Izimo zokukhulisa amazambane eRussian Federation ziyaphawuleka ngezinhlobonhlobo zawo ezihlukile. Kunengqondo ukuthi izinhlobo eziphumelela kunazo zonke ezweni yilezo ezibonakaliswa yi-plasticity enkulu kunazo zonke futhi zingatshalwa ngempumelelo ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene.
I-Anastasia Borovkova, Ph.D. s. I-Sci., INhloko yamazambane, iJalimane iMbewu Alliance
Ngaphandle kombono osanda kusabalala mayelana nokwehla kokusetshenziswa kwamazambane yizakhamizi zaseRussia, uRosstat ufakazela okuphambene nalokho. Isibonelo, ngo-1990, ukusetshenziswa komuntu ngamunye kwamazambane kwakungu-106 kg, ngo-2000 - 118 kg, kwathi ngo-2016 - 113 kg. Okungukuthi, amazambane asese "isinkwa sesibili" futhi ahlala ngokuqinile ezikhundleni zawo emashalofini okudla nasematafuleni aseRussia, nasemikhakheni yabasebenzi basemakhaya.
Ngokusho kwesikhungo sakwa-AB, ngonyaka ka-2017, amazambane asezingeni lezentengiso atshalwe endaweni engamahektare angama-299,9 ezifundeni eziyisishiyagalombili ezifundeni eziyisifunda nasezifundeni ezingama-78. Ingabe lesi akusona izinkomba ze-geography ebanzi yokuhlakulela isiko? Impela kunjalo, yebo, ikakhulukazi uma ubheka ukuthi izindawo ezingaphansi kwesitshalo ziye zasatshalaliswa kanjani eminyakeni eyisikhombisa edlule.
Ngokuvamile, izindawo ezingaphansi kwamazambane kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2017 azikho kangako: eRussia ngalesi sikhathi, izindawo zehle ngo-16,2%, izinguquko ezinkulu zenzeka eVolga Federal District - kwasuswa u-50,7%, iNorth Caucasian Federal District isiphelile ukutshala amazambane ngaphezu kwama-32% wezindawo ezazisetshenziswa phambilini.
Hhayi kangako, kepha namanje izindawo ezise-Central, South, North-West naseFar Eastern FDs zehle - ngo-10,8; 7,0; 3,3; 2,0% ngokulandelana. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-Ural ne-Siberian FDs zihambe phambili kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye, zengeza u-18,6 no-50,4% wendawo engaphansi "kwesinkwa sesibili".
Amazambane angena ezingxenyeni zangaphambilini ze-atypical and "ezinzima". Ngokwengxenye kungenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokushisa kwaso, kepha, ngokwezinga elikhulu, ngombono wami, lokhu kuwufanele abafuyi bezitshalo: Izinhlobo ezavela ezingakhula ngempumelelo ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo.
Ngemuva kwakho konke, umsebenzi womfuyi yilokhu: ukuhlanganisa zonke izinto (zemvelo nezemakethe) kanye nokuletha okuhlukahlukene okujwayele ukujwayeza izimo zesifunda, okunganiki isivuno esikhulu kuphela, kodwa futhi okuhlangabezana nezidingo zemakethe zanamuhla - okungukuthi, ihlukaniswa ngombala omuhle okhanyayo wekhasi, okwenzeka phezulu kwamehlo , ukufaneleka kokuwashwa nokuhlanzwa, ukumelana nomonakalo womshini kanye nokwenza mnyama ngemuva kokuhlanzwa, isikhathi eside sokugcina ngaphandle kokulahleka kwekhwalithi.
Ukusekela lokhu, singasho imininingwane ngesivuno esikhulu emkhakheni wezentengiso, izinkomba zacishe zaphindeka kabili: ukusuka ku-3388,0 kuya kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-6737,6 kusuka ngonyaka ka-2010 kuya ku-2017, yize kunciphile indawo okuhlwanyelwe kuyo.
Ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe obuphambili nobuchwepheshe besimanje, ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezintsha kukuvumela ukuthi uthole izitshalo zeleveli ehlukile ngobuningi nekhwalithi.
Inkomba enkulu yokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe embonini ekhulayo yezitshalo, ehlanganisa ithonya lezinhlobo zezitshalo ezisetshenzisiwe, umanyolo wamaminerali nowokuphilayo, izindlela zokulwa nezifo nezinambuzane, isivuno sezilimo.
IGermany Seed Alliance (GAW), enye yabanikazi bamasheya okuyinkampani yaseJalimane yokuzalela imbewu iSOLANA (Solana), njalo ngonyaka iletha amazambane embewu asuka eYurophu ayise emakethe yaseRussia, futhi ibilokhu ikhiqiza imbewu ezweni lethu isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka engama-20. Ngenethiwekhi ebanzi yokuhlolwa kokukhombisa kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezentengiselwano kulo lonke elaseRussia, singasho ngokuthembekile ukuthi izinhlobo zeSOLANA ziziphatha kanjani enhlabathini eyehlukene nasezimeni zezulu.
Esikhiyeni. 1 ikhombisa isivuno esijwayelekile sonyaka we-2016-2017. Ngokwesivuno esimaphakathi eRussia esingama-236 kg / ha, izinhlobo ezinhlanu kwezingu-14 zikhombise ukuthela okuphindwe kabili kunalezi zinkomba (uLabella, Red Lady, Koroleva Anna, Laperla, Lilly).
Umholi wezilingo kwakuyizinhlobonhlobo zokuqala zeLaperla - 575 c / ha. Isivuno sezinye izinhlobo sisukela ku-385 kuye ku-448 kg / ha. Ngisho "nabadala" bephothifoliyo kaZekur noRosar abalahlekelwa yizikhundla zabo, umkhiqizo wabo wawuyi-396 no-434 c / ha, ngokulandelana.
Uma ngabe leli siko lifunwa yimakethe, khona-ke umlimi wezolimo angakhulisa kanjani ngempumelelo ephezulu yezomnotho? Indlela ehlanganisiwe ibalulekile lapha. Azikho izinto ezingasho lutho kubuchwepheshe; ngasinye sazo senza umnikelo wazo 'ebhange lehagi' lesitshalo futhi, ekugcineni, lenze inzuzo.
Ngokusho koMqondisi woMnyango Wezokukhiqizwa Kwezitshalo, Mechanization, Chemicalization kanye Nezokuvikelwa Kwezitshalo eMnyangweni Wezolimo waseRussia Federation P.A. IChekmareva, indima yezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zembewu esezingeni eliphezulu nenhle, umnikelo wazo esivunweni ulinganiselwa kuma-20%.
Ngo-2017, isabelo sokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo kusuka ekusetshenzisweni kwembewu yezinhlobonhlobo ezintsha saba ngama-ruble angama-603 billion (24%). Ezinye izinto azibalulekile kangako: umphumela wokukhiqiza uncike kwimishini nakubuchwepheshe ngama-25%, kumanyolo kanye nemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo - ngama-23%, enhlabathini nezimo zezulu - ngo-20%, ngokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo - ngo-12%.
Ukuxakaniseka okuphelele kwezici nezinga lokunikela kwabo emphumeleni wokugcina - isivuno - kungalandelwa ku-Fig. 2, ekhombisa isivuno esijwayelekile sezinhlobo zamazambane e-SOLANA ahlolwe kulezi zifunda ngo-2017.
Isizini ka-2017 yaphenduka ukuba nzima futhi ezifundeni eziningi ibonakaliswa yintwasahlobo ebanda isikhathi eside, okuholele ekutheni ifike sekwephuzile futhi ihlumela eside. Ihlobo futhi belingafani nezimo zesimo sezulu esikahle, ukwanda komswakama emazingeni okushisa amade ngaphansi kwesimo sezulu esishiywe phansi kushiye ukwakheka kwawo ekwakhekeni kwesilimo.
Ukuhlanza ezingxenyeni eziningi zezwe nakho kwakunzima ngenxa yemvula engapheli. Ngasikhathi sinye, ezifundeni ezingabaholi ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwamazambane - iBryansk, izifunda zaseNizhny Novgorod, Tula, Sverdlovsk - isivuno esiphezulu sitholakele: 625 c / ha, 528 c / ha, 530 c / ha, 525 c / ha. Amapulazi akulezi zifunda, esebenzisa amasu nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukile, asebenza ngokufanele nomanyolo kanye nemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo, akwazi ukubona amandla ezinhlobonhlobo. Isivuno esiphezulu sesilinganiso sethu sokuhlola - 646 c / ha - sitholakale eRiphabhulikhi yase-Ingushetia, lapho abalimi basebenzise ngokunembile amasu wezolimo wezinhlobonhlobo, belalela izincomo zabalimi futhi bahlanganisa zonke izici zobuchwepheshe zibe yinto eyodwa.
Kusuka ku-400 kuye ku-500 c / ha kwatholakala ezifundeni zaseMoscow, Tambov, Voronezh, Oryol, Kursk, Chelyabinsk, Rostov. Kusuka ku-300 kuye ku-400 c / ha - ezifundeni zaseKurgan, ePskov, eBelgorod, e-Ulyanovsk, eRiphabhulikhi yaseTatarstan, e-UdmurTiya, Bashkortostan, Stavropol Territory.
Isithelo samazambane athengiswayo ngonyaka we-2017 ngokwesilinganiso eRussia sifinyelela kuma-236 kg / ha. Ngabe lokhu kwanele ukuzuzisa ipulazi? Njengoba ukubala kukhombisa (Ithebula 1), lapho kusetshenziswa imishini nobuchwepheshe besimanje esezingeni eliphezulu ukukhiqiza amazambane endaweni eyihektare eyi-100 (amahektha angama-90 amazambane angathengiswa kanye namahektha ayi-10 embewu), lo msebenzi uzozihlawulela ungakapheli iminyaka emihlanu ngesivuno amazambane ezentengiso 500 c / ha, ukwehla kokukhiqizwa kwama-50 c kuphela okwandisa ukubuyiselwa kwemali kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-7. Isivuno esiphakathi neRussia Federation sisongela abalimi ngokulahleka okukhulu.
Ngikhumbula futhi ngomkhankaso oyinkimbinkimbi, ngifuna ukuphetha ngesilinganiso esivela kumfundisi wezenkolo ohlakaniphile uHalford E. Luccock: “Akekho umuntu ongadlala i-symphony eyedwa. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga i-orchestra ephelele "... Futhi ukuthi iyiphi i-violin ezoba ohola phambili kule orchestra kukuwe.