Eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu edlule, ehlobo lika-1922, indiza enemishini yokwenza umsebenzi wamakhemikhali asemoyeni isebenzisa indlela yokufafaza izinambuzane nezifo yasuka enkundleni yezindiza enhloko-dolobha yaseKhodynka. Izindiza zokuhlola eziyimpumelelo ziphawule ukuqala kokuthuthukiswa kwendiza yezolimo.
Namuhla, ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene zezindiza zokuvikela izitshalo kubaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho, njengoba kunikeza ithuba loku:
- ukuqapha okude kwezitshalo zezolimo;
- Izinyathelo zokuzivikela ngezikhathi ezimfushane zezolimo nasezindaweni okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo ezinambuzaneni eziyingozi ikakhulukazi (inkumbi, amabhu e-meadow, amagundane afana negundane, amabhungane amazambane aseColorado, izimfudu eziyingozi) kanye nezifo (ukugqwala kwamaqabunga, ukubola okuphuzile, i-alternaria);
- ukwelashwa lapho inhlabathi imanziswa kakhulu, lapho imishini yomhlabathi ingakwazi ukungena ensimini, ikakhulukazi lapho ilwa nokhula;
- ukucubungula izitshalo ezinde (ummbila, ubhekilanga) kanye nezitshalo zembewu;
- ukucutshungulwa kwamapaki elayisi;
- ukususwa;
- ukucubungula izitshalo emithambekeni ene-slope engaphezu kuka-7 degrees, lapho imishini yokufafaza phansi ingakwazi ukusebenza.
ESoviet Union, isisekelo semikhumbi yezokulima yezindiza kwakuyi-AN-2. Njengamanje, ukuthuthukiswa kwendiza yezolimo kubhekela ekwandeni okubalulekile kokusetshenziswa kwezindiza ezilula kakhulu (i-ULA) kanye nezimoto zasemoyeni ezingenamuntu (UAV), ezishibhe kakhulu kunezindiza ezithwala kanzima. Ngokuhambisana ne-Federal Aviation Rules kanye ne-Air Code ye-Russian Federation, indiza ekhanyayo kakhulu iyindiza (indiza) ena:
- isisindo esiphezulu sokusuka esingekho ngaphezu kwama-495 kg (ngaphandle kwemishini yokuhlenga yezindiza);
- Isivinini esiphezulu esilinganiselwe sendawo yokudayisa (isivinini esincane sokundiza) singeqi ku-65 km/h.
Izindiza ezingenamuntu (UAV) zihlanganisa izimoto izindiza zazo ezilawulwa abashayeli bezindiza abatholakala ngaphandle kwendiza (abashayeli bezindiza abakude).
Izici zemodi elungile yokusetshenziswa kwe-UAV kunqunywa isisindo sayo esikhulu sokusuka:
- kufika ku-250 g - azikho ngaphansi kokubhaliswa kombuso noma ukubalwa kwezimali;
- kusuka ku-250 g kuya ku-30 kg - ngaphansi kokubhaliswa kombuso okuphoqelekile;
- kusuka ku-30 kg nangaphezulu - kungaphansi kokubhaliswa kombuso.
Izinzuzo ezibalulekile zokusebenzisa ama-UAV nama-SLA yilezi:
- akukho ukulahlekelwa okuvela ekulimazeni izitshalo ngamasondo noma isidingo sokusebenzisa i-tramlines (uma kuqhathaniswa nemishini yomhlabathi);
- ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu ngezindleko zokusebenza ezincishisiwe (uma kuqhathaniswa nezindiza ezinzima, njengoba lezi zindiza azidingi izinkundla zezindiza ezihlomele).
Ukusetshenziswa kwezindiza ezingenamuntu kusiza ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezilandelayo:
- ukuthola ulwazi oluningiliziwe ngokwakhiwa kwesisekelo se-cartographic yomhlaba wezolimo kanye nokubekwa kwezinto zezolimo nezixhumanisi zazo eziqondile zokuhlela nokuqapha izinqubo zobuchwepheshe zokukhiqiza ezolimo;
- ukwenza ukuqapha okukude okusekelwe ekuthathweni kwezithombe eziningi zendawo engaphansi komhlaba wokulima ukuze kutholwe isimo kanye nokuthuthuka kwezilimo, ukubikezela isivuno ngokusekelwe ekubaleni inkomba yezitshalo ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yezithombe ze-spectral, njll.;
- ukulawula ukusebenza ngesikhathi sangempela ekusebenzeni kwempahla ephansi kanye nekhwalithi yomsebenzi wezolimo;
- ukuqapha kwe-phytosanitary ye-geocoded yomhlaba wezolimo ukuze kutholwe izinga lokukhula kwezilimo, ukuba khona kwezinambuzane kanye nokubonakaliswa kwezifo ekuqaleni kokukhula, kuhlanganisa nesimo esicashile;
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-UAV ekuthwebuleni izithombe zasemoyeni zomhlaba wezolimo kunikeza, uma kuqhathaniswa nezithombe zesathelayithi, ukuthola izithombe ezinesinqumo esiphakeme (kufika kusentimitha eyodwa ngephuzu ngalinye) futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukwenza lo msebenzi phambi kobunzima. amafu (ukurekhoda usebenzisa imikhumbi-mkhathi phakathi nezikhathi ezinjalo akunakwenzeka ).
Ake sixoxe kabanzi mayelana nokuqapha izitshalo ze-phytosanitary. Muva nje, umthamo wokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo eRussia ubulokhu ukhula kancane kancane: ngokusho kwezibalo, njalo eminyakeni emihlanu kusukela ngo-2010, ziye zaphindeka kabili futhi ngo-2020 zafinyelela amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingu-221. Ngomthamo okhulayo wokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo, amapulazi adinga ukuqinisekisa ukuqoqwa ngokushesha kanye nokucutshungulwa kolwazi ngesimo se-phytosanitary emasimini ezolimo. Ngaphandle kwalolu lwazi, akunakwenzeka ukuxazulula izinkinga zokusekelwa kwezobuchwepheshe zokusetshenziswa okunengqondo nokuphephile kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo ngesikhathi esifushane sezolimo. Izindlela ezikhona zokuhlola umzila osekelwe phansi ezinkundleni azikuvumeli ukuthola ulwazi oludingekayo ngokushesha nangemiqulu edingekayo. Mayelana nalokhu, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka phesheya nasezweni lethu ukuthuthukisa izindlela ezisebenza kude ezikude zokuqoqa ulwazi lokuhlela nokwenza izinyathelo zokuvikela izitshalo. Ngokusebenza okukude kwe-phytosanitary monitoring, okusetshenziswa kakhulu izimoto zasemoyeni ezingenamuntu ezihlinzeka ngevidiyo ene-geocoded, izithombe eziningi ezibukwayo kanye ne-hyperspectral yendawo engaphansi komhlaba.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izinkinga eziphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezikude zokuqoqa ulwazi emkhakheni wokulawula ukhula (ukunquma indawo yokhula ezindaweni zasensimini, ukuhlola ukulahleka kwezitshalo, ukwenza imephu yezindawo eziyingozi) kakade sezixazululiwe kancane. Kule ndawo, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwesivumelwano sokubambisana kwesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, ucwaningo lwenziwa ngokubamba iqhaza kochwepheshe abavela ku-VIZR, i-University of Aerospace Instrumentation (St. Petersburg), i-Samara Agrarian Academy kanye ne-Ptero LLC (eMoscow). Kutholwe imiphumela emihle kusetshenziswa ama-UAV ezindlela ezikude zokuqoqa ulwazi olusekelwe ku-spectrometry ukuhlola ukhula lwezitshalo zokusanhlamvu nokutshalwa kwamazambane ngezinhlobo zokhula ezingaphezu kuka-20, okuhlanganisa neziyingozi ezifana ne-Sosnovsky's hogweed. Idatha yatholwa ngokusekelwe ekunqumeni nasekuhlaziyweni kwezici ze-spectral zokuzindla ezivela ezitshalweni ezitshaliwe nokhula ebangeni le-wavelength 300-1100 nm.
Ngakho-ke, phakathi nezifundo ezenziwa ukuhlonza izici ezichazayo ezisekelwe ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo okuvela ezitshalweni nokhula, kwasungulwa ama-wavelengths emisebe ye-electromagnetic ukuze kusetshenziswe izithombe eziningi ezibukwayo endaweni engaphansi komhlaba wezolimo. kusetshenziswa izinhlelo zesimanje zokuzwa okukude. Ukuhlaziywa kwezithombe ze-spectral zokhula nezitshalo ezitshaliwe kubonisa ukuthi sibona umehluko wesici kumajika okukhanya kwe-spectral atholiwe kuma-subrange emisebe ye-electromagnetic eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, eluhlaza, obomvu kanye ne-infrared eduze kwe-infrared subrange yamaza wamaza.
Umsebenzi onzima kakhulu wokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezindlela zokuzwa kude komhlaba wezolimo ukunqunywa kwezimpawu ezifundisayo zezifo zezitshalo, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngendlela ecashile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izibonakaliso eziningi ezifundisayo zezifo zifana nokukhanya kwe-spectral ezimpawu ze-pathology engatheleleki yezitshalo ezifundwayo.
Imiphumela emihle yatholakala ekunqumeni izifo zamazambane kanye nokulimala kwezitshalo zamazambane yi-Colorado potato beetle isebenzisa i-spectroradiometry. Ukusebenzisa le ndlela, kwatholakala ukuthi lapho ukutshala amazambane kuthinteka ukulimaza sekwephuzile (Fig. 1), ngosuku lwesithathu ngemva kokutheleleka, sibona ukwehla okukhulu kokukhanya kwe-spectral of reflection uma kuqhathaniswa nezitshalo ezinempilo, nangosuku lwesikhombisa. usuku ngemuva kokutheleleka, amanani okukhanya okubonakalayo akhombisa ukuthi izitshalo sezicishe zafa. Kulokhu, inani lokukhanya kwe-spectral ezitshalweni ezithintekile ukulimaza sekwephuzile liseduze namagugu okukhanya kwe-spectral of reflection kusuka enhlabathini.
Lapho amazambane alinyazwa yi-Colorado potato beetle, siphinde sibone ukwehla kokukhanya kwe-spectral kokubonisa izikhathi ezimbili kuya kwezintathu uma kuqhathaniswa nezitshalo ngaphandle kokulimala yizinambuzane. Umfanekiso wesi-2 uveza idatha ngokugqama kokubukeka kwezitshalo zamazambane, kucatshangelwa amazinga ahlukene omonakalo wazo. Idatha etholiwe ibaluleke kakhulu endleleni ekude yokuhlonza i-foci yokulimala kwesitshalo samazambane yi-Colorado potato beetle.
Njengamanje, ngokususelwa ocwaningweni olwenziwe ukuze kutholwe izici ezifundisayo ezisuselwa ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo okuvela ezitshalweni zamazambane ezinempilo nezigulayo, kanye nalezo ezilinyazwa yi-Colorado potato beetle, sekusungulwe ama-subrange afundisa kakhulu ama-wavelengths emisebe ye-electromagnetic. ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezibukwa ngezindlela eziningi zomhlaba wokulima kusetshenziswa ama-UAV kanye ne-SLA.
Lapho unquma izifo, kubalulekile ukucabangela imiphumela yocwaningo lwe-Agrophysical Institute, okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukunquma izici ze-spectral zokubonisa izitshalo ezibhekene nokuntuleka kwe-nitrogen nomswakama womhlabathi.
Imiphumela etholiwe ibalulekile ekuboneni izici ezifundisayo ezenza kube nokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa ngokucacile, lapho kuchazwa isimo se-phytosanitary somhlaba wezolimo, izitshalo ezithintekayo izifo kanye nalezo ezine-pathologies ezibangelwa ukuntuleka komsoco wamaminerali noma umswakama womhlabathi.
Ukwakhiwa kwemitapo yolwazi yezithombe ezibukwayo zezifo zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene zezolimo, kanye nezithombe ezibukwayo zalezi zitshalo ezithola ukuntuleka komsoco wamaminerali noma umswakama womhlabathi, kuzovumela, ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokutholwa kolwazi olukude, ukwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi futhi ezisheshayo. ukuzinzisa isimo se-phytosanitary phambi kwezifo noma ukwenza isethi yezinyathelo ze-agrotechnical ukukhulula izimo zokucindezeleka ezitshalweni ezibangelwa ezinye izici.
Indawo elandelayo ebalulekile yokusebenzisa i-BVS ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezinyathelo zokuvikela izitshalo. Ngokokuqala ngqa, ama-UAV ngendlela yezindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezingenamuntu ezilawulwa kude aqala ukusetshenziswa e-Japan ekuqaleni kwawo-90s ukwelapha amasimu erayisi ngezibulala-zinambuzane. Njengamanje, e-China, engumholi ekukhiqizeni ama-drones ezolimo, indawo yokucubungula esebenzisa ama-UAV isivele idlula amahektha ayizigidi ezimbalwa. Imakethe ye-UAV ithuthuka ngokuguquguqukayo emhlabeni wonke, umthamo wokusetshenziswa kwalezi zindiza ukhuphuka ngonyaka ngo-400-500%. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe be-UAV kwezolimo emhlabeni kuzofinyelela inani lemakethe lika-$ 5,7 billion.
Phakathi kwama-drones ezolimo, inkampani yaseShayina i-DJI iphethe imakethe, kanti imodeli evame kakhulu yi-DJI Agras T16.
Ngenxa yokuthi izingxenye eziningi ze-UAV zale modeli zenziwe ngezinto ezihlanganisiwe, isisindo sedivayisi asidluli i-18,5 kg (ngaphandle kwebhethri). Ngemishini yokuvikela izitshalo, lapho ugcwalisa ithangi ngoketshezi olusebenzayo, isisindo sokusuka somshini sifinyelela ku-41 kg. Umthamo we-reservoir uketshezi olusebenzayo ungamalitha ayi-16 uma i-boom ifakwe imibhobho eyisishiyagalombili. Inzuzo yale modeli ye-drone ukuthi ifakwe ama-radar, enciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokushayisana nezithiyo, futhi inikeza ikhono lokusebenza ebusuku usebenzisa izibani. Ukuphakama okufanelekile kwendiza eyi-drone phezu kwenkundla ngamamitha angu-2,5-3, futhi uma kunesidingo, idivayisi ingakhuphukela kumamitha angu-30 (ubukhulu bendiza evundlile). Lokhu kuphakama kuyadingeka ekwelapheni ukutshala okungapheli, izitshalo ezingadini ze-botanical kanye namahlathi ezinambuzane nezifo.
E-Russian Federation, imiphumela emihle itholakale ekusetshenzisweni kwe-BVS ukulwa namagundane afana negundane (ucwaningo lwenziwa ngokubamba iqhaza kwe-VIZR kanye nenkampani ye-Ginus). Ukuhlolwa kwenkundla kokuqapha okukude kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-geocoded kwamagundane emigodini yamagundane afana negundane kubonise ukuthi ukunemba kobuchwepheshe obusha uma kuqhathaniswa nokusetshenziswa mathupha kungu-91% uma kuqhathaniswa nama-97%.
Kuye kwaqoqwa okuhlangenwe nakho okuwusizo ekusetshenzisweni kwama-UAV ukuze kuqashwe kude izindawo zokusatshalaliswa kwe-hogweed yase-Sosnovsky, kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokufafaza ukhula ngokumelene nalolu hlobo oluyingozi.
Naphezu kwemiphumela emihle namathemba okusebenzisa ama-UAV kwezolimo, kukhona ukushiyeka, kanye nezindaba ezingakaxazululwa emkhakheni wezomthetho nemibhalo yokulawula ngokusetshenziswa kwawo okuphumelelayo nokuphephile kokuqapha okukude nokuvikela izitshalo, okuyilezi:
- izindleko eziphezulu ze-UAV ngengozi yokulahlekelwa idivayisi ngesikhathi somsebenzi;
- imikhawulo engokomthetho ekusetshenzisweni: emazweni amaningi omhlaba, i-UAV kufanele ibe ngaphakathi komugqa wokubonwa komsebenzisi ngenkathi enza umsebenzi (ibanga lingabi ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-500);
- isidingo sokubhalisa, ukubhalisa idivayisi (emazweni amaningi, uma isisindo sayo singaphezu kwama-25 kg) nokuthola ilayisensi yokusebenzisa i-UAV ngezinjongo zokuthengisa;
- isidingo semishini eyengeziwe ebizayo kanye nabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe: ekusebenzeni okungaphazamiseki nokusebenza kahle kwe-UAV, kuyadingeka ukuba okungenani kube namabhethri amathathu engeziwe kanye nejeneretha yokuwashaja; okungenani abantu abathathu abathintekayo ekuseviseni umshini owodwa;
- Ukuncika okukhulu ezimeni zezulu. Esikhathini sezulu esinomoya, ukulawula idivayisi kunzima kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngomoya onamandla ohlangothini;
- ukuntuleka kwemithethonqubo esemthethweni yokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo kusetshenziswa i-BVS ngokuhambisana nezidingo zoMthetho Federal No. 109 “Ekuphatheni okuphephile kwezibulala-zinambuzane namakhemikhali ezolimo”;
- ukungabi khona kwemibhalo yokulawula ukusebenza ngokuphephile kwama-UAV kwezolimo;
- ukuntuleka kwamazinga engozi yomshuwalense wezinhlangano ezisemthethweni kanye nabantu ngabanye lapho besebenzisa imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo besebenzisa i-BVS;
- amanani aphezulu kanye nokuntuleka kwemikhiqizo yesoftware yokuxazulula izinkinga zokuqapha okukude kwe-phytosanitary ukhula, izinambuzane nezifo, kucatshangelwa imikhawulo yezomnotho yokulimaza, kanye nokuqoshwa okuzenzakalelayo kwemiphumela yabo.
Kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokudala izikhungo zesifunda zokuqeqesha abaqhubi kanye nokuhlolwa kwezimboni kwemithetho yezobuchwepheshe ukuze kusetshenziswe ama-UAV ukuqapha nokuvikela izitshalo.
Njengengxenye yezinhlelo ze-digitalization yezolimo, kuyadingeka ukuthi kusheshiswe ukuthuthukiswa kolwazi olukhulu lwamasampula okhula esigabeni esisengozini kakhulu sokuthuthukiswa ukuze kusetshenziswe ama-herbicides namasampula ereferensi anezimpawu ezifundisayo zokulimala kwezinambuzane ezitshalweni ezinkulu. . Kubalulekile ngokulinganayo ukuqedela ukwakheka kwemitapo yolwazi yezithombe ze-spectral zezitshalo ezinempilo nezigulayo, kucatshangelwa ithonya lezinga lokudla kwamaminerali kanye nemingcele ye-agroclimatic.
U-Anatoly Lysov, iNhloko Yelabhorethri Yokuvikelwa Kwezitshalo Ezihlanganisiwe, I-Federal State Budgetary Institution VIZR, i-imeyili: lysov4949@yandex.ru