I-OV Abashkin,
Yu.A.Masyuk,
I-OA Starovojtova,
I-YP Boiko,
VN Zeyruk,
NN Gordienko,
I-ZNMorzhenkov,
I-DV Abrosimov,
I-Federal State Budgetary Science Institution "All-Russian Science Science Institute of Potato Economy eqanjwe ngemuva A.G. Lorch
EGUARD HARVEST
AmaLadybugs (lat. Coccinellidae) awumndeni wamabhungane we-oda iColeoptera ahlala cishe emhlabeni wonke, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica nezindawo ezine-permafrost. Izinambuzane ezihamba ngokuvulelekile ziyaziwa kakhulu kubantu. Izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-100 zalo mndeni zihlala endaweni yaseRussia.
Ubude obujwayelekile besinambuzane busuka ku-3 kuye ku-10 mm. Isimo somzimba siyisiyingi noma siyindilinga, siyindilinga noma hemispherical kusuka phezulu, isicaba kusuka ngezansi. I-Pronotum ne-elytra banokufana okufana okufanayo. Amabhungane ngokuvamile anemibala egqamile, anezici ku-elytra.
Ezweni lethu, kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezinkomo ezidla utshani (herbivorous), phakathi kwazo kukhona izinambuzane eziningana zezolimo. EMpumalanga Ekude, i-ladybird yamazambane enamaphoyinti angama-28 (iHenosepilachna vigintioctomaculata Motsch) idala ingozi enkulu ekutshalweni kwamazambane, ukhukhamba nezinye izilimo zemifino. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu, i-alfalfa ladybird (Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata L.) kwesinye isikhathi ilimaza izitshalo ze-alfalfa noshukela. ESmolensk, eSaratov nakwezinye izifunda ezisenkabeni yeRussia naseningizimu yeRussia, i-ladybird engenamanzi (i-Cynegetis impunctata L.) ngezikhathi ezithile ilimaza i-alfalfa, i-clover ne-sweet clover.
Zonke ezinye izinhlobo zaseRussia zama-ladybugs ziyizilwane ezidla ezinye. Amabhungane nezibungu kuyizidlakudla kakhulu, zibulala ngobuningi izinambuzane eziyingozi ezinjengama-aphid, izimpukane zamaqabunga, izinambuzane ezikala, izinambuzane ezikala kanye nemikhaza.
Ama-ladybirds abesifazane abekela amaqanda eduze kwamakholoni ama-aphid noma indawo yokuhlala yezinye izinhlobo ze-arthropod ezidla kuzo, zodwa noma ngokuhlangana kwamaqanda ayi-10-15 lilinye. Imvamisa bayadideka nokubekwa kwamaqanda kwebhungane lamazambane e-Colorado, kepha amaqanda ama-ladybirds aphuzi, hhayi awolintshi, futhi mancane kakhulu. Izibungu zineminyaka emine. Izizukulwane eziningana zikhula phakathi nonyaka. Amabhungane amadala asebusika, esebenzisa izindawo zokukhosela ezahlukahlukene, kwesinye isikhathi azolala endaweni eyodwa ezixukwini ezinkulu (ukuhlanganiswa), lapho angaqoqwa khona ngesikhathi sokuyeka, agcinwe ezitsheni kuze kube sentwasahlobo, futhi adedelwe ezindaweni zokuhlala izinambuzane.
Ama-ladybugs awusizo kakhulu njengama-bioregulators wenani lezilokazane futhi asetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ohlelweni lokulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo. Ezinye izinhlobo, ezifana neCryptolaemus montrouzieri Muls.Futhi noRodolia cardinalis Muls., Zenziwa kabusha ngempumelelo elabhoratri futhi zafakwa emvelweni ukunciphisa inani lezilokazane.
UKUCHAZWA KWEMIDLALO EZIQINILE
ILadybug ibamba iso
(Anat ooellata L.)
Ubude bomzimba: kusuka ku-8 kuye ku-9 mm. Umthungo we-elytral ngenhla nge-notch embozwe izinwele ezinde. Isihlangu sikhulu, sibonakala kahle. I-Elytra enezindawo ezimnyama ezingama-20 ezinamasondo akhanyayo. Kwabanye abantu, amabala agxotshwe kancane, noma ngamanani amancane. Ukusatshalaliswa: kubanzi kuyo yonke ingxenye yaseYurophu yeRussia, eCrimea, eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude. Idla ikakhulukazi kuma-aphid.
IGIRLBIRD LESIBILI-ISIHLOKO (Adalia bipunctata L.)
Ubude bomzimba: 4 kuya ku-5 mm. I-Pronotum enophawu olukhanyayo, imvamisa oluphuzi ezinhlangothini, kwesinye isikhathi likhanya ngephethini yamachashazi amnyama. Kwabanye abantu, indawo ebunjwe ngo-M itholakala kwi-expression. Iphethini ye-elytra ihluka kakhulu. Umzimba ongezansi umnyama. Kusatshalaliswa yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwezindawo eziseNyakatho Ekude.
IBULUNGISELEKILE KATHIXO IV
(Adonia Varigata L.)
Ubude bomzimba: 3-6 mm. Izibungu zinomzimba ophakeme. Umhlane umnyama, lapho kukhona khona amabala amabili aphuzi. Kubantu abadala, i-elytra ebomvu ebomvu, lapho kukhona khona izindawo eziyisithupha zesimo esingajwayelekile. Kuyamangaza. Izinsikazi zibeka amaqanda aphuzi aqhakazile ezitshalweni ngamaqembu (ukubeka amaqanda). I-Entomophage inika izizukulwane ezintathu ngonyaka. Umuntu oyedwa udla amaqanda afinyelela kwangama-20 weBhungane lamazambane ngosuku.
ISIHLAHLA SESI-XNUMX NOKUKHONZA KANKULUNKULU
(ICoccinella quinquepunctata L.)
Ubude bomzimba: 3 kuya ku-5 mm. I-Elytra enezindawo ezimbili ezimnyama eziyindilinga ngayinye futhi inendawo eyodwa evamile eduze kwe-scutellum. Ukuhanjiswa kusakazekele kuyo yonke ingxenye yaseYurophu yeRussia, eCaucasus, eCentral Asia, eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude. Idla ikakhulukazi kuma-aphid.
IBHASI LikaNkulunkulu LESIBILI
(ICoccinella septempunctata L.)
Uhlobo oludumile kakhulu lwama-ladybugs. Ubude bomzimba: 5 kuya ku-8 mm. Ama-elytra we-scutellum amhlophe ngamabala ayisithupha amnyama nendawo eyodwa evamile engaphansi kwesihlangu. Kusatshalaliswa yonke indawo. Idla ikakhulu ama-aphid, izibungu nabantu abadala (abadala) badla amaqanda nezibungu zeminyaka emincane yebhungane lamazambane leColorado.
ISITHEMBISO SikaNkulunkulu KAKHULU
(Hyperaspidius tredecimpunctata L.)
Ubude bomzimba: 4 kuya ku-7 mm. I-Elytra ephuzi. Kumapheshana asondelene we-pronotum kunomngcele obanzi okhanyayo ne ichashazi elimnyama elishiwoyo. Ayitholakali ogwadule lwaseCentral Asia naseCaucasus. Ihlala ezitshalweni eziseduze nemizimba yamanzi. Idla ikakhulukazi kuma-aphid.
IZIMANGALISO ZIKATHIXO AMAZING
(Ithone mirabilis Motsch.)
Ubude bomzimba: kusuka ku-4 kuye ku-6 mm. Kusatshalaliswa eMpumalanga Ekude. Idla ikakhulukazi kuma-aphid. I-FIFTEEN-FIFTEEN BAD NKULUNKULU (Coccinella quatuorddecimpustulata L.)
Ubude bomzimba: 3 kuya ku-4 mm. Imiphongolo ilula. I-Elytra enamabala ayi-14 aphuzi, indawo engemva kwayo ihlukile futhi inesimo sezinso. Ukusatshalaliswa kubanzi, kuyo yonke ingxenye yaseYurophu yeRussia, eCaucasus, eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude. Idla ikakhulukazi kuma-aphid.
IPHUPHO LikaNkulunkulu LESIBILI NAMABILI
(I-Propylaea quatuordecimpunctata L.)
Izinhlobo zegama elifanayo, kepha lihlukile ezimweni zokuziphatha. Ubude bomzimba: 3 kuya ku-5 mm. Kusatshalaliswe kahle kusuka e-tundra kuya esifundeni se-steppe steppe.
Emaphethelweni angaphambili we-mesothorax, kukhona i-notch engunxantathu. I-Elytra enomsila omnyama. Iphethini ye-pronotum ne-elytra iyahlukahluka. Idla kakhulu ngama-aphid, ingadla ama-thrips. Lolu hlobo lwama-ladybugs luyakwazi ukuzala ngokuzimela ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo isikhathi eside. Abesifazane babeka amaqanda ezitshalweni. Ukuthuthuka okukhulu: izinga lokushisa + 24 ... + 25оC, umswakama ohlobene 70-85%. Izibungu zikhula ngezinsuku eziyi-7-8. Ngokuwohloka kwezimo zemvelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwezibungu kuyabambezeleka. Abesifazane baphila ngokwesilinganiso sezinsuku ezingama-65 futhi bazalela amaqanda angama-270 kuya kwangama-360 ngalesi sikhathi. Ngokwenza lokhu, le ladybug isetshenziselwa ukumelana namakhabe kanye nama-aphid abamba ukushisa esigabeni sesibungu se-entomophage seziqu zokuqala nezesibili kusilinganiso sesilwane esidla ezinye - u-1: 10. Imiphumela emihle kakhulu yatholakala ngokukhishwa okuningi kwezibungu ngesikhawu seviki elilodwa. Abesifazane abazingelayo banamakhono aphezulu okusesha futhi bathola ama-aphid ngisho nangokusatshalaliswa okuncane.
I-MONTROZYER CRYPTOLEM (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant.)
Ubude bomzimba wesinambuzane esidala: kusuka ku-3 kuye ku-4 mm, izibungu zingafinyelela ku-13 mm, zimbozwe ngento emuncu ebenza babukeke njengezisulu zabo - ama-mealybugs. Indawo yemvelo yokusatshalaliswa: EMpumalanga ye-Australia.
Le nhlobo yethulwa (yethulwa futhi yaqashelwa) emazweni amaningi omhlaba, kufaka phakathi i-USSR (RF). Ukudla okuvamile: amaqanda, ama-nymph kanye nama-coccidi amadala, amabhulukwe kanye nama-mealybugs kwizitshalo zokuhlobisa nezemifino. I-larlemus eyodwa yama-larlemus ingadla / ilimaze kusuka kumaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezi-4 kuya kwezi-7, izibungu ezingama-200 ukuya kwangama-300 noma izibungu zabantu abadala ezingama-40-60 ngosuku. Kumazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-+33оNgomsebenzi we-cryptolemus wehla kakhulu, emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka +9оNgokulahlekelwa ngokuphelele ngumsebenzi (ukushisa okukhulu: + 22 ... + 25оC, umswakama ohlobene 70-80%). Insikazi ibekela amaqanda afika ku-1100. Umjikelezo ogcwele wokuthuthuka, kuya ngezimo zokushisa, uhlala izinsuku ezingama-25-72. Amabhungane aphila izinyanga ezintathu kuya kwezi-3. Zisebenza kakhulu ngezinsuku ezicacile ezinelanga, ezindlini zokugcina izithombo - ekukhanyeni okukhanyayo. Ngokwesilinganiso, abantu ababili nge-7 m badedelwa endaweni yokubulala izinambuzane ze-cryptolemus2 ngokuphumula kwamasonto amabili, ngesibalo esikhulu senkathazo, isilinganiso sokukhishwa sikhuphuka ngezikhathi ezingama-5-10.
LEIS DIMIDIATE (Leis dimidiata Fabr.)
Ubude bomzimba: ngaphezu kuka-10 mm. Indawo yemvelo yokusatshalaliswa: ENingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Izinhlobo zethulwe (zaziswa futhi zajwayelwa) emazweni amaningi omhlaba, kubandakanya ne-USSR (RF). Insikazi izalela amaqanda angama-30 kuye kwangama-40 ngosuku, cishe amaqanda angama-2000 esewonke. Ukuthuthuka okukhulu: izinga lokushisa + 20 ... + 25оC. Isilinganiso socansi: 1: 1. Lapho udla ama-aphid peach ezimweni zaselabhorethri, ngokuya ngezinga lokushisa, isikhathi sokukhula kwamaqanda: izinsuku ezi-3-5, izibungu - izinsuku eziyi-14-22, iziphungumangathi - izinsuku ezi-5-8, isikhathi sangaphambi kokucabanga - izinsuku ezingama-22-35, izinambuzane ezindala zihlala 4-6 izinyanga. Amabhungane nezibungu zondla izinhlobo eziningi zama-aphid, kufaka phakathi amakhabe nemithambo, kanye namaqanda evemvane (Lepidoptera). Izibungu ze-entomophage zeziqu zokuqala nezesibili zikhishwa ezikhungweni zezinambuzane. Ku-pepper ngokumelene nama-aphid ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 40, kuzimbali - 1: 200.
CYCLONEDA LIMBIFER
(ICycloneda limbifer Cassey.)
Ubude bomzimba: ngaphezu kuka-10 mm. Indawo yemvelo yokusatshalaliswa: indawo eshisayo. Izinhlobo zethulwe emazweni amaningi omhlaba, kubandakanya ne-USSR (RF). Idla izintwala. Ukuvikelwa kwemvelo kuma-aphid, abadla isiphepho basakazwa ezimweni zasendlini, lapho bekwazi ukuzala ngokuzimela. Kupelepele omnandi, i-Cycloneda idla cishe zonke izintwala ezikuyo. Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwayo, isibungu esisodwa sidla kuze kufike ku-270, futhi ibhungane elidala - abantu abangaphezu kuka-1300 bekhabe noma i-peach aphid. Izibungu zokuqala ze-instar cyclone ziyakwazi ukudlelana (cannibalism). Okwezitshalo zamaqanda, ukhukhamba nopelepele, lesi sikhwishikhwishi sikhishwa ngesilinganiso sesilwane esisuka ku-1: 5 kuye ku-1: 25. Ngenani le-aphid kusuka ku-500 noma ngaphezulu, ukukhishwa kwezibungu ze-cryptolemus kufanele kukhuphuke izikhathi ezi-5-10.
Ngo-2018, izisebenzi zeFederal State Budget Science Science Institution of All-Russian Research Institute of Cultural Sayensi ezibizwa ngemuva A. GLorha wenze ucwaningo lokufunda iqhaza lama-ladybugs ekunciphiseni inani lamabhungane amazambane aseColorado, ukubonwa kwenziwa ezindaweni zokuhlola zesikhungo.
Izinhlobo zamazambane ngokulandelana kwenani lamabhungane: Inyanga, iVector, iPennant, i-Irbit, iMeteor, i-Nakra, i-Rocco, i-Lyubava, i-Snow White, i-Scarb, i-Nikulinsky, i-Bora, i-Luck, i-Aurora, i-Belar, i-Kiwi, i-Nevsky, i-Zhukovsky ekuqaleni, i-Handsome, i-Gala , Oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, inqaba, uLorch.
Isilinganiso sabantu abaphila ne-Colorado amazambane beetle asifikanga ngamaphuzu amane, okungukuthi, inkathazo ayizange isongele umsebenzi obalulekile kanye nokubanda kwamazambane.
Isilinganiso senani lama-ladybugs kanye ne-Colorado amazambane wamabhungane kumakhadinali wekhadinali kwahlaziywa (ithebula 2).
Inani elikhulu kakhulu lamabhungane amazambane aseColorado aqoshwa kusuka ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu nasempumalanga yokutshala amazambane, lapho kwaphawulwa khona inani eliphakeme kakhulu lama-ladybugs. Ubuncane babo bonke babuphakathi nendawo kokufika.
Okukhangayo kunazo zonke isizukulwane sokuqala se-Colado Colorato amazambane kwakunguLyubava, uLorh, uBelar kanye no-Snow White. Ama-Ladybugs akhetha izinhlobo i-Belar, Golubizna, Kiwi. Futhi umsebenzi ophakeme wama-ladybugs waphawulwa ezinhlotsheni iBlue, Vector, Kiwi, Belar neRocco.
I-Dynamic equilibrium predator - inyamazane (SHJ - 1.00) yabonwa e-Aurora, Bera, Vympel, Irbit, Meteor, Nakra, Nevsky, RS, Skarb nase-Udacha.
Umsebenzi ophansi kakhulu wama-ladybirds waphawulwa ezinhlobonhlobo - uLorkh, Gala, Snow White, Luna, Lyubava.
Esinye seziphetho esenziwe ngokususelwa emiphumeleni yocwaningo: ukuze kucindezelwe ngokuphelele inani labantu base-Colorado amazambane beetle, izibungu zama-ladybugs kufanele zikhishwe emvelweni (ezethulwe) ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi - ekuqaleni kukaJuni ngenani labantu abangama-40-50 ngehlathi ngalinye.
Ngo-2019, inani lama-ladybugs ensimini yamazambane lancipha kakhulu, okwacasula ukuvela kwebhungane lamazambane leColorado elinabantu abaningi ngokweqile komkhawulo wezomnotho wobuningi babantu, okwadala ukwelashwa ngamakhemikhali ngokumelene neBhungane enkundleni.