunye. Uma ungazibulali eziguquguqukayo ezingazweli ngeyodwa, ungazilawula ngokufaka isibulala-zinambuzane esihluke ngokuphelele.
ama-insecticides we-neonicotinoid
Abalimi abaningi bamazambane babika ukulawulwa okuhle kakhulu kwe-Colorado potato beetle lapho besebenzisa i-neonicotinoids (iqembu le-IRAC 4) ekutshalweni noma ekukhuphukeni. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ihlinzeka ngezinsuku ezingama-80 kuye kweziyi-100 zokulawula okusele. Kodwa ukuchayeka kuma-insecticides ahlala isikhathi eside emaqabunga kungadala ingcindezi eqinile yokukhetha ukumelana. Kunabantu abaningi abamelana ne-neonicotinoid eMpumalanga naseMidwest.
I-diapause enwetshiwe
Ezinye izakhamuzi ze-Colorado potato beetle zigwema ukuchayeka ezinambuzaneni ngokuhlala ngaphansi komhlaba isikhathi eside futhi zibambezele ukukhula kwazo. Lelisu lokumelana libizwa ngokuthi i-extended diapause. Lesi esinye isizathu sokubhekisisa isibalo samabhungane emasimini amazambane. Ungafutha kuphela uma izinambuzane zikhona futhi ungafafazi ngokwekhalenda.
Umbhali wale ndatshana uCarrie Huffman Wohleb, uprofesa osebenzisana naye wamazambane, imifino, nezitshalo zembewu eNyuvesi yaseWashington.