U-Artur Egorov, Uchwepheshe Wezobuchwepheshe Wendawo Yemikhumbi, Iqembu Lezinkampani Ze-Agrotrade
Lesi sihloko siwumzamo wokugqamisa izici ezibalulekile zenkathi edlule, ukubikezela izinkinga ezilandelayo futhi ukhulume mayelana nokucaciswa nokuthambekela kwemakethe yesimanje yemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo eRussia. Yonke le mibuzo ibalulekile ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni konyaka omusha wezolimo.
IZICI ZESIZINI KA-2019.
I-NEMATODE
Ngo-2019, amapulazi amaningi ezolimo aseRussia, okokuqala, alinganisela ukuthi yini engalimaza izinambuzane ezincane, i-potato stem nematode (Ditylenchus destructor), engadala.
Inkinga iye yaba yimbi kakhulu, ngokubona kwami, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yesimo sezulu sasehlobo eledlule. Khumbula ukuthi kuze kube maphakathi noJulayi ezindaweni ezimaphakathi neRussia kanye nesifunda saseVolga kwakufudumele futhi kunomswakama - umbuso ophelele wokuthuthukiswa kwamazambane wawusele. Ngalesi sikhathi, izitshalo zimunca iningi le-phosphorus ne-nitrogen. Futhi ingxenye yesibili yehlobo yayibanda. Ngalesi sikhathi, amazambane kufanele athole umthamo omkhulu we-potassium ne-calcium, kodwa ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphansi (ngaphansi kuka-10-12).оC) lawa mabhethri awamunnyiwe. Ngenxa yokweqile kwe-nitrogen nokuntuleka kwe-potassium ne-calcium, izindonga zamangqamuzana amazambane ziye zaba mncane, zinde futhi zaba sengozini ye-nematode.
Isiqu samazambane i-nematode yaziwa njengohlobo lwesikelemu esiyindilinga. Umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni zezolimo ubangelwa abantu abadala (izinto eziphilayo ezivuthiwe ngokocansi). Abantu abadala ngosizo lwesitho esikhethekile - i-stylet (esikhumbuza inaliti yesirinji) - bhoboza udonga lwamaseli wesitshalo bese udonsa okuqukethwe. Kulokhu, abantu abadala bakhiqiza ama-enzyme i-amylase ne-pectinase, abangela ukwanda kwe-hydrolysis (ukuguqulwa kwesitashi sibe ushukela) futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwandise amathuba okuba nezilimo eziyizigaxa ekuthelelekeni ngenxa yokubola sekwephuzile.
Izibungu ze-Nematode zidlula ezigabeni ezine zokuvuthwa ngaphambi kokudlulela esigabeni sabantu abadala, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zithola amandla okulimaza izitshalo kuphela ekupheleni kwale ndlela.
Kepha ehlobo lika-2019, izindonga zamangqamuzana amazambane azacile kakhulu zaba sengozini hhayi kubantu abadala kuphela, kodwa futhi nezibungu ze-oda lesithathu nesine. Ngenxa yalokho, izinga lokulimala kwe-nematode ezigabeni lalilikhulu.
Lokhu bekungagwenywa ngokunikeza umsoco wezitshalo olinganiselayo. Kwakudingeka ukulwa nokuntuleka kwe-calcium ngokufaka i-calcium nitrate encibilika emanzini kabili ngenani lika-3 kg/ha.
Ukuntuleka kwe-potassium ne-calcium kubangele ukuwohloka kwekhwalithi yekhasi lamazambane: izilimo eziyizigaxa zazisengozini yokulimala, inani lokubonakaliswa kwe-melanosis (ubumnyama be-pulp) landa, nokugcina izinga libe libi kakhulu. Mayelana nalokhu, kusobala ukuthi ukulahleka kwempahla ngo-2019-20 kuzoba ngaphezulu kunokujwayelekile.
Uma sikhuluma ngokuqondile mayelana nokulwa nematode ye-potato stem, singasho ukuthi ama-insecticide atholakala ku-arsenal yomkhiqizi wezolimo ngokusekelwe ku-thiamethoxam, fipronil, imidacloprid, njll. engakwazi ukuyibhubhisa. Impumelelo ingatholakala kuphela ngama-nematicides. Kuze kube manje, i-Vidat 5G ibhekwa njengesebenza kakhulu ngenani lama-42 kg / ha. Futhi, ukungezwa kwe-ammonia anhydrous kunomphumela omubi ku-nematode. Ngakho-ke, ekuhlolweni kwe-SP Safyanov (Safyanov SP Fight against potato stem nematode eningizimu-mpumalanga yeKazakhstan, 1966), ukunqotshwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane Ditylenchus destructor ngamanani angama-56-147 kg / ha ngesisindo somzimba kwehle kusuka ku-7% ekulawuleni kufika ku-0,02-1,5%, futhi isivuno sikhuphuke sisuka ku-106 saya ku-252 c / ha.
ISIBONGO SESIZINI ENTSHA
Ingxenye yesibili yekwindla kanye nezinyanga ezimbili zasebusika ezindaweni eziningi "zamazambane" zaseRussia zazibonakala ngokushisa okuphezulu (uma kuqhathaniswa nokujwayelekile) kanye nokuntuleka kwekhava yeqhwa. Uma isimo singashintshi ngoFebhuwari, abakhiqizi bezolimo bazobhekana nezinselelo ezintsha ngesizini entsha.
- Ukwanda kwenani lokhula. Ikwindla ende yavumela ukhula ukuba luqongelele inani elikhulu lezakhamzimba, ukuze lugcine amandla okukhula nokuthuthuka. Lapho nje izinga lokushisa selilungele ukukhula, ukhula luzokhula ngokushesha. Ngo-2020, uzodinga ukuchitha imali eyengeziwe emithini yokubulala ukhula.
- Ukukhula kwenani lamabhu asebusika. Ikwindla nobusika kunikeze izimo ezikhululekile kakhulu zobusika bezinambuzane. Khumbula ukuthi amacimbi ebusika emhlabathini, ekujuleni kuka-10-25 cm.Abadala babekezelela amazinga okushisa phansi -11 оC.
- Ukwanda kwengozi ye-nematode kanye nesifo se-rhizoctonia. Okokuqala, lokhu kuzothinta amapulazi ahlela ukutshala amazambane ngemuva kwamazambane ngo-2020. Ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo (kanye nokwethulwa kwenani elikhulu lezibulala-zinambuzane emhlabathini, ukulima njalo) kuholela ekungalinganini kwama-microorganisms emhlabathini, futhi ubusika obufudumele abuvimbeli le nqubo.
Ngeke ngihluleke ukuphawula ubucayi besimo samanje. Khumbula, ngisho neminyaka eyi-10-12 edlule, i-rhizoctonia ye-pathogen yomhlabathi ayizange ibe nomthelela omkhulu esitshalweni, ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo bekungavinjelwa kalula. Manje i-rhizoctonia iyinhlekelele kubalimi bamazambane, ukuqukatha i-pathogen okufanele wenze imizamo futhi utshale kakhulu. I-Potato stem nematode nayo ibe yinkinga esikhathini esingengakanani edlule, futhi izimo zezulu ezivumayo kanye nokuntuleka kwesistimu yokushintshanisa izitshalo okucatshangelwe kahle kuyizinto ezibalulekile ekusabalaliseni kwayo. - Ukuntuleka komswakama wembewu. Njengoba sesike sabhala ngenhla, ayikho i-potassium eyanele kuma-tubers amazambane akhule ngo-2019, ngenxa yalokhu, okuqukethwe kwamanzi kwamaseli wezinto zokutshala kuyancipha. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokuqala kwesomiso sentwasahlobo, ukutshala kuzodingeka kuniselwe. Ngo-2020, i-tuber kamama izodinga umswakama owengeziwe wenhlabathi.
IZINDLELA ZOKUVIKELA ZAMAZULU. I-COURSE ON BIOLOGIZATION
Uhlelo lokuvikela izitshalo lungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kubuchwepheshe bokulima izitshalo. Umgomo wanoma yiluphi uhlelo lokuzivikela ukugcina ukungatheleleki kwezitshalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umsebenzi we-agronomist yesimanje ukwakha izimo ezifanele zezitshalo ngokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ngendlela efanele. Ukwehla kokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane (ngisho nokuqedwa kwazo ngokuphelele) kubonakala emazweni amaningi omhlaba.
Abamele iziphathimandla zaseRussia bavame ukusho ukuthi imikhiqizo yezolimo yasekhaya kufanele ibe nokuncintisana emakethe yomhlaba, okungukuthi, izindinganiso zokukhiqiza kwazo kufanele zihambisane nezidingo zomhlaba (European).
Ingabe kungenzeka namuhla? Cishe cha. Sonke siyaqonda ukuthi ezimweni zamanje umsebenzi oyinhloko webhizinisi ukukhulisa umthamo wokukhiqiza ngenkathi kunciphisa ukutshalwa kwezimali.
Ukukhiqizwa komkhiqizo ohambisana nemvelo kuzodinga imali eningi. Cabanga ngokulawula ukhula, isibonelo. Kungenzeka ukuqeda ukhula ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ama-herbicides: ngosizo lwekhwalithi ephezulu yokulima. Izazi zezolimo namahlathi zinethuba lokusebenzisa izindlela ezinjengokuthi "ukukhathala" kanye "nokuklinywa".
Izindleko kungenye inkinga. Ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula kunenzuzo kakhulu, kulula futhi konga isikhathi kunokusebenzisa ukutshalwa kwenhlabathi. Ukuze kubuyiselwe imali etshaliwe, umlimi kuyodingeka ukuthi adayise amazambane ngentengo ephezulu. Kodwa abekho abathengi abaningi ezweni abakulungele ukukhokhela "ukuhlanzeka" ngokweqile (ikakhulukazi uma singakhulumi ngamadolobha ayizigidi nangaphezulu).
Isiko lokusebenzisa imvelo ayikasungulwa. Ngakho-ke, kulesi sigaba, uma umbuso ungakukhuthazi futhi uxhase ukutshalwa komkhiqizo ohambisana nemvelo, ukwenqaba kwabakhiqizi bezolimo ekusebenziseni amakhemikhali okuvikela izitshalo akunakwenzeka.
Nakuba kusobala ukuthi ukulawulwa emkhakheni wemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo kuzoqiniswa. Ngokumelene nalesi sizinda, intshisekelo ekhulayo yabakhiqizi abaningi bezolimo emithini yokuvikela yemvelo iyaqondakala.
Uhlelo lokuzivikela olusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto eziphilayo lushibhe kakhulu kunolo “lwekhemikhali”.
Okwamanje, i-biosecurity isengaphansi ekusebenzeni kahle kwezinhlelo ezijwayelekile, nakuba ucwaningo lusaqhubeka, futhi ezinye izidakamizwa zibonisa imiphumela emihle kakhulu.
Isibonelo, ukuhlolwa komkhiqizo webhayoloji iKartofin (SK kanye ne-SP) okususelwa kuhlobo olukhethiwe lwe-Bacillus subtilis-I5-12 / 23 ngokumelene nenkimbinkimbi yezifo zamazambane ngesikhathi sokukhula kanye nokugcinwa isikhathi eside kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinhlobonhlobo zeSante kubonisiwe. ukusebenza okuphezulu kwebhayoloji ngokumelene namagciwane ezifo zefungal kanye ne-bacterial.
Ngokocwaningo olwenziwa ososayensi abavela ku-All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection kanye ne-All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming eqanjwe ngo-V.I. I-Lorkha (I-Bulletin of Plant Protection 4 (86) - 2015), ngesikhathi sokukhula ukusebenza komuthi ngokumelene ne-blight sekwephuzile, i-rhizoctonia kanye nokubola okomile kusuka ku-37.5 kuya ku-100%. I-Biopreparation Kartofin, SK ene-concentration ye-3-5 g / l (5 l / t) oketshezini olusebenzayo yanciphisa kakhulu inani lezilimo eziyizigaxa ezithintekile, yanciphisa ukubonakaliswa kokubola okuphelele, imfucuza yezimboni kanye nokulahlekelwa kwesisindo semvelo ngesikhathi sokugcinwa kwamazambane.
Ukusebenza kahle kwebhayoloji yokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo webhayoloji iKartofin, SK ekwelapheni izilimo eziyizigaxa ngaphambi kokubekwa endaweni yokugcina bekungama-78.9-86.9%, izinga lamakhemikhali likaMaxim, SK - 52.1% maqondana nokulawula.
Njengamanje, kukhona amapulazi anikeza ukukhetha ukuvikelwa kwezitshalo ze-biological. Ngezinye izikhathi lokhu kukhethwa kwabakhiqizi bezolimo kuchazwa yiqiniso lokuthi amalungiselelo amakhemikhali avamile, ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, ayeke ukusebenza emasimini abo.
Inkinga ukuthi amagciwane kanye nezinambuzane ziyashintsha futhi zithuthukise ukungatheleleki kumakhemikhali asebenzayo (ukumelana). Isibonelo, abalimi besifunda saseVoronezh bayaqaphela ukuthi i-Colorado potato beetle esifundeni sabo imelana nesithako esisebenzayo i-thiamethoxam. Ngenxa yalokho, amapulazi, ngaphezu kokugqoka, kufanele afake ohlelweni lokuvikela ukwelashwa okukodwa noma okubili ngokumelene ne-Colorado potato beetle ngesikhathi sokukhula. Nakuba esifundeni saseNizhny Novgorod kusengenzeka ukubhekana ne-etching eyodwa nge-thiamethoxam.
OKUSHA EMBUKENI WEPLANTI YAKHEMICAL
Kodwa-ke, imboni yemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo zamakhemikhali ihlezi ilwa nokumelana, ikhipha imithi emisha esebenzayo emakethe. Ohlwini lwabo, kufanele unake i-ejenti yokugqoka amazambane i-Vibrans Max (umkhiqizi: inkampani ye-Syngenta). Ukwakhiwa kuhlanganisa i-molecule entsha ye-sedaxan.
Ukulungiswa komuthi wokukhunta i-Zorvek Encantia yi-Corteva Agriscience kusesigabeni sokubhaliswa. Iqukethe i-molecule ye-oxathiapiproline. Ngingathanda ukuqaphela ukuthi izinto ezintsha ezisebenzayo zithelela i-pathogen kulezo zigaba ze-cell metabolism, lapho ezinye izinto ezisebenzayo ezaziwa zingenawo umphumela. Okungukuthi, ingozi yokumelana esikhathini esizayo esiseduze iyancishiswa.
Amalungiselelo ahlanganisiwe ayisilinganiso esisebenzayo sokulawula izinambuzane, izifo kanye nokhula. Manje cishe yonke imithi yesibili ingeyalesi sigaba. Lokhu futhi kuyindlela yokulwa nokuphikiswa, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezinjalo kunciphisa izindleko zokufakwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane.
Ukufingqa isihloko, ngingasho ukuthi, cishe, eminyakeni engu-20 ezayo, ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo zamakhemikhali eRussia kuzokwehla kancane. Imithi eyingozi kakhulu empilweni yomuntu izophuma kancane kancane emakethe. Ngokulandelayo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-biologicals kuzokwanda. Amapulazi amaningi azothembela kwinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali nemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo. Imikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo izosiza ukunciphisa izindleko zomkhiqizo wokugcina. Kodwa nangaphandle kokuthi "imiphumela ye-knockdown" yamakhemikhali, amagciwane kanye nezinambuzane azikwazi ukubhekana nazo. Kodwa-ke, ekuhlaziyeni kokugcina, ukuthuthukiswa kwemicimbi kuzoncika ekutheni umbuso uyawaqinisa yini amapharamitha we-MPC kumakhemikhali ekudleni.
Inkampani ye-Agrotrade
Isiqondiso:
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