E. D. Mytsa, L.Yu. Kokaeva, S.N. Elansky
Oomycete I-Phytophthora izingane (Mont) de Bary kubangela ukubola kwakamuva, isifo esiyingozi samazambane notamatisi. Omunye wemithombo eyinhloko ye-inoculum eyinhloko P. ama-infestans ziyizakhiwo zokuzala eziphumuzayo ezinodonga oluminyene - ama-oospores.
Ama-oospores ayi-Hybrid, akhiwe ngenxa yokuwela izinhlobo ezahlukene zofuzo zabazali, afaka isandla ekwandeni kokuhlukahluka kwe-genotypic kubantu, ngenxa yalokho inqubo yokujwayela izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezintsha kanye ne-fungicides esetshenziswayo iyashesha.
Ukwakheka kwe-Oospore P. ama-infestans emkhakheni kwaphawulwa emazweni amaningi omhlaba: Russia (Smirnov et al., 1999), Norway (Hermansen et al., 2002), Sweden (Strömberg et al., 2001), Netherlands (Kessel et al., 2002) nezinye izifunda. Ama-Oospores ayakwazi ukuphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-2 emhlabathini esimweni esisebenzayo (Bødker et al., 2006) futhi abangele ukutheleleka kwezitshalo ngemva kobusika (Ulanova et al., 2010; Lehtinen et al., 2002).
Phambilini kuboniswe ukuthi amaqabunga ezitshalo zeziqu ezihlukene zesihlahla samazambane anomehluko wokumelana nokulimaza sekwephuzile; liyakhula lisuka emaqabunga aphansi liye kwabangaphezulu. Lokhu kuthambekela akuncikile eminyakeni yamaqabunga, ubudala bezitshalo, noma uhlobo lwamazambane (Vesper et al., 2003). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, asikwazanga ukuthola idatha mayelana nokuhluka kokuqina kokwakheka kwe-oospore emaqabunga ezingxenye ezihlukene zehlathi lamazambane ezincwadini. Kodwa-ke, uma umehluko onjalo ukhona, kufanele ucatshangelwe lapho kuthathwa amasampula eqabunga ukuze kuhlaziywe ukwakheka kwe-oospore nalapho kuchazwa imiphumela etholwe abanye ababhali. Inhloso yalo msebenzi kwakuwukufunda ukwakheka kwama-oospores emaqabunga ahlukanisiwe ezingqimba ezihlukene zesitshalo samazambane ezibekwe ezimeni ezifanayo emakamelweni anomswakama.
Izimpahla nezindlela
Sisebenzise ama-isolate angu-5 P. ama-infestans izinhlobo ezahlukene zokukhwelana ezihlukanisiwe kumasampula athintekile alethwe zisuka ezifundeni zaseMoscow, eRyazan naseLeningrad. Kulawa, amapheya ama-3 ezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezahlukene zokukhwelana akhethiwe, anikeza ama-oospores amaningi lapho ehlolwa ku-agar oatmeal medium.
Ukuhlola, sasebenzisa izitshalo zamazambane ezingenagciwane zezinhlobo ezilandelayo ezitshalwe ku-greenhouse (kwi-peat substrate): i-Sandrin yakuqala, i-Zorachka, i-Uladar, i-Osiris, i-Ilyinsky yasekuqaleni, i-Yanka yaphakathi nenkathi.
Amaqabunga alula avela emazingeni ahlukene esitshalo samazambane akhethiwe ukuze ahlaziywe. Amaqabunga amathathu akhethiwe kusuka ezingeni eliphansi (amaqabunga ama-4 aphansi ahlanganisiwe), amathathu ukusuka phezulu (amaqabunga ama-3-4 ahlanganisiwe phezulu), namahlamvu amathathu asuka enkabeni yehlathi. Amaqabunga alula ayekalwa, athwetshulwe ephepheni lokudidiyela (ukubala umthamo nendawo), bese ebekwa ebheke phansi phezu kwamanzi angenalutho athululwe ezitsheni ezingama-25 ml zePetri. Khona-ke iqabunga ngalinye langenwa iconsi elilodwa lokumiswa okuxubile kwe-zoosporangia ihlukanisa i-A1 ne-A2 yohlobo lokukhwelana. Kumahlamvu amathathu athathwe ezingeni ngalinye, i-inoculum yamapheya amathathu ahlukene we-isolate yasetshenziswa. Iqabunga elilodwa langenwa ingxube ye-inoculum ye-isolate eyodwa.
Ukulungiselela ukumiswa kwe-zoosporangia, i-isolate yezinhlobo ezahlukene zokukhwelana yatshalwa ku-agar oat medium izinsuku eziyi-7, okwathi ngemva kwalokho i-zoosporangia yagezwa ngamanzi acwebile angenalutho. Ukugxila kwe-inoculum kwakungama-zoospores angu-5-7 emkhakheni wokubuka isibonakhulu ekukhuliseni okungu-80x. Iqabunga ngalinye langenwa iconsi elilodwa lokumiswa okuxubile kwe-zoosporangia ihlukanisa i-A1 ne-A2 yohlobo lokukhwelana.
Kuzo zonke izivivinyo, amaqabunga amazambane ama-3 asetshenziswe kwehluka ngakunye. Ngemva kokufukamela izinsuku ezingu-20 ngo-18 ° C, iqabunga ngalinye lalihlanganiswa odakeni oluno-2 ml wamanzi acwecwe. Kusukela ekumisweni okubangelwayo, amasampula angu-3 athathwe, lapho amalungiselelo e-microscope alungiswa khona.
Ekuhlukeni ngakunye, izinkambu ezibukwayo eziyi-180 zahlolwa, okwathi ngemva kwalokho inani lama-oospores laphinda labalwa kabusha nge-1 mm.2 ubuso beshidi. Imiphumela yokubala kokuhluka ngakunye ilinganiselwe.
Ukuze ubale isikhawu sokuzithemba (μ) ngezinga lokubaluleka elingu-0,05, kusetshenziswe ifomula elandelayo
lapho u-s ewukuchezuka okujwayelekile, n uyinombolo yezilinganiso, t uyisilinganiso sokuhlola sika-t sezinga lokubaluleka lika-0,05. Zonke izibalo zenziwa ku-Excel (iphakheji le-Microsoft Office).
Imiphumela nengxoxo
Ukujova amaqabunga aqoqwe ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zesihlahla samazambane abekwe endaweni efanayo emakamelweni anomswakama kwembula umehluko wokushuba kokwakheka kwe-oospore. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezihlolisisiwe, inani eliphezulu lama-oospores lakhiwa ngesikhathi sokujova amaqabunga aqoqwe ezigabeni ezingezansi nezimaphakathi zehlathi. Akukho mehluko obalulekile owatholakala ekwakhekeni kwama-oospores emaqabunga aphansi naphakathi.
Inani elincane le-oospores lakhiwa emaqabunga ongqimba olungaphezulu (Fig. 1).
Emaqabungeni ama-tiers aphansi naphakathi, inani eliphakeme lama-oospores lakhiwa ezinhlobonhlobo zeSandrin, Ilyinsky, Zorachka, Uladar ne-Osiris. Zakha kancane kancane emaqabunga ezinhlobonhlobo ze-Yanka. Inani eliphakeme lama-oospores emaqabunga engqimba engaphezulu labonwa emaqabunga ezinhlobonhlobo ze-Uladar, kwase kuthi iZorachka, Osiris, Yanka, Ilyinsky, Sandrin yahamba ngokulandelana, kodwa akuwona wonke umehluko owawubalulekile ngokwezibalo.
Ilayisi. 1. Ukwakheka kwama-oospores emaqabunga ezingxenye ezihlukene zesihlahla samazambane. Eziphansi zingamahlamvu emazingeni amathathu aphansi esihlahla, ezingaphezulu zingamaqabunga ama-3-4 ayinkimbinkimbi avela phezulu kwesitshalo, aphakathi avela phakathi kwesihlahla.
Amabha wephutha abonisa isikhawu sokuzethemba sezinga lokubaluleka elingu-0,05.
Emkhakheni, izimo ze-microclimatic nazo zinomthelela ekwakhekeni kwama-oospores emaqabunga aphansi naphakathi kwehlathi: umswakama ophezulu, ukunciphisa ukungezwani nelanga, kanye nokuguquguquka kwansuku zonke kwezinga lokushisa (Harrison, 1992). Ukufafaza okuphezulu kubangela izibulala-zinambuzane ezincane phansi naphakathi kwehlathi. Ukunciphisa ukwakheka kwama-oospores, kufanele kusetshenziswe ubuchwepheshe obuvumela ukuletha ngempumelelo ama-fungicides ezingxenyeni ezingezansi nezimaphakathi zehlathi. Imiphumela emihle ingatholakala ngokusebenzisa izifutho zomoya ezinesiphithiphithi kanye nama-systemic fungicides angasabalala ezingxenyeni ezingalashwanga zehlathi.
Lo msebenzi wawusekelwa i-Russian Science Foundation (iphrojekthi No. 14-50-00029).
Isihloko sashicilelwa kujenali "Potato Protection" (No. 2, 2015)