UCWANINGO LOKUQALA
U-Alexander Kuznetsov, Umqondisi Ophethe, i-SPSK Ustyuzhensky Potato
U-Alexander Hutti, Ph.D. (Biol.), UMcwaningi oMkhulu, uMushroom, i-Viral, i-Mycoplasma kanye ne-Nematode Izifo ze-Potato and Vegetable Cultures, Isikhungo Sokucwaninga Se-Russia Sonke.
Esinye sezifo eziyingozi kakhulu samazambane yisifo iRhizoctonia, noma "uqweqwe olumnyama" olubangelwa ukhunta iRhizoctonia solani JG Kuhn esigabeni se-mycelial esingaphelele. Ubungozi obukhulu be-rhizoctonia buhambisana nezici zayo zemvelo nokujikeleza kwempilo, ukuvumela ukhunta ukuthi alwe umzabalazo ophumelelayo wobukhona, kanye namakhono akhulayo wokuguquguquka, ukuba khona kwamaqembu e-anastomotic ahlukile amelana namanye ama-fungicides anamuhla, uhla olubanzi lwezitshalo zokubamba ezithintekayo kanye nezinhlaka ezithathelwanayo ezigcina ukusebenza kwayo enhlabathini iminyaka eminingana.
Ingxenye I.
ISIVIVINYO SE-VEGETATION
Ingxenye yesifo okuvela kuyo ukuthi i-rhizoctonia njenge-pathogen ilungelene kahle nazo zonke izigaba ze-inclusionsis zesitshalo esiphethe futhi uyakwazi ukuqala ukuthuthukiswa kwayo ngokuqala kokukhula kwamazambane. Izakhiwo ezahlukahlukene ezithathelanayo ze-rhizoctoniasis, emhlabathini nangaphezu kwe-tuber (ezimweni eziningi) noma kubhatata uqobo (ifomu le-latent), ziqhume futhi zingene esithelweni ngasikhathi sinye ngokuvela kwamahlumela, ngaphansi kwethonya lokwehla okukhishwe emhlabathini.
Isikhunta sithinta zonke izitho zamazambane ezingaphansi komhlaba: izimpande, izingqimba, amehlo, amahlumela, intambo yezimpande, izingxenye zeziqu ezisezitholakala emhlabathini, nezilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nengxenye yeziqu ezingaphezulu kwenhlabathi. I-Symbomatology ibanzi: izilonda kuzo zonke izinto ezingaphansi komhlaba nangaphezulu ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene bemibala nemibala (ukusuka ekukhanyeni kuye kumnyama onsundu, kwesinye isikhathi kube mnyama), kokubili kumanzi futhi komile; i-mycelium engenamibala ebusweni be-tuber noma i-sclerotic compaction yayo, okuwukuphazanyiswa kwe-mycelium yesikhunta isuka kumnyama onsundu iye kumnyama, kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuqhekeka, i-mesh necrosis.
Engxenyeni esemoyeni yeziqu, eduze kwesisekelo sabo, kwakheka umhlophe omhlophe "umlenze omhlophe" - isigaba sobulili sefungus, esiholela ekwakhiweni kwezinhlamvu ezingatheleleka ngezilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane. Ngenxa yokwehlulwa kwesistimu yemithambo yegazi, ingxenye yasemoyeni yesitshalo nayo iyahlupheka: kukhona ukulahleka kwe-turgor nokubuna, amaqabunga ahlangana "nesikebhe" ngokutholwa kombala obomvu obomvu, ukwakheka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zomoya , ekhombisa ukudlula kwegciwane engxenyeni engaphansi komhlaba yesitshalo.
Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, kube nokuthambekela okusobala kokwakhiwa "komlenze omhlophe" hhayi engxenyeni yesibili yesizini ekhulayo, kepha ngesikhathi sokuhluma okugcwele kwamazambane. Umkhuba ofanayo uyabonakala kwifomu lezilimo eziyizigaxa. Ukubonakaliswa kwalesi sibonakaliso sesifo kukhulu kakhulu futhi kuvame ukususa esinye isibonakaliso esaziwayo - i-black sclerotia. Ingozi yefomu lesilonda esilele ekwandeni kokulimala kwayo, ukuwohloka okuphawulekayo kwikhwalithi yamazambane, ubunzima bokuxilongwa nokungabikho kwayo ku-GOST 33996-2016 entsha "Amazambane embewu. Izimo nezindlela zobuchwepheshe zokunquma ikhwalithi ”, ezaqala ukusebenza ngoJanuwari 01, 2018, okufaka isandla ekwandeni kwalesi sifo ngokungalawuleki.
Ukulimala kwalesi sifo kuthinta ikakhulukazi izimfanelo zokuhlwanyelwa: ama-tubers athintekile angalahlekisela ingxenye ethile noma amandla abo okuzala, okuholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu kwezitshalo ensimini, iziqu ezimbalwa, ukwehla kokugcina kwekhwalithi yesitshalo esisha, kanye nokulahleka kwe-pathogen ye-rhizoctoniosis kungahluka kusuka ku-10-20 kuze kufike ku-40%.
Ngakho-ke, i-rhizoctoniosis (esekelwe kwinhlanganisela yezimpawu zokulimaza, ukwanda kokuhlukumezeka kanye ne-virulence, i-phenomenal adaptability) ikhethwe njengento yokuhlola ocwaningweni ngemiphumela yabavikeli kuyo, efakwe kuhlu oluthi “Uhlu Lezinambuzane Nezinqubo Ezivunyelwe Ukusetshenziswa ngo-2018” futhi yethulwe e- Imakethe yaseRussia.
Uhlu lwemisebenzi yesilingo sobuchwepheshe alufakanga nje kuphela ukuhlaziywa komphumela wama-dressing agents ku-rhizoctoniasis, kodwa futhi nokulandelela esikhathini eside (okungenani iminyaka emithathu yokutadisha i-pathosystem: i-agent ye-causative yalesi sifo ukugqoka izitshalo umthelela wezidakamizwa ekuvikeleni amazambane, isivuno: ubuningi nekhwalithi yento yembewu ekhiqiziwe, ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yayo yokugcina ngesikhathi sokugcina ekwindla nasebusika, kanye nokuzimisela ukwanda nokulimala kwezinye izifo ezihambisanayo , njll.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kotshalo kwasungulwa ezimeni zokukhiqiza zepulazi leBurov LLC (Vologda Oblast, Ustyuzhensky District). Isimo sezulu sesifunda sisezingeni eliphakathi nezwekazi, imvula ephelele yonyaka ingu-500 mm, inhlabathi enesihlabathi esijiyile iyanqoba. Ngesikhathi sokukhula kusuka ngoMeyi kuya kuSepthemba 2018, izinga lokushisa lomoya eliphakathi lisuka ku-13,3 kuye ku-18,5 ° С; umswakama walungiswa ezingeni lama-64 kuya kuma-83%; imvula isukela ku-25,9 kuye ku-103,7 mm. Ngokubheka le mininingwane, insimu yezomnotho yamukelwa njengendawo efanelekile yokuhlola isivivinyo esihleliwe sobuchwepheshe, ngoba iRhizoctonia ikhetha amazinga okushisa aphakathi nendawo nomswakama.
Ngesikhathi sokuhlola, kwakusetshenziswa uhlobo lwamazambane lweLabadia lwesigaba se-elite. Izinhlobonhlobo zikhethwe njengereferensi yokuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziningana: okuphakathi kokuqala, nokhamba wombala okhanyayo (ukubonakala okucacile kwesimpawu sesifo esiveziwe), ukubeka kwetafula, ngesivuno esizinzile, esifanele zonke izinhlobo zenhlabathi, ezinqotshwa i-rhizoctonia.
Ukuhlolwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zeLabadia ukuze kuhambisane nezinkomba zobuchwepheshe (ikakhulukazi, njengokufakazelwa kwezifo ezibangelwa yigciwane, amagciwane, isikhunta kanye ne-nematode) kwenziwa ngokuya nge-GOST 33996-2016 entsha “yamazambane. Izimo zobuchwepheshe nezindlela zokunquma ikhwalithi. " Ngokwemiphumela yokuhlaziywa, impahla esetshenziselwa ukutshala ihambelana nazo zonke izinkomba zokulawula nezobuchwepheshe futhi yaziwa njengekhululekile ekuthelelekeni, ikakhulukazi, i-rhizoctonia.
Ocwaningweni lobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, kusetshenziswe izikimu eziyi-12 kusetshenziswa umugqa wesimanje wezibulala-magciwane ezifakwe ku “Uhla lwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nama-agrochemicals avunyelwe ukusetshenziswa ngo-2018” futhi wethulwa emakethe yaseRussia (ithebula 1).
Ithebula 3. Izinkomba zokufaneleka (ukuthengiseka): isivuno, isisindo kanye nokuhlukaniswa ngokuya ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwensimu ekuhloleni izidakamizwa ezilwa nesifo samazambane rhizoctonia - Rhizoctonia solani JG Kuhn
Ukwakhiwa kokuhlolwa, ukubeka isipiliyoni, ukwenza ucwaningo kanye nokuqoshwa okwalandelwa kwemiphumela kwenziwa ngokulandela imihlahlandlela eyenziwe ngabasebenzi be-WIZR "Imihlahlandlela ye-Methodological yokuhlolwa kwezobuchwepheshe kwama-fungicides kwezolimo, ngo-2009". Ukubekwa kwezikimu zokuhlola kwenziwa ngokungahleliwe, eziphindweni ezine ngemuva kwesizinda semvelo esithathelwanayo. Ukuthathwa kwamasampula kwenzeka kusuka kwiziza ezibekiwe (10m2, Izitshalo ezingama-30 ngasinye), ngosuku olufanayo kusuka kusakhiwo ngasinye, ngokulandelana.
Ukugqokwa kweTuber kwenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhiqiza kusetshenziswa umtshali wamazambane weGrimme GL 34T onobubanzi besikhala esingamasentimitha angama-75. Ukulungiselela okuhloliwe kwathululelwa edivayisini lokugqoka le-tuber ngokuya ngesilinganiso esinconywe ngumenzi, ngemuva kwalokho ama-tubers atshalwe enhlabathini.
Izibalo zimboze izigaba ezintathu eziphambili zokuthuthukiswa kwamazambane, inani eliphezulu lokuxilonga nokufunda amandla we-pathogenesis ye-Rhizoctoniasis: ukuhluma okugcwele (ukuphakama kwesitshalo kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-15 cm), ukuqhakaza okugcwele nesigaba sokukhula, kanye nesikhathi sokuvunwa kwamazambane (ukubalwa kwezimfanelo zamazambane athengiswayo: isivuno, isisindo kanye ubumbano).
Imiphumela yokuqala yokuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe kwama-ejenti wokugqoka yabonisa (Ithebula 2) ukuthi ebangeni lokuqala (isigaba sokumila esigcwele), ukulawulwa okungakaze kutholakale kukhombise imiphumela emihle kakhulu, ukuhluma kwamahlumela awo obekungaphansi kwazo zonke ezinye izinguqulo zabapheki abahloliwe.
Izinhlelo zokuhlola ezinama-ejenti wokugqoka zibonisa ukuthi kukho konke ukuhlukahluka kokulingana, uthando lwenzalo lwalufana futhi lwalungeqi ngaphezu kwe-10% yendawo yonke okuhlalwa kuyo.
Esigabeni sesibili (sokuqhakaza izimbali) nesesithathu (isigaba sokuqhakaza) sokudalwa kokulawulwa okungafakwanga kwahlala kufinyelela ezingeni elifanayo: izehlakalo ze-Rhizoctoniosis zamazambane neziqhekeza zazingaphansi noma ngezinga labavikeli.
Izinkomba ezinjalo zibonisa ukuthi ama-tubers enhlanyelo yesibeletho atshalwe enhlabathini futhi angenakho ukutheleleka kwe-Rhizoctoniosis ngokwe-GOST 33996-2016 akhula ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokusebenzisa abameli bamakhemikhali, ngaphandle kokubhekana nengcindezi ngenxa yengcindezi yamakhemikhali esetshenziselwa izivikeli mzimba zamazambane ngakho-ke kukhombisa umphumela ungcono noma uqhathaniswa nabavikeli futhi ungamelana ("kude") nokutheleleka obekukhona emhlabathini.
Ngokusho kwemininingwane ephelele, ekushintsheni kwezibalo ezintathu (etafuleni 2) nangesikhathi sokuvunwa kwamazambane (etafuleni 3), uhlelo ngaphansi kukaNo 4 luqhamuke kubantu abagqokile ukuhlolwa: isivuno sokugcina kanye nezimfanelo zezentengiso bezihamba phambili.
Ukusalela kwezinkomba ezisebenzayo zokunqotshwa (ukwanda nokukhula kwe-rhizoctonia kumahlumela nasezinsikeni) kubavikeli, ngokungafani nolawulo olungatholakalanga, kuyaqondakala futhi iqiniso elingenakuphikwa: ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali kuholela ekubambezeleni ekukhuleni nasekukhuleni kwezitshalo, okuthi emuva kwalokho kunciphise ukungasebenzi kwazo futhi kuholele kokunye ukutheleleka kanzima ngezifo, kithi, i-rhizoctonia. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi lesi sithombe sijwayelekile kulokhu kuhlolwa kusetshenziswa izinto zokutshala eziqashelwa njengamahhala ezifweni ze-Rhizoctonia ngokusho kwe-GOST 33996-2016. Lapho kukhona ukutheleleka, ngandlela-thile, amazambane embewu (ngisho angaweli ngaphansi kwe-GOST 33996-2016), umphumela uzoba umehluko ngokwe-diametrically.
Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza zokugqoka ezisezingeni eliphakeme, njengesibonelo senketho No. 4, kunesizathu futhi kuthinta ngokuyinhloko izimfanelo ezibalulekile njengokukhiqiza nokuzithengisa, okungenye yezinto eziphambili ekwakhiweni kwamazambane wezimbewu ezikhethekile.
KUSUKELA KUMhleli: sidonsela ukunaka kwabafundi ukuthi lokhu okuqukethwe kuqukethe idatha ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa okukhulayo ngonyaka wokuqala wesilingo. Kumagazini olandelayo wephephabhuku, sizoshicilela ukuqhubeka kwendaba: le ndatshana izofaka ukubonwa kwamabha wamazambane atholakala ezigabeni ezihlukene zokugcina ngesizini ka-2018/2019, kanye nemiphumela yonyaka wesibili wokufunda.