EKUTHUTHUKISWENI KOKUFULELA IZambane NGAMazambane esifundeni saseNovosibirks
Kungani izinhlobo zamazambane zenziwe ngabalimi beNovosibirsk zithakazelisa? Yimiphi imisebenzi ososayensi abazibekela yona namuhla? Ngabe bawahlola kanjani amathemba omsebenzi wabo?
Umagazini "Uhlelo Lwamazambane" ubhekise yonke le mibuzo kuchwepheshe odumile wamazambane, umcwaningi ohola phambili weFederal Research Center "Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the SB RAS", Oqokelwe Ukhetho Lwezesayensi Yezolimo uNikolai Polukhin.
Ngo-1978, abalimi baseSiberia badala izinhlobonhlobo LINA: uthela kakhulu futhi awunakulinganiswa ekumelaneni nezifo jikelele. Imbewu yempahla yalolu hlobo ifunwa kakhulu, icishe ibe "emvinini" ethengwe amapulazi aseMpumalanga Ekude (ikakhulukazi, esifundeni sase-Amur). Abalimi bathi nguLina kuphela ongamelana nomthwalo wasolwandle: inani elikhulu lemvula, umswakama omkhulu njalo, futhi, ngokufanele, okulimaza sekwedlule isikhathi.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emihlanu, kwavela izinhlobonhlobo SAFO... Kuzibonakalise kahle kakhulu lapho kukhule kuziza zomuntu siqu: ezihlwabusayo, nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinkulu. Abahlali basehlobo bakuthatha ngenjabulo.
Kepha zombili lezi zinhlobonhlobo ziphakathi kwasekuqaleni, futhi ezimeni zaseSiberia, ezokuqala zifunwa kakhulu. I-JNA: kwakha isivuno ngoJulayi 20, ngesimo sezulu sendawo lokhu kungumphumela omuhle kakhulu. Impumelelo elandelayo yabafuyi baseNovosibirsk yizinhlobonhlobo ZLATKA: maphakathi nesizini, ngokunambitheka okuhle kakhulu (u-Adretta usegazini lakhe, futhi lo ngumholi ongenakuqhathaniswa ngokunambitha) Iphinde ibe nesivuno esikhulu.
- UNikolai Ivanovich, ingabe amazambane asisilimo esibaluleke ngempela esifundeni saseNovosibirsk?
Amazambane abalulekile kulo lonke elaseRussia, akusizi ngalutho ukuthi bakubiza ngokuthi "isinkwa sesibili". Futhi kubantu baseSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude, wayevame ukukhonza njengesinkwa sokuqala. Izinga lokusetshenziswa kwamazambane kulezi zifunda lisephakeme kunase-Urals nasengxenyeni yezwe laseYurophu.
Ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi amazambane amnandi kakhulu akhula eSiberia, ngoba isimo sezulu esifundeni sethu sithandeka ngokukhiqizwa kwaso. Kepha izidingo zomkhiqizo nazo zibucayi kakhulu.
- Ngabe abalimi banokuthile abasebenza ngakho?
Impela. Futhi besilokhu sinake kakhulu le nkomba. Ukuzalela amazambane esifundeni saseNovosibirsk kwaqala ukubandakanyeka eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu edlule. Lo msebenzi waqala kulesi sikhungo, uGalina Petrovna Shushakova.
- Abalimi abaningi ezimweni zanamuhla bazama ukuzivumelanisa nezidingo zamaketanga okuthengisa futhi lapho bekhetha okuhlukahlukene ukugxila ekubukekeni, ukufaneleka kwesitoreji sesikhathi eside, hhayi kunambitheka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Ngabe abalimi baseNovosibirsk bayayicabangela le ndlela?
Isikhathi eside, ukuzalanisa kwethu akuzange kunake izinqubo zangaphandle (ukuma kwe-tuber, umbala wesikhumba, ukujula kwamehlo), ngakho-ke izinhlobo zasendaweni zazingaphansi kokuthandwa kwabancintisana nabangaphandle "abahle".
Manje abalimi bazama ukugcina izinzuzo zamazambane aseSiberia, bengeza "ukuhweba" okuncane ebhange lezingulube lezinzuzo. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo ze-Sokur ne-Adar zingaphansi kokuhlolwa kobunzima. Kokubili okumnandi nokuhle, sinethemba elikhulu ngabo.
Silungiselela izinhlobo ezimbili ezithembisayo zokudluliswa kwezilingo ezahlukahlukene ngo-2021: i-Alka ne-hybrid 154 (igama alikacatshangwa okwamanje).
- Yimiphi eminye imingcele izinhlobo ezintsha zaseSiberia ezizohlukaniswa ngayo?
Sisebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlobo zethu zihlukaniswa ngokuvunwa okuphezulu, ukunambitheka okuhle kakhulu, ukumelana nezifo, ukufaneleka kokugcinwa kwesikhathi eside.
- Esifundeni saseNovosibirsk kuhlelwe ukwakha isitshalo sokukhiqiza ama-chips I-PepsiCo... Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinhlobo zokucubungula zizofunwa. Ngabe le ndawo iyindawo ebalulekile yokuzalanisa esifundeni?
Umugqa wethu wezinhlobonhlobo ufaka lezo ezifanele ukucutshungulwa zibe amazambane omile namachips: uSappho, Zlatka, Lina. Futhi-ke, ukusebenza ngale ndlela kuzoqhubeka, yize kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukudala izinhlobonhlobo zokucubungula kungumsebenzi onzima kakhulu.
- ISiberia Research Institute of Plant Production and Breeding manje seyigatsha leFederal Research Center "Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS". Ngabe kukhona okushintshile emsebenzini wabafuyi besikhungo sokucwaninga ngemuva kokujoyina iFederal Research Center?
Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi, umsebenzi wokuzalisa e-Research Institute wenziwa ngendlela yendabuko, wawususelwa ku-interspecific kanye ne-intraspecific hybridization. Manje sesithuthele ezingeni eliphakeme. Ndawonye nabasebenzi be-laboratory yokuhlela genomic ye-Institute of Cytology and Genetics, sisebenzisa izindlela zokukhetha umaki. Ukufaka lezi zindlela kusheshisa kakhulu ukulethwa kwemiphumela. Ngicabanga ukuthi kulo nyaka sizobe sesivele sihlola izinhlobo zokuqala ezahlanganiswa kusetshenziswa lobu buchwepheshe.
- ISiberia Research Institute of Plant Production and Selection idume ngokuqoqwa kwayo okunothile kwezinhlobo zamazambane. Sitshele kabanzi ngakho.
Ukuba neqoqo elibanzi lamasampuli woqobo kusivumela ukuthi siqhube umsebenzi wokukhiqiza ohlosiwe futhi ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu. Izinombolo zethu zeqoqo ezingama-338 in vitro amasampula, kunezinhlobo ezingama-185, ezingama-95 zazo ezivuselelwa. Ekukhetheni siphinde sisebenzise ama- "savages", esinawo amasampula angama-35. Siphinde sigcine amasampula ayi-135 avela eqoqweni le-VIR (amasampula atholwe ngaphansi kohlelo lwe-KNTP "Ukuthuthukiswa kokukhiqiza nokuzalanisa imbewu eRussia").
Izinsizakusebenza zeqoqo lethu zivame ukusetshenziswa ngabafuyi bezinhlangano zesayensi zeSiberia Federal District (Omsk, Kemerovo, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, njll.), Uma zidinga uhlobo oluthile kwesibeletho, singanikeza cishe noma iyiphi i-oda.
- Abalimi beSibNIIRS bathola okokuzala okuphezulu kwembewu yamazambane. Ithengiswa kanjani le mikhiqizo?
Sandisa izinto zembewu kubantu abakhulu kakhulu futhi le mikhiqizo siyithengisa emapulazini wembewu kuphela. Esifundeni saseNovosibirsk siyabambisana nenkampani i-Agros kanye nophiko lwayo locwaningo nokukhiqiza iMichurinets SPH. Siphinde sinikeze imbewu kumabhizinisi ezimbewu e-Altai Territory nasePrimorye.
Kulo nyaka sitshala imbewu yamazambane ezinhlobonhlobo zethu uLina noZlatka abathengiswayo. Siqala ukwandisa uSokur kancane (siyethemba ukuthi izoklanywa). Ngaphezu kwalokho, sandisa izinhlobo ezifunwayo phakathi kwabalimi bamazambane esifundeni kanye nabalimi: iRosara, iRed Scarlett, i-Adretta, okuyisikhungo sethu okungumsunguli wayo. Sidayisa kuphela impahla esezingeni eliphakeme eqinisekisiwe (izitifiketi zikhishwa yiRussian Agricultural Center ngokuya ngemiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ze-PCR). Ngaphandle kwalokhu, akukho ndawo. Sinemithetho eqinile yokuqalisa ukusebenza eSiberia.
- ISiberia Research Institute of Plant Production and Breeding iyilungu lohlelo olungaphansi "Ukuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa kwamazambane nokukhiqizwa kwembewu eRussia Federation" yeFederal Scientific and Technical Programme for the Development of Agriculture ka-2017-2025. Sitshele ukuthi yimiphi imisebenzi ebhekene nabafuyi futhi kubaluleke ngani ukubamba iqhaza kulolu hlelo olungaphansi lwalesi sikhungo?
Imisebenzi yethu eyinhloko yilena: ukudala izinhlobo ezinesivuno esikhulu ezinezici ezihlangabezana nezidingo zanamuhla zokukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa, ukugcina nokwandisa ukuqoqwa kokukhethwa kwesibeletho futhi ku- vivo ukukhiqizwa kwezinto zokuqala (ama-minitubers) ekufakweni kwe-aeroponic ne-hydroponic ngenani eliqinisekisa inqubo yokukhiqizwa kwembewu (ngo-2019 - izingcezu eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-20; ngo-2020 - izingcezu eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-23, ngo-2021 - 25 izingcezu eziyizinkulungwane); ukuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane embewu wesigaba se-super-super-elite (ngo-2020 - amathani angama-48, eminyakeni eyalandela - amathani angama-50).
Ngiyabona ukuthi ukuqaliswa kwe-subroutine kubaluleke kakhulu kithi. Njengoba sesibe ngabahlanganyeli bayo, sathola ukwesekwa okuqinile okuvela kuhulumeni. Izimali zesibonelelo zisetshenziselwe ukuvuselela ngokuphelele okubalulekile kanye nesisekelo sobuchwepheshe: bakha kabusha i-biotechnological laboratory, bafaka izitshalo ze-aeroponic kanye ne-hydroponic zokukhiqiza ama-minitubers, abathengi abasikiwe, abakha imibhede, abatshali kanye nenhlanganisela. Manje sesiqedile ukwakha indawo yokugcina izinto yesimanje. Ukuzalela amazambane eSibNIIRS namuhla kwenziwa ezingeni lesimanje, futhi ososayensi bethu banomuzwa oqinile wokuthi amazambane asabalulekile ezweni lethu.
LINA
Ibanga lokuqala eliphakathi nendawo. Isivuno esithengisekayo 213-496 c / ha. Isigaxa siyisiyingi. Amehlo ayingcosana ngesibalo, aphakathi naphakathi Uginindela umhlophe. Ubuningi besigaxa esithengiswayo singama-105-250 g. Ikhasi libushelelezi, liphuzi. Okuqukethwe kwesitashi 11,2-18,5%.
Ukumelana nomdlavuza wamazambane kanye ne-phytophthorosis eziqongweni nasezilwaneni eziyizigaxa. Ihlaselwe i-nematode yegolide amazambane.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa zikulungele ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane owomile namachips.
SAFO
Ibanga lokuqala eliphakathi nendawo. Isivuno esithengisekayo 183-395 c / ha. Ishubhu siyisiyingi ngamehlo amancane. I-rind i-beige elula. Uginindela ukhilimu. Isisindo sesigaxa esithengiswayo singu-111-232 g. Okuqukethwe kwesitashi kungu-12,7-16,7%.
Imelana ne-causative agent yomdlavuza wamazambane, i-golden potato cyst nematode, i-mosaic eshwabene futhi eboshiwe, igciwane lokugoqa amaqabunga. Izilimo eziyizigaxa zikulungele ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane owomile namachips.
Izinhlobonhlobo zeZlatka Sokur ezihlukahlukene
ZLATKA
Izinhlobonhlobo zesizini ephakathi. Isivuno esithengisekayo 162-406 c / ha.
Ishubhu sizungezwe ngokujula okujwayelekile kwamehlo. Ikhasi liphuzi. Uginindela uphuzi ngokukhanyayo. Ubuningi be-tuber yezentengiso ngu-109-160 g. Okuqukethwe kwesitashi ngu-15,7-18,0%.
Ukumelana nomdlavuza wamazambane, i-mosaic eshwabene ne-virus roll leaf. Kuthambekele ngokulingene eziqongweni futhi imelane ngokulingene nokulimala sekwephuzile kwizilimo eziyizigaxa. Ithintwe yimatode.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa zikulungele ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane owomile namachips.
ISOKUR
Ibanga lokuqala eliphakathi nendawo. Kungaphansi kokuhlolwa kokuhlukahluka kombuso.
Ishubhu limile okweqanda, ngamehlo akha phezulu. Ikhasi libomvu. Uginindela uphuzi.
Inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesitashi futhi iyamelana nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.
I-JNA
Izinhlobo ezivuthiwe zakuqala. Isivuno esithengisekayo 196-360 c / ha.
Isigaxa sizungezwe nge-oval ngamehlo amancane. I-rind i-beige elula. Uginindela uphuzi ngokukhanyayo. Isisindo sesigaxa esithengiswayo esingu-110-200 g.
Okuqukethwe kwesitashi 14,3-15,1%.
Imelana ne-causative agent yomdlavuza wamazambane, i-golden potato cyst nematode, i-mosaic eshwabene futhi eboshiwe, igciwane lokugoqa amaqabunga.