Inkinga yokuvela kwamazambane ezitshalweni zezinye izilimo kanye nesidingo sokuyilawula njengokhula kuvamile ezifundeni ezinobusika obuthambile, isibonelo, iNgilandi noma iHolland. Kodwa-ke, njengoba izinguquko zesimo sezulu zenzeka, ama-tubers amazambane aqale ubusika emasimini eRussia eminyakeni yamuva.
USergey Banadysev, Udokotela Wezesayensi Yezolimo, iDoka - Genetic Technologies LLC,
SGC "Doka - Genetic Technologies"
Kungabonakala sengathi izinsuku ezimbalwa zeqhwa ngaphandle kokumbozwa yiqhwa zanele ukubhubhisa nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezilele ebusweni, emhlabathini izigaxa ziqandeka emazingeni okushisa ngaphansi kuka-2.оC. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi ebusika obude nobunzima baseRussia akunakubakhona ukuqandusela kwenhlabathi ekushiseni okunje. Noma kunjalo, amaqiniso aqinisekisa ukwanda kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezivela ngonyaka olandelayo bese iba ukhula lwezilimo ezitshalwe emva kwamazambane (isithombe 1).
Ucwaningo olwenziwe ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engama-70 lubonise ukuthi ngemuva kokuvuna amazambane, kuze kufike ezinkulungwaneni ezingama-450 10 ama-tubers / ha enkundleni, lapho ama-20-20% aqhamuka ngemuva kobusika obuthambile, futhi lokhu kungaphezu kokutshala amazambane. Ubhatata obunjiwe (iSolanum tuberosum) njengokhula uyingozi impela futhi unciphisa isivuno sezilimo eziningi ngo-60-1%. EJalimane, kwatholakala ukuthi lapho kukhona izitshalo zamazambane ezinhlanu nge-XNUMX m2 isivuno se-beet beet sincishiswa ngo-16 t / ha.
Kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokusebenzisa iqoqo lezinyathelo zokulawula, ukuphatha (ngamanye amagama, ukuphatha) inkinga yokungcoliswa kwamazambane ezitshalo zezolimo. Amazambane akhula ngokukhululeka, ukhula iSolanum tuberosum, awazange akhonjwe nganoma iyiphi indlela kusayensi yasekhaya. Alikho ngisho igama elihambisanayo, ukwakheka kwengqikimba yokusanhlamvu - "umgqomo" - akuhambelani nengqikithi yesimo esibhekwayo, ngokungafani negama elikhethekile lesiNgisi iVolontiya Potato noma iJalimane iKartoffeldurchwuchst, iStarkekartoffel. Amazambane wokhula akanciphisi kuphela isivuno sezinye izitshalo, kepha izitshalo ezinjengezaqathe, u-anyanisi noshukela zingasuswa ngokuphelele. Kwehlisa ukubaluleka kokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo kumazambane atshaliwe, ngoba ingaqhubeka iminyaka eminingana futhi idale umonakalo omkhulu phakathi nomjikelezo olandelayo okhulayo ensimini ethile, ngoba:
- Kuyinto umthombo futhi accumulator izifo kanye izinambuzane. Kumazambane okhula, amagciwane amaningi, ikakhulukazi, uqweqwe lwesiliva, i-rhizoctoniasis, i-verticilliasis, ukubola okumanzi, ama-nematode kanye nama-wireworms ayanda ngenkuthalo futhi ngaleyo ndlela andise isizinda esithathelwanayo ensimini ngaphambi kokutshalwa kwamazambane okulandelayo. Futhi, izitshalo zokuzithandela zingabaqoqi abafanele bokulimala sekwephuzile nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Ngokuphawulekayo, ama-fungicides amaningi ezitshalweni ezalandela anokucindezelwa okuncane noma akukho nhlobo kwezifo zamaqabunga amazambane.
- Kuholela ekuxubeni kwezinhlobo ngesikhathi sokutshala amazambane olandelayo. Lokhu kubi kuzo zonke izindawo zokusebenzisa amasiko, ikakhulukazi uma ukwakheka, ubukhulu bezilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nombala wesikhumba kucishe kufane, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukuhlukaniswa okwenziwe ngesandla noma optoelectronic kokungcoliswa kwamazambane wokhula akunakwenzeka. Ekhiqizweni kwamazambane embewu, imiphumela iba mibi ngokwedlulele futhi kungaholela ekwenqatsheni kwezinto uma izitshalo zakwamanye amazwe zingasuswa ngokuphelele (isithombe 2).
Ukuthola ukulawula okusebenzayo kwamazambane wokhula, kubalulekile ukwazi izici eziphambili ze-biology yayo. Ngokwesiko, nezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane ziyafa ngemuva kokuthola isithwathwa samaqanda angama-50 ngehora kanye noma ngaphansi kuka-2 ° C. Kulesi simo sokushisa, ukufa kwenzeka ngemuva kwamahora angama-25, ngo-10оC ngemuva kwamahora ama-5. Ukuzilolonga kukhombisa ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zamazambane zinokumelana okuphezulu kumazinga okushisa aphansi futhi zifa kuphela ngo--3-4оC, kepha lolu lwazi ngezinhlobonhlobo alushicilelwe ngokusemthethweni. Amahlumela amazambane ukhula avele welula, kuya ekujuleni kokubekwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nokushisa kwenhlabathi. Ama-tubers kusuka ekujuleni kwama-20 cm avela ezinsukwini eziyi-10 ngemuva kokujula okungamasentimitha ayi-10. Amazambane enza indlela yawo aze afike ekujuleni okungama-30 cm, ngakho-ke leso simo singabhekwa ngokuphelele kuphela ngemuva kwezinyanga ezingama-2-3 (isithombe 3).
Ezitshalweni ezinentuthuko enkulu yamakhasi amaqabunga, izithombo zamazambane okhula zivela kamuva ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphansi enhlabathi ngesikhathi sokufiphaza. Ezitshalweni ezincintisanayo ezinjengamabele, iziphambano, isitshalo ngasinye samazambane sikhiqiza izilimo eziyizigaxa ezingamantombazane ezintathu, ezingavamile ukuba ngaphezu kuka-1 kuye ku-3 cm ububanzi. Ezitshalweni ezingancintisani kangako njengeklabishi no-anyanisi, izilimo eziyizigaxa ziyakhula futhi zibe sezingeni eliphakeme.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa zezingane zakha ekujuleni okufanayo njengama-tubers omama. Umthombo wokuqala we-plugging ungaba yimbewu yamazambane we-botanical.
Ezinye izinhlobo, isibonelo, iGala, zibonakaliswa ngokwakhiwa kwamajikijolo amakhulu futhi zishiya imbewu eyisigidi ngehektha (isithombe 4,5).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi akuzona izimbewu zezinhlobonhlobo, njengoba kuvame ukukholelwa emvelweni we-amateur, kepha kungumphumela wokuvundisa impova nokuhlanganiswa kabusha kofuzo. Imbewu ngayinye iyi-genotype entsha nehlukile; eziningi zezinhlamvu zihlukaniswa ngokungenakugwenywa ngokuzivumelanisa kwazo okuphezulu nezimo zemvelo yasendle. Imbewu yamazambane e-Botanical ihlala isebenza iminyaka engu-3-9.
Izitshalo ezivela ezinhlanyelweni zibuthakathaka futhi zifa ngama-99%. Kepha ngokuqina okuqinile komswakama kanye nokuba khona kokukhanya, zingakha ibhulabhu eyodwa encane, inzalo yayo ezobe isivele ijwayelekile (isithombe 6,7,8).
Futhi esinye isici - ukutholakala okukhulu kwama-carbohydrate kushubhu lomama kuvumela izitshalo ukuthi zikhule futhi zinikeze inzalo ngemuva kokuthena, isithwathwa, ukulimala kwesichotho, ibhungane lamazambane e-Colorado, i-blight late, i-herbicides, njll.
Ukuphathwa okusebenzayo kwenkinga yamazambane wokhula kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwezulu, izindlela zokuthintela, zokuphila, ezolimo nezokulawula amakhemikhali. Isisetshenziswa sokuphatha sisetshenziswa naseNetherlands: ukubeka izinhlawulo kubalimi abanama-pcs angaphezu kuka-2 / m2 amazambane ezitshalweni zezinye izilimo ngemuva kukaJulayi 1.
Indlela Yesimo Sezulu Ukulawula kubhekisela kokungalawulwa. Ngokusho kwezinkomba zezibalo zesikhathi eside, isimo sezulu seRussia Federation sihlinzeka ngokubhujiswa okuqinisekisiwe kwama-tubers ahlala emkhakheni ubusika, ukujula kokuqothuka kwenhlabathi kanye namazinga okushisa ansuku zonke ezinyanga zobusika anele ngokwanele ukubhubhisa amaseli we-tuber. Ubuciko obonwa eminyakeni yamuva buchazwa yiqhwa eliwela emhlabathini ongavuthwanga, ngenxa yalokhu, nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezihlala ekujuleni okukhulu ziphumelela ngempumelelo ebusika, ziphakathi kwezimfucumfucu zezitshalo noma amatshe, emhlabathini owomile. Imfucumfucu yesitshalo kanye nemfucumfucu yesitshalo, ikhava elihlala njalo futhi elinamandla likhukhumeza ngempumelelo, futhi kunciphisa kakhulu ukujula kokungena kweqhwa. Umswakama ophezulu womhlaba usheshisa ukushona kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, njengoba ama-lenter e-tuber evulekile, ngenkathi umsebenzi wama-ejenti amaningi we-putrefactive awonakali ngokuqukethwe komoya ophefumulwayo. Ukulimala kwemishini kuma-tubers amazambane asele ensimini ngemuva kokuvunwa nakho kukhulisa ukulimala kwama-tubers emazingeni okushisa aphansi namagciwane.
Izinyathelo zokuvimbela ihlose ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwamazambane ngemuva kokuvunwa.
Isinyathelo sokuqala ukukhetha izindawo ezifanele zamazambane akhulayo anikeza ukukhula kwezitshalo okufana kakhulu. Ukucutshungulwa kwenhlabathi evuthiwe kunciphisa inani lezikhala, isidingo sokuhlukaniswa okuholela ekusetshenzisweni kwama-conveyors anezigaba ezengeziwe ekuhlanganiseni kokuvuna futhi ngenxa yalokho, kukhuphuke ukulahleka kwamazambane. Kungcono ukusebenzisa izinto zokutshala ezinokulungiswa ukuze zonke izitshalo ezinsimini zikhule ngokulinganayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, ingxenye yamazambane amancane nokulahleka kwayo kuyancishiswa. Endabeni yokutshala impahla engenakulinganiswa, ingxenye yezitshalo ibekeka kalula ekukhuleni futhi yakha nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane, ezihlala zinjalo enkundleni. Kubalulekile ukufezekisa ukuvalwa kweziqongqothwane emzileni ngokushesha okukhulu, isembozo esivikelekile, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi esomile, sinciphisa ukuhwamuka okungakhiqizi futhi silwe nokushiswa ngokweqile kwama-ridges nezilimo eziyizigaxa ngezikhathi zokushisa. Izinsuku ezimbalwa ezinamazinga okushisa enhlabathi angaphezu kuka-27 ° C abangela umjikelezo wesibili wokubunjwa kwe-tuber noma ukukhula kwawo. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezakhiwe ngemuva kwesikhathi azifinyeleli usayizi ongathengiswa ngenxa yesikhathi esifushane kakhulu sokukhula futhi zakha ingcosana yokulahleka ngesikhathi sokuvuna.
Umsebenzi wokuqinisekisa ukukhula kwe-tuber efanayo futhi wenziwa ngokuvikelwa kwesitshalo. Ukutheleleka ekuqaleni nge-blight sekwephuzile kuholela nje ekulahlekelweni okukhulu kwezitshalo, kodwa futhi akuvumeli ama-tubers ukuthi athole ubunzima, kanti nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane zivame ukulahleka ngesikhathi sokuvuna. Ukusebenza ngempumelelo kokutshala izinto kunciphisa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-rhizoctonia, omunye wemiphumela yalokho okuwukukhuphuka kwengxenye yezilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane.
Imvamisa, ukuze ome ingxenye esemoyeni yezitshalo zamazambane futhi isheshise ukuvuthwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, kwanele ukufeza desiccation, ikakhulukazi kabili. Ngezinhlobonhlobo ezinesiqongo esinamandla nokunameka okuthembekile kwama-tubers kuya kuma-stolon, kuyalulekwa ukuhlanganisa i-desiccation kanye nokugaya ngomshini kwesisindo sasemoyeni. Uma lokhu kungenziwa, khona-ke umthamo omkhulu weziqu uvikela ukwehlukaniswa kwenhlabathi nezilimo eziyizigaxa; ezinye zezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinkulu, kanye nezihloko, zizosala enkundleni.
Kodwa "umthombo" oyinhloko wokuvela kokulahleka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa (futhi, kamuva, ukuvela kwamazambane okhula) kufanele kubonwe njengomvuni wamazambane. Ikhwalithi yomsebenzi wayo maqondana nalokhu incike, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezimeni zokusetshenziswa, ezithonywe kakhulu yisiko lezolimo kanye nezici zobuchwepheshe obusetshenzisiwe - kusuka ekulimeni inhlabathi kuye ezingeni lokhula ngaphambi kokuvuna kanye nekhwalithi yokususa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukujwayela okulungile nokulungiswa komshini ezimeni zokuvuna ezikhona emkhakheni othile kubalulekile. Izici zokunciphisa ukulahleka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa nazo zibalulekile:
- ukujula kokusebenza kwama-coulters kufanele kube phansi kancane kunezilimo eziyizigaxa ezijulile;
- ububanzi besiteshi esamukelayo kufanele buhambisane nobubanzi besikhala somugqa;
- ukulahleka kwama-tubers ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa kwenhlabathi kusuka kuma-coulters kusiwa kokuqala kokuhlola kufanele kungafakwa ngaphandle, ikakhulukazi endaweni ephakathi kwezigubhu zokukopisha kanye nama-disc okusika;
- ukukhethwa kwegebe eliphakathi kwama-slats wokuhamba kokuhlola kufanele kwenziwe kucatshangelwa ngosayizi wezilimo eziyizigaxa nezinqwaba;
- Amadivayisi wokwehlukanisa ukhula nokungcola kwamaqabunga kufanele kusekwe;
- igebe eliphakathi kwama-chippers namabhande okuhambisa kufanele ligcinwe ezingeni le-tuber encane kunazo zonke.
Lezi zinyathelo azihlali zihambisana nezinye izinhloso zokuvuna ngempumelelo, njengokukhiqiza okuphezulu kanye nokulimala kwesifo sofuba esiphansi. Isibonelo, ukujula okukhulu kokumba edwaleni noma enhlabathini esindayo ngokungalingani kukhulisa inani lokungcola, ngakho-ke umthwalo kumadivayisi ahlukanisayo, futhi kwandisa ubungozi bokulimala kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Kudingeka ibhalansi enengqondo lapho kukhethwa imvume kuma-sieve conveyors, ngoba isikhala esincane phakathi kwamabha asezingeni eliphakeme lomswakama siholela emazingeni aphansi kakhulu wokuhlola kanye nokwehla okukhulu komkhiqizo. Ngokuvamile, ukubaluleka kwazo zonke izindlela zokuvimbela ezifakwe kuhlu kwesinye isikhathi kwehliswa kube zero uma ibhizinisi lenza, ngezizathu eziningi, isinqumo sokushiya enkundleni, ngokwesibonelo, sonke isivuno sengxenyenamba 50-.
Izinyathelo zebhayoloji Ukulawulwa kubaluleke kakhulu ekuphathweni kwezinkinga zokhula zikaSolanum tuberosum.
Ukutshala okuqhubekayo kubhekwa njengento enolaka kakhulu, kepha lapho kukhula okusanhlamvu, amazambane okhula nawo akwazi ukuvuthwa ngendlela evamile (isithombe 9).
Ukutshala izitshalo ezinqunyiwe noma amadlelo kuyindlela enhle yokunciphisa, kepha izitshalo ezinjalo azivamisile ukusetshenziswa ekushintshaneni kwezitshalo namazambane. Izitshalo ezilinyiwe kanye nezitshalo zemifino emhlabathini ovulekile aziphazamisi ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwamazambane. Uyakwazi ukwakha isivuno esisha ngisho nasezitshalweni zomquba eziluhlaza ezinamandla zezitshalo ze-cruciferous (isithombe 10). Ngakho-ke, ukukhethwa kwezitshalo kumongo wokuxazulula inkinga yamazambane kadoti kubalulekile kuphela ngokuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula esebenzayo.
Amathemba okuthi amazambane, ashiywe kubo futhi ancishwe uhlelo lokuvikela, awathetheleleki, azoba yisisulu esilula semvelo sezinto eziyigciwane - izinambuzane nezifo. Inqubo yokuhluma isikhathi eside nokuma wedwa kuyamsiza ukuthi aphile. Njengendida, kuyadingeka ukuthi kuhlolwe iqiniso lokuthi kwakungekho monakalo ezitshalweni zamazambane ukhula ngokulimala ngasekupheleni kanye neColorado amazambane ibhungane ngo-2019 ezitshalweni zikakolweni zasebusika ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti, ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu emvula (isithombe 11).
Izindlela ze-Agrotechnical zifana kakhulu nezokuvimbela ukukhomba ukunciphisa inani lamazambane okhula. Okubaluleke kakhulu ukulinywa komhlaba ngemuva kokuvuna amazambane. Ngokuphikisana nesizinda sengozi eyandayo yokhula, ukuqonda kwesidingo sokuyeka ukulima ukuze kushiye zonke izilimo eziyizigaxa ezingqimbeni zenhlabathi engenhla, lapho zibhujiswa khona yiqhwa, kwasungulwa ngokushesha. Ngokwesimo senkinga, okuphumelela kakhulu ngama-disc emigqa emibili kanye nabalimi bamazinyo. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezishiywe ngaphezulu futhi ezilimele ngokwengxenye kungenzeka zihlaselwe yizifo nokubola, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifudumele. Ukubekwa okungajwayelekile kuvusa ukuhluma kokuqala kobungani futhi kukwenze kusheshe kakhudlwana ukusebenzisa umuthi wokubulala ukhula oqhubekayo noma abalimi abangaphansi kokutshala ngaphambi kokutshala izitshalo ezilandelayo.
Enye yezindlela eziphephe kakhulu nezisebenzayo zokuphatha inkinga yamazambane akhathalayo ukususwa kwemvelo, kepha kunganconywa kuphela izindawo ezincane, ngenxa yobunzima benqubo enkulu.
Lapho ukhula izitshalo zomugqa, amazambane kadoti angalawulwa ngokulima okuphindaphindwayo (uma ungazinaki izitshalo ezisezintanjeni zezitshalo). Akunzima ukuqeda ngokuphelele amazambane okhula ngezitshalo zokuthena ensimini ye-fallow. Izitshalo ezine eziphakeme ngamasentimitha ayi-10-15 (ezingekho ngaphezu kwamahlamvu ayi-6-8) zanele ukuqeda ngokuphelele lesi sitshalo futhi zivimbele ukwakheka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezintsha. Kodwa-ke, insimu yokulima ngemuva kwamazambane kuyindlela yokusebenzisa umhlaba ngokuchitha, kunconywa kuphela ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, ngemuva kobusika obuncane obunephethini emfushane yokujikeleza kwezitshalo ekukhiqizeni imbewu.
Ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali Ukhula lwamazambane lubonisa ukusetshenziswa okwandile kokuhluma kokuvinjwa, inhlabathi yokugcoba, ukubulala ukhula okuqhubekayo, inhlabathi namalungiselelo wokukhetha amaqabunga. Izitshalo Zokukhula Kwezitshalo nge-AI I-Maleic hydrazide (Phazor), uma isetshenziswa ezitshalweni eziluhlaza cishe amasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu ngemuva kokuqhakaza okugcwele, imunwa ngamaqabunga bese idluliselwa kwizilimo eziyizigaxa, ukuvimba ukukhula kwayo ngo-70-80%. I-Soil fumigants ifinyelela umgomo ofanayo futhi akukho ngaphansi kokuphumelela (kodwa ku-Russian Federation azikho izidakamizwa ezivunyiwe).
Imithi yokubulala ukhula iyakwazi ukubhubhisa ngokuphelele amazambane okhula ngokuhlangana nangokusebenzisa okuphindiwe. Ukunikezwa kwezakhamzimba ku-tuber kamama kuvumela izitshalo ukuthi ziphinde zithole kusuka kumithamo yezibulala-zikhula ezibulala olunye ukhula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvela kwamazambane sekwedlule isikhathi ezitshalweni eziningi kwenza ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kwemithi yokubulala ukhula kungamukeleki ngenxa yokuthi izitshalo sezivele zisesigabeni sazo esifanelekile sokwelashwa. Ngakho-ke, uma ama-herbicides asetshenziswa esitshalweni esikhulu ngesikhathi esifanele, imiphumela yokwelashwa ayithinti ingxenye yezitshalo zamazambane zokhula: ngalesi sikhathi azimili nje. Ngakho-ke, imithi yokubulala ukhula engakaqhamuki ngokuvamile ayanele ukulawula amazambane okuzithandela. Amazambane amelana nemithi eminingi yokubulala ukhula esanda kuvela.
Akukwenzi mqondo ophelele ukusebenzisa i-AI kwezinye izilimo ezisetshenziselwa ukukhula kwamazambane (i-metribuzin, i-rimsulfuron, njll.). Ngasikhathi sinye, kunemininingwane ebanzi yangaphandle yokuthi ezinye izinto ezisebenzayo ziyalawula amazambane wokhula uma zisetshenziswa esigabeni sokuqalwa kwe-tuberization (ukuqaliswa kwe-tuber). Uma i-herbicide isetshenziswa ngaphambili (ngaphambi kokuqalwa kwe-tuber), i-tuber kamama ingaphinde iqhume. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-herbicide ngemuva kwesikhathi sokuqala kwe-tuberization ngeke kuvikele ukwakheka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zendodakazi.
Ama-herbicides asetshenziswa ezitshalweni ezithile angavunyelwa futhi ukuthi asebenze nabanye. Ukubekezelelwa okuningi kusho "ukucindezela," hhayi ukulawula ngokuphelele kwamazambane okhula. Kuyadingeka ukuthi unake imininingwane mayelana nokufika emuva kwe-AI ethile ezinye izilimo ezijikelezayo zezilimo, ikakhulukazi amazambane otshaliwe noma imifino.
Ekuphetheni, kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi amazambane njengokhula usiba yinkinga enkulu yamazambane atshaliwe nabanye ababambe iqhaza ekushintsheni kwezitshalo. Namuhla, kunzima ukuvimbela ukwanda kwamazambane wokhula ezitshalweni, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa lonke uhla lwezinyathelo zokucindezela nokulawula ezisebenzayo.