Zonke izazi zezolimo namahlathi zazi kahle ngomqondo wokuhambisa uhlobo. Ukuhambisa kwesigaba kuyinkomba ebalulekile yokuhlela ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwezinsizakusebenza zebhizinisi. U-Anna Khrabrova, umphathi wezohwebo wenkampani, utshela ngokubaluleka kwabalimi bamazambane. HZPC AmaSadoka.
- Uma sikhuluma nge "varietal conveyor" esimweni sokukhula kwamazambane, leli gama linganikezwa le ncazelo elandelayo: "Ukuhanjiswa okuhlukahlukene kusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni amazambane ezinombolo ezithile zezinhlobonhlobo zamaqembu avuthiwe ahlukahlukene, ikhasi elihlukile imibala, ehambelana ngokuphelele nenhlabathi nezimo zezulu zepulazi elithile kanye nezidingo zabathengi. umkhiqizo wokugcina (itafula, okuluhlaza, amazambane embewu) ".
Yini inzuzo yokulima izinhlobo eziningana ngasikhathi sinye?
- Vele, umlimi ngamunye angathanda ukusebenza ngokuhlukahluka okukodwa okuhlukile: okukhiqizayo, okungathobeki, ukumelana nezifo kanye nezinhlekelele zemvelo, ezifanele ukugcinwa isikhathi eside, ukuwashwa, njll. Kodwa akukho okuhle, isimo sezulu siletha isimanga minyaka yonke. Ukunciphisa izingozi, kunengqondo ukusebenza nomugqa wezinhlobonhlobo.
Yiziphi izinhlobo okufanele zikhethwe lapho kwakhiwa uhlobo lokuhambisa?
- ERussia, lapho ingxenye enkulu yamazambane ikhule khona endaweni yokulima okuyingozi, umugqa ojwayelekile kufanele ube nezinhlobo ezingama-70% zezinhlobo zamaqembu okuvuthwa okuqala, aphakathi naphakathi naphakathi futhi kuphela ama-30% ezinhlobonhlobo ze-ultra-early, amaqembu avuthwa phakathi nendawo. Ngasikhathi sinye, isibonelo, iSouthern Federal District ingashintsha lesi silinganiso ivune izinhlobo ze-ultra-zakuqala nezasekuqaleni. Ukukhethwa kwezinhlobonhlobo kuzo zonke izifunda kufanele kwenziwe ngabalimi uqobo, kucatshangelwa ubungozi bokukhiqiza, ubuchwepheshe besifunda kanye nezidingo zabathengi.
Isibonelo, esifundeni saseChernozem, lapho inani lamazinga okushisa afanele esikhathi sokukhula livumela ukukhula kwezinhlobo zamazambane sekwephuzile nokuthola isivuno esifinyelela ku-100 t / ha, kunezindawo ezinomhlabathi osindayo, lapho ukuvuna ekwindla okuna khona cishe akunakwenzeka. Ukuvuna okunothile ekuhlanganisweni ngeshwa kwezimo kuzodingeka ukuthi kushiywe ensimini. Ngasikhathi sinye, eminyakeni yamuva nje eCentral Black Earth Zone kube nokushintsha okusobala kwezintshisekelo zabalimi maqondana nokukhiqizwa kwamazambane okuzocutshungulwa, okubangelwa ukwenziwa kwendawo okwenziwa kuyo izitshalo lapho. Ngasikhathi sinye, izifunda ezingomakhelwane zeCentral Russia zikhiqiza amanani amakhulu amazambane asetafuleni, kanti umthengi ezitolo ezinkulu ukhetha ikhwalithi yamazambane asetafuleni kulezi zifunda.
Izinhlobo ezikhulayo zamaqembu ahlukene okuvuthwa zivumela indlela enengqondo yokuhlelwa kokuvunwa: amazambane angavunwa ngokulandelana njengoba evuthwa, okuzosiza ukunciphisa umthwalo wezinto zokusebenza futhi kudinge ukubandakanyeka kwabasebenzi abambalwa.
Zingaki izinhlobo ezingafakwa kumthuthi wokuhlunga?
- Ngokufanelekile, izinhlobo ezi-5-6 ezikhule ngokuya ngobuchwepheshe obujwayelekile bebhizinisi kufanele zenze cishe u-80-85% womkhiqizo ophelele. Ukuvunwa kwalezi zinhlobonhlobo kuzoba yingxenye eyisisekelo yezomnotho yebhizinisi. Le nkomba inciphisa ubungozi benhlanganisela yezinhlobonhlobo, ikuvumela ukuthi uhlanganise isitsha nokugcinwa kwenqwaba, inikeza ithuba lokusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwamathangi wesitoreji nemishini. Ngasikhathi sinye, umuntu kufanele angakhohlwa ngokuhlola izinhlobo ezintsha nobuchwepheshe obusha obuhlukahlukene bezinhlobonhlobo, kepha "ukuhlolwa" akumele kudlule ku-15-20%.
Qaphela lokho ngokombono wochwepheshe HZPCUkutshalwa kwezinhlobonhlobo ezintsha endaweni eyihektha elilodwa, ngokusho kohlelo lokukhiqiza lwakudala lwaleli bhizinisi, kuthathwa njengokuhlolwa okunekhono kohlobo, olwenza sikwazi ukuhlola amandla alo.
Ngabe imigomo yokuhambisa ebanjiwe isiza kanjani ukuhlela ukugcinwa kwamazambane?
- Uma umkhiqizo ufakwa kwisitoreji, kuyadingeka ukuthi ubeke kahle endaweni yokugcina izinto wonke amaqoqo atholakele. Ubuchwepheshe obubizwa ngokuthi "ibhokisi elifudumele" (leli gama livame ukusetshenziswa ngochwepheshe bePepsiCo) lisiza ukunquma ukulandelana okulungile: isampula lithathwa enkambeni ngayinye, lifakwa esitsheni esifudumele, lapho kudalelwa khona izimo ngokwenziwa ukulimala nezinhlobo ezifihlekile zezifo. Izindawo eziningi, lapho izimpawu zesifo zingatholakali khona, zibekwa khona ukuze zigcinwe isikhathi eside. Amaqoqo amancane aphumelele, kuya ngobungako benkinga, athunyelwa ukugcinwa kwesikhashana, noma ukuthengiswa ngokushesha.
Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi yezinkatho ezibekelwe ukugcina isikhathi eside kufanele kwenziwe njalo ngenyanga ngokuzayo. Lokhu kuyadingeka, ngoba izinkomba zekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene ziya ziwohloka kancane kancane, futhi kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi le nqubo iqhubeka kanjani ngamaqoqo ahlukahlukene ukuze kusetshenziswe ngesikhathi esifanele okuningi okuvela endlini yokugcina impahla.
Ungalilawula kanjani kahle ikhwalithi yamaqoqo?
- Ongoti HZPC zijwayeze ukusetshenziswa kwefomu lokuhlola elenzelwe ngokwesipiliyoni sozakwabo baseYurophu. Ibala izifo zamazambane ezingabonakala ngesikhathi sokulondolozwa (kusuka kokuyingozi kakhulu kwehlelayo, izinto eziyi-19 kuphela). Isabelo ngasinye singaphansi kokuhlolwa, futhi ngesisekelo sedatha etholakele, kwenziwa isinqumo: noma ukuqhubeka nokugcinwa. Isibonelo, uma kuphawulwa ukubonakaliswa kwezifo zebhaktheriya, cishe akukho thuba lokuthi izilimo eziyizigaxa zizohlala kuze kube sentwasahlobo.
Isigaba sezifo zesitoreji sifaka, sithi, i-phomosis. Lapho kugcinwa imikhiqizo kusitoreji, ukubonakaliswa kwayo kubuthakathaka, kepha ekugcineni kokugcina, ukubola kwe-phoma kungakhonjiswa ngokucacile. Esinye isifo sokulondolozwa uqweqwe lwesiliva. Ukubonakaliswa kwayo ku-batch kuyisignali yokuthi kwakukhona amaconsi emswakama endlini yokugcina impahla.
Ngisho nasezindaweni zokugcina izinto zesimanje, akuyona yonke into engahamba kahle, ngoba akekho noyedwa ongavikelekile ekubonisweni "kwesici somuntu". Isibonelo isiqephu lapho, ngasizathu simbe, izinga le-CO lakhuphuka ngokungazelelwe endaweni yokugcina impahla.2, futhi umuntu obhekene nokuhlela isitoreji akazange akubone lokhu ngesikhathi esifanele futhi akazange athathe sinyathelo. Izinguquko endaweni yegesi zathinta ikhwalithi yamazambane ngokushesha lapho izocubungulwa.
Ukulawulwa kwanyanga zonke kusiza inkampani ukuthi igweme ukulahleka okukhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abalimi bangaqapha ku-dynamics ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ziziphatha kanjani ngesikhathi sokulondolozwa, futhi unalokhu engqondweni, ukuhlela kahle ukuhlanganiswa kwamazambane kusizini entsha.
Ngabe ukuhlolwa kwanyanga zonke kudinga ukuhlaziywa kwe-tuber ngeqoqwana ngalinye? - Udinga ukuqonda ukuthi yini ongayitshala kumqondo wokuhlaziywa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Lapho kugcinwa izinto zokusetshenziswa zokucubungula, ukuhlaziywa kwe-tuber kwenziwa njalo ngenyanga. Kunqunywa ukukhubazeka kwangaphandle, okuqukethwe ukunciphisa ushukela nezinto ezomile. Lapho ugcina amazambane asetafuleni, ukuhlaziywa kwanyanga zonke kufanele kwenziwe ngamaqoqo ahloselwe ukuwasha nokuhlanza owomile ukuze kutholakale ikhwalithi ebonakalayo yezilimo eziyizigaxa. Lapho sigcina amazambane embewu, sihlaziya amashubhu ngokuya nge-GOST 33996-2016 ejwayelekile lapho sibeka isitoreji sesikhathi eside nalapho silungiselela amazambane athengiswayo.
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