Lapho utshala izitshalo ezahlukahlukene zezolimo, ngaphezu kwezindlela ze-agrotechnical, ezihlala ziyizinto eziyinhloko ekulawuleni ukhula, kunzima ukwenza ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukhula. Ngasikhathi sinye, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ngokuba nomsebenzi omkhulu wezinto eziphilayo, imithi yokubulala ukhula idinga indlela esezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu lapho uyisebenzisa.
UValentina Demidova, Umcwaningi weFederal State Budgetary Scientific Institution VNIIF, Oqokelwe Isayensi Yezinto Eziphilayo;
UMaria Kuznetsova, iNhloko yoMnyango WeZambane kanye Nezifo zemifino, i-FSBIU VNIIF, Ophakanyiselwe Izifundo zebhayiloji
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zaseRussia, kube nezimo eziningi lapho ingozi evela ekusetshenzisweni kwemithi yokubulala ukhula ngenxa yomphumela wayo onobuthi esitshalweni esivikelwe kukhula idlula inzuzo. Umphumela we-herbicide ungumphumela wezinsalela ezisele ze-ejenti (kanye nama-metabolites ayo), asetshenziswe eminyakeni eyedlule, esimweni senhlabathi, izitshalo ezilinywayo nezokhula. Ubungozi bomphumela we-herbicide ikakhulu bunqunywa yizici ezintathu: ukuqina kokukhangisa, ukonakala nokufuduka (ukunyakaza). Umphumela walezi zici uncike ezimweni zenhlabathi nezimo zezolimo, isimo sezulu, kanye nezakhiwo zomuthi uqobo.
Ikakhulu ngenxa yalokhu, amazambane atshalwe emapulazini amakhulu nakhethekile ahlupheka.
Izimbangela ze-toxosis kumazambane:
- ukugcinwa emhlabathini izinsalela ze-amazambane anobuthi ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kwesitshalo ngaphambi kokujikeleza kwezitshalo;
- ukwephulwa kwemithetho yokusetshenziswa kwe- “potato” herbicides (metribuzin, rimsulfuron, prosulfocarb, njll);
- ukusetshenziswa kwama-sprayer ngezinsalela zokubulala ukhula emathangini (kuncike ekuzwelweni kwamazambane kulezi zinto);
- amaconsi omoya abulala ukhula ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwamasimu aseduze.
Imvamisa, i-toxicosis ekhonjiswe ezigabeni 2-4 ihlotshaniswa nokungahambisani nemigomo nezincomo zokusetshenziswa.
Azikho ama-herbicides amaningi asetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokukhula kwamazambane. Lokhu ikakhulu amalungiselelo avela emaqenjini ama-triazines (metribuzin), aryloxyalkanecarboxylic acids (MCPA), sulfonylureas (rimsulfuron), thiocarbamates (prosulfocarb). Zonke lezi zithako ezisebenzayo zikhethwa futhi akufanele zidale ukulimala ezitshalweni zamazambane. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, amazambane ayacindezelwa. Lokhu kungaba yizici zesimo sezulu, ukuzwela kwezinhlobonhlobo, ukwephulwa kwemithetho yokusetshenziswa, ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo esezingeni eliphansi, njll.
Izimpawu zincike ekilasini lezinto ezisebenzayo. I-Metribuzinum ibangela ukushiswa nokuvinjwa kokukhula kwezitshalo. Lokhu kubizwa kakhulu ngezinhlobo ezibucayi noma lapho kufakwa esimweni sezulu esomile ngokuthola kwezulu okuningilizayo (umdwebo 1).
I-Rimsulfuron ingadala i-yellowing noma i-marling yamaqabunga amazambane amancane. Izimpawu ezinjalo zifana kakhulu nokubonakaliswa kokutheleleka ngegciwane. Ngalesi sizathu, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kumazambane embewu kuyinto engathandeki.
Izitshalo zamazambane zizwelana kakhulu nama-herbicides, kufaka phakathi lezo ezisetshenziswa ekushintsheni kwezitshalo kwezinye izilimo. Okuyingozi kakhulu ngamazambane yi-herbicides esetshenziswe esikweni esedlule kusuka eqenjini 2 (acetolactate synthase inhibitors (ALS) neqembu 4 (synthetic auxins).
Imithi yokubulala ukhula eqenjini 2 ifaka phakathi ama-sulfonylureas asetshenziswa kakhulu (metsulfuron-methyl, chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron, njll.), Kanye ne-imidazolinones (imazethapyr, imazamox, njll.). Umphumela wazo omubi kumazambane uhlotshaniswa noshintsho ekuhlanganisweni kwamanye ama-amino acid abalulekile. Izinsalela zeSulfonylurea ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zingaqhubeka enhlabathini futhi zilimaze amazambane isikhathi eside ngemuva kokufakwa. Amanye ama-imidazolinones atholakala emhlabathini iminyaka eminingana. Ukubonakaliswa komphumela onobuthi waleli qembu lama-herbicides eziqongweni zamazambane kuyahlukahluka futhi kuya ngezimpawu ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo. Ngokuvamile, i-endochlorosis (noma ukuphuzi kwamaqabunga), imibimbi (noma i-mosaic), futhi, njengomthetho, ukubambezeleka kokukhula kuyabonakala (Umdwebo 2). Izimpawu ezinjalo zifana kakhulu nokubonakaliswa kokutheleleka ngegciwane. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi emhlabathini onezinsalela zemithi yokubulala ukhula, kokubili ukuhlanza kanye nokwesekwa kwamasimu okwenziwa ekukhiqizeni imbewu yamazambane kunzima.
Izimpawu zokulimala kwama-tubers ngalezi zitshalo ezibulala ukhula zingahluka, kepha ukuqhekeka okungatheni kwama-tubers (okuvame ukubonakala njengenkanyezi) kanye nokukhula okwenziwe ngesigaxa lapho nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezibukeka njengama-popcorn ziyisici esivelele kunazo zonke (Umdwebo 3,4).
I-Group 4 herbicides ifaka okuvela kuma-phenoxyacetic, benzoic kanye ne-pyridic acid. Okuphikelela okungatheni (isb.esikhathi eside) kwazo kungokuphuma kwe-phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Ingcuphe yokulimala kwamazambane yi-benzoic (dicamba) ne-picolinic (clopyralid, picloram) esuselwe ku-acid iphezulu. Ngakho-ke, ekubonisweni kwezimpawu zomonakalo onobuthi kumazambane, ubukhona be-clopyralid emhlabathini banele ngokwenani elilingana no-0,07% wezinga lokufaka isicelo ngonyaka owedlule esitshalweni sangaphambilini sezinhlamvu, nasezingeni lika-0,7%, ukwehla okuphawulekayo kwesivuno sesitshalo esibucayi kwase kuphawuliwe.
Ngokungafani ne-sulfonylureas ne-imidazolinones, ukulimala okubonakalayo kumazambane yi-dicamba, clopyralid, ne-picloram kuvela kuphela engxenyeni engenhla. Izitshalo, ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwamaqabunga amaqabunga, zifana nezithombo ze-fern (umdwebo 5). Lezi zibulala-zikhula zithinta ukubekwa nokwakheka kwamaphoyinti okukhula (amehlo) kwizilimo eziyizigaxa zezindodakazi. Ngakho-ke, ngonyaka wokutshala amazambane enhlabathini engcoliswe yizinsalela zala ma-herbicides, kuvame ukwakhiwa iziqongo ezibukeka njengokujwayelekile nezilimo eziyizigaxa, kepha zinohlelo olwephukile lokwakhiwa kwamaphoyinti okukhula. Izimpawu ezingenhla zivela ngonyaka olandelayo, lapho lezi zilimo eziyizigaxa zisetshenziswa njengezinto zokutshala. Lapho senza ukuqapha ukuhluma kwamazambane ukutshalwa kwamazambane, cishe njalo ngonyaka sihlangana nezitshalo ezinezimpawu ezingenhla ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zaseRussia.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlukanisa ukubonakaliswa kwe-herbicidal toxicosis kusuka kwizimpawu zezifo ezithathelwanayo. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-herbicidal toxicosis nokubonakaliswa kwanoma yisiphi isifo ukubonakaliswa okukhulu kwezimpawu zomonakalo kuyo yonke insimu noma endaweni, ezindaweni, kodwa hhayi ezitshalweni ngazinye.
Lapho uhlela ukutshala amazambane, okusalayo okusetshenziswayo kwama-herbicides asetshenziswe kwisizini edlule kufanele kubhekwe. Izinga lokubhujiswa kwezinto ezisebenzayo ze-herbicides enhlabathini lincike ezintweni eziningi: inani lokulungiswa elisetshenzisiwe, izimo zenkathi (izinga lokushisa, umswakama wenhlabathi), uhlobo lomhlabathi, inani le-micobiota, njll. Izimo ezomile ngonyaka wokusetshenziswa kwe-sulfonylurea, imidazolinones, i-dicamba, i-picloram ne-clopyralid zandisa ubungozi bokugcina izinsalela zabo enhlabathini kanye nomonakalo wamazambane ngesizini ezayo.
Ngakho-ke, uma kunokungabaza "ngenhlanzeko" yensimu, ngaphambi kokutshala amazambane, inhlabathi kufanele ihlaziyelwe izinsalela ze-herbicide noma i-biotesting yenhlabathi kusetshenziswa izitshalo zezinkomba.
Futhi, i-herbicides esetshenziswa kumazambane nayo ingaba nomthelela ongemuhle ezitshalweni ezilandelayo. Kulokhu, senze izifundo eziningi ezihlose ukutadisha ubuthi be-herbicide ngokusekelwe metribuzin esetshenziswa kumazambane ekudlwenguleni kwentwasahlobo, ikhukhamba, i-oats nezitshalo zeshukela se-beet.
I-phytotoxicity ye-metribuzin yanqunywa ngonyaka we-2018 nango-2019 ngaphansi kwemibandela yokuhlolwa okukhulayo egumbini lokugcina ukushisa ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwa nge-hydrothermal.
Njengezitshalo zokuhlola, sisebenzise ishukela le-beet (v. Ramonskaya odnosemyannaya 9), i-oats (v. Argaman Elita), ikhukhamba (v. Edinstvo), ukudlwengulwa kwentwasahlobo (v. Ratnik). Izitshalo zatshalwa kuma-beaker angama-80 mm ububanzi ngomthamo ka-600 cm3 ogcwele amasampula enhlabathi e-sod-podzolic ethathiwe.
Ukusungula izivivinyo, amasampuli omhlabathi athathwa ensimini lapho kungasetshenziswanga khona ukhula (control), nasendaweni yokuhlola, lapho kwakutshalwa khona amazambane kanye ne-herbicide (a.v. metribuzin) yasetshenziswa ngomthamo ka-0,5 kg / ha. Kuyo yomibili iminyaka yokuhlolwa, amasampuli athathwa entwasahlobo, ngo-Ephreli, kusuka ekujuleni komkhawulo wokulima ka-0-25 cm ngezimpinda eziyi-10.
Izimo ezikhulayo zezitshalo zokuhlola: izinga lokushisa lomoya 250C (usuku) no-200C (ubusuku); ukuchelela inhlabathi kuze kufike ku-60% we-PV.
Ukuqhathanisa phytotoxicity kwamasampula enhlabathi akhethiwe ngenxa yokufikelwa yi-herbicide kwahlolwa izinsuku ezingama-28 ngemuva kokuhlwanyela amasiko ngokuya umehluko ukuphakama nesisindo sezitshalo zokuhlola.
Ngokwemiphumela yokuhlola, kutholakale ukuthi kumasampula omhlabathi ofundwayo, ukunqandwa kwazo zonke izitshalo zokuhlola kwakubonwa ngendlela yesiga esibuthakathaka, ukubuyiselwa emuva kokukhula ngokuqhathaniswa nokulawula (Umd. 6-9). Ukuphakama kwezitshalo ze-oat ekuphathweni kwakungu-25-35 cm, ekungafani okufundwe kwe-20-23 cm; ama-beet ama-ushukela ama-15-20 cm (isilawuli), kuma-variant afundwe ngo-10-13 cm; ikhukhamba 16-22 cm (control), ku-efundwayo eguquguqukayo ka-11-14 cm; Ukudlwengulwa kwentwasahlobo okuyi-12 cm cm (isilawuli), emahlukeni afundwe ngo-14 cm.
Ngokwesilinganiso, ngaphezulu kweminyaka emi-2, ukwehla kwesisindo sezitshalo zokuhlola zamakhukhamba zokulawula kufinyelele kuma-70,8%; ama-beet ashukela - 45,0%; ama-oats - 44,4%; ukudlwengulwa kwentwasahlobo - 33,1% (Ithebula 1).
Ngakho-ke, izifundo zethu zikhombisile ukuthi kunomthelela ongemuhle we-metribuzin yamazambane ezitshalweni ezahlukahlukene: ikhukhamba, isweets, ushukela, i-oats, ukudlwengulwa kwentwasahlobo. Ukuze sinciphise ukulimala kwezitshalo ezahlukahlukene ngezinsalela zokubulala ukhula emhlabathini, kubalulekile ukwenza amasu ahlukahlukene:
- Sebenzisa imithamo eyanele ye-herbicides (amalungiselelo ahlanganisiwe noma ukuxubana kwethangi aqukethe izinto ezimbalwa "ezihlala isikhathi eside" ezisebenzayo).
- Ngaphambi kokutshala izitshalo ezibucayi, yenza ukulima okujulile.
- Faka isicelo sokujikeleza kwezitshalo okunciphisa ingozi yokulimala kwesitshalo ngama-herbicides.
- Sebenzisa izitshalo zesikhombi (imbewu yezilimo ezibucayi kakhulu kulokhu okubulala ukhula):
- kuma-herbicides avela eqenjini 2 - i-acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors (i-sulfonylureas kanye ne-imidazolinones) - ama-beet, ushukela odlwenguliwe;
- yeqembu 4 - ama-auxin okwenziwa (phenoxyacid (2.4D, njll.), i-benzoic acid (dicamba), i-pyridic acid (i-clopyralid, i-picloram) - ubhontshisi, ifilakisi;
- yeqembu 5 - metribuzin - ikhukhamba, i-oats, amashukela beet.
5. Qondisa ngokudla okudla izitshalo ezilimele ngamanyolo asuselwa kuma-amino acid: ngokwesibonelo, Isabion, Aminokat, njll.