Amazambane akuwona nje umthombo we-carbohydrate yokudla kubantu, kodwa futhi umthombo wesitashi wezinto eziningi ezisetshenziswa ezimbonini. Ososayensi be-A&M AgriLife baseTexas bafunda ukuthi singashintsha kanjani isilinganiso sama-molecule amabili esitashi kumazambane - i-amylose ne-amylopectin - ukuze kwandiswe ukusetshenziswa kwesitshalo kwezolimo nezimboni.
Isibonelo, amazambane ane-waxy ane-amylopectin ephezulu asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ama-bioplastics, izithasiselo zokudla, izinto zokunamathisela notshwala.
Amaphepha amabili asanda kushicilelwa ku-International Journal of Molecular Sciences and Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture ahlola ukuthi ubuchwepheshe be-CRISPR bungathuthukisa kanjani ukusetshenziswa kwamazambane.
Womabili la maphepha ahlanganisa umsebenzi owenziwa uStephanie Toinga, Ph.D., owayengumfundi oneziqu elabhorethri ka-Kirti Rathor, Ph.D., AgriLife Plant Biotechnologist e-Texas A&M Plant Genomics and Biotechnology Institute kanye noMnyango Wenhlabathi. Futhi owabhala ngokubambisana womabili amaphepha kwakungu-Isabelle Weils, Ph.D., umlimi wamazambane e-AgriLife Research eMnyangweni we-Texas A&M Wesayensi Yezokulima.
"Ulwazi nolwazi esilutholile kulezi zifundo ezimbili luzosisiza ukuthi sethule ezinye izici ezifiselekayo kulesi sitshalo esibaluleke kakhulu," kusho u-Rathor.
Amaqiniso Amazambane
Izambane litshalwa emazweni angaphezu kwe-160 kumahektha ayizigidi ezingama-40,8 futhi liwukudla okuyisisekelo kubantu abangaphezu kwesigidigidi.
Izambane eliphakathi nendawo liqukethe cishe ama-calories angu-160, ikakhulukazi atholakala kwisitashi, u-Rathor uthi, yingakho izilimo eziyizigaxa ziwumthombo obalulekile wamandla kubantu abaningi emhlabeni jikelele. Amazambane aqukethe nezinye izakhi ezibalulekile, kuhlanganise namavithamini namaminerali.
Isitashi sibaluleke kakhulu kukho kokubili ukusetshenziswa kokudla kanye nezimboni.
Inani lesitashi kuma-tubers amazambane liyisici esiyinhloko ekunqumeni ukusetshenziswa kwamazambane.
Amazambane anesitashi esiningi avame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza ukudla okugayiwe okunjengama-french, ama-chips namazambane omisiwe, kusho u-Wales.
Amazambane anesitashi esiphansi naphakathi avame ukusetshenziswa amasha noma njengamazambane asetafuleni, uthi. Ukuze usetshenziswe kabusha izilimo eziyizigaxa, izici ezengeziwe ezibalulekile ukubukeka kwe-tuber, okuhlanganisa ukuthungwa kwesikhumba, umbala wesikhumba, umbala wenyama, nokuma kwe-tuber. Muva nje, izinhlobonhlobo ezikhethekile zamazambane ezibunjwa ezihlukahlukene ziye zavela, njengengane; abanesikhumba esibomvu, esinsomi noma esiphuzi kanye nenyama ziya ngokuduma ngenxa yokulungiselela kwazo kalula kanye nokwenyuka komsoco.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ethanol ingakhiqizwa ngesitashi samazambane ukuze kube uphethiloli noma iziphuzo ezidakayo; esikhundleni sepulasitiki esibolayo; noma izinto zokunamathisela, izibophezelo, ama-texturing agents kanye nezigcwalisi zezimboni zemithi, izindwangu, izinkuni nephepha kanye neminye imikhakha yezomnotho.
Ngezicelo zezimboni, kubalulekile ukucabangela inani kanye nohlobo lwesitashi kumazambane.
U-Toinga ukholelwa ukuthi isitashi se-amylopectin esiphezulu siyathandeka ekudleni nakwezinye izinto ezisetshenziswa ezimbonini ngenxa yezindawo zabo zokusebenza ezihlukile. Isibonelo, ama-starches anjalo ayindlela ekhethwayo yokusetshenziswa njenge-stabilizer ne-thickener ekudleni nanjenge-emulsifier ekugqokeni kwesaladi. Ngenxa yokuqina kwayo kweqhwa, isitashi se-amylopectin sisetshenziswa ekudleni okuqandisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazambane anothe nge-amylopectin isitashi akhiqiza amazinga aphezulu e-ethanol uma kuqhathaniswa namazambane anezinye isitashi.
Izinzuzo Zokuzalanisa Amazambane Ngesitashi Esikhethiwe
U-Toinga uthi ukwenza izinhlobo zamazambane ezinesitashi esishintshiwe kungavula amathuba amasha. Amazambane ane-amylopectin ephezulu kanye ne-amylose ephansi, njenge-Yukon Gold ehlelwe ngofuzo ayichaza ku-International Journal of Molecular Sciences, asebenzisa izimboni ezingaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwawo kwendabuko.
Ngokuphambene, amazambane anamazinga aphezulu e-amylose kanye ne-amylopectin ephansi angafiseleka ukuthi asetshenziswe abantu, kusho u-Wales. I-Amylose yenza njenge-fiber futhi ayikhiphi i-glucose kalula njenge-amylopectin, okuholela ekunciphiseni kwe-glycemic index futhi yenza amazambane anambitheke kakhulu kubantu abanesifo sikashukela.
I-CRISPR/Cas9 idala amathuba amasha
Ubuchwepheshe be-CRISPR/Cas9 buye banweba ibhokisi lamathuluzi elitholakala kubalimi futhi bunikeza izindlela eziqondile nezisheshayo zokufaka izici ezifiselekayo ezinhlotsheni zezitshalo ezithengiswayo ezidumile, amanothi ka-Weils. Ukuzalanisa kwendabuko kuyinqubo ende engathatha iminyaka eyi-10-15.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yemvelo eyinkimbinkimbi ye-genome yamazambane, ukudala izinhlobo ezintsha ezinesethi efanele yezimpawu ezifiselekayo kuyinselele yokuzalanisa okuvamile, esho. Ubuchwepheshe bamangqamuzana bukhuphule ukusebenza kahle kokukhetha, futhi ukuhlela izakhi zofuzo kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-CRISPR/Cas9 kwengeza esinye isendlalelo sobunzima.
Izinhlobo ezithuthukisiwe ze-Yukon Gold
Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane ezihlolwe ocwaningweni lokuqala, i-Yukon Gold iphinde yakhiqiza engcono kakhulu, ngakho yasetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwesibili. Umphumela waba amazambane anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-amylopectin kanye nokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-amylose ku-starch.
"Esinye sezitshalo ezikhishiwe, i-T2-7, sabonisa ukukhula okuvamile kanye nezici zesivuno kodwa sasingenayo i-amylose," kusho u-Toinga.
I-Tuber starch, i-T2-7, inezicelo zezimboni ezimbonini zephepha nezindwangu njenge-adhesive/binder, bioplastic, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-ethanol. I-tuber starch yalesi sampula sokuhlola, ngenxa yokumelana naso nokuqhwa nokuncibilika ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali, kufanele futhi sibe usizo ekukhiqizeni ukudla okufriziwe. Amazambane ane-amylopectin okuwukuphela kwendlela yesitashi kufanele futhi akhiqize i-ethanol eyengeziwe ukuze asetshenziswe ezimbonini noma enze iziphuzo ezidakayo.
Njengesinyathelo esilandelayo kulezi zifundo, ukungena kwe-T2-7 kwazitholela impova futhi kwawela uhlobo lwabanikeli lwe-Yukon Gold namanye ama-clone amazambane ukuze kuqedwe izakhi ze-transgenic.