E. D. Mytsa, M. A. Pobedinskaya, L. Yu. Kokaeva, S. N. Elansky
Ukulimala okwenzeka emuva kwesikhathi kwamazambane notamatisi, okudalwe yisidalwa esifana namakhowe, i-oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary, kuvamile cishe kuzo zonke izindawo zomhlaba lapho kulinywa khona lezi zilimo. Ngaphansi kwezimo ze-epiphytotic, ukulahleka kwesivuno samazambane kusuka ku-blight sekwephuzile kungafinyelela ku-10-30% noma ngaphezulu, naku-utamatisi, kuze kufike ku-100% (Ivanyuk et al., 2005).
Omunye wemithombo esemqoka ye-inoculum primary Ph. ama-infestans, aholele ekuthelelekeni kwezitshalo, ayizakhiwo zokuphumula ezinamandla-zokuphumula - ama-oospores. Ama-oospores we-Hybrid akhiwe ngenxa yokuwela izingxenyana ezahlukahlukene zofuzo anikela ekwandeni kokwehlukahluka kwe-genotypic kubantu, ngenxa yalokho inqubo yokusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezintsha nama-fungicides asetshenzisiwe iyashesha. Ukwakhiwa kwama-oospores Ph. ama-infestans emkhakheni ayaziwa emazweni amaningi omhlaba: iRussia (Smirnov et al., 2003), Norway (Hermansen et al., 2002), Sweden (Strömberg et al., 2001), iNetherlands (Kessel et al., 2002) kanye ezinye izifunda. Kunobufakazi bokuthi ama-oospores we-causative agent of blight sekwephuzile angaphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-2 emhlabathini esimweni esisebenzayo (iHermansen et al., 2002; iBшdker et al., 2006) futhi kubangele ukutheleleka kwezitshalo ngemuva kokuqothuka (Lehtinen et al., 2002; Ulanova et al. al., 2010).
Namuhla, indlela eyinhloko yokulwa nobungozi sekwephuzile ukuvikelwa kwamakhemikhali, okuqukethe ukwelapha ukutshala ngamalungiselelo we-fungicidal. Ukwakhiwa kwama-oospores kuvimbela kakhulu amakhemikhali amaningi asetshenziselwa ukuvikela amazambane notamatisi ekulimaleni sekwephuzile (Kessel et al., 2002; Kuznetsov, 2013). Kodwa-ke, ezinye izidakamizwa zisetshenziswa kakhulu kumazambane angathinti ngqo i-Ph. ama-infestans, futhi umphumela wawo ekwakhiweni kwe-oospore awaziwa. Ngakho-ke, inhloso yalo msebenzi kwakuwukufunda ngomthelela ekwakhiweni kwama-oospores eminye yemithi esetshenziswa kakhulu kumazambane, kepha engabhalisiwe ngokumelene nokulimaza okwenzeka sekwedlule isikhathi.
Sisebenzise i-9 Ph. ama-infestans ezinhlobonhlobo zokukhwelana, ahlukaniswe yithi ngamaqabunga amazambane athelelekile eMoscow, eLeningrad, ezifundeni zaseRyazan. Ukufunda umthelela ekukhuleni kwe-mycelium nokwakheka kwama-oospores, kusetshenziswe le mithi elandelayo: isikhunta i-Maxim (isithako esisebenzayo se-fludioxonil esivela ekilasini le-phenylpyrroles) ne-Skor (difenoconazole, triazoles), ama-insecticide i-Aktara (thiamethoxam, neonicotinoids) ne-Tanrek (imidacidribicopidicidididibidicotibidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicidicopritis) , onxantathu). Yonke imithi yokubulala izinambuzane ibhaliswe ku- "State Catalog of Pesticides and Agrochemicals" yango-2014. Ukufunda ngomphumela wokuhlushwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ekukhuleni kwamakholoni e-oomycete, uhlobo ngalunye lwalufakwe i-agar block enkabeni yesidlo sasePetri esinendawo eminyene ye-oat. Umuthi wokubulala izinambuzane wokuhlola wangezelelwa okokuqala kokumaphakathi kokungu-0.1, 1.0, 10.0, kanye no-100.0 mg / L (ngokwesithako esisebenzayo - i-DV). Njengesilawuli, sasisebenzisa umuthi ngaphandle kokubulala izibulala-zinambuzane. Ama-inoculation afakwa ku-18 ° C izinsuku eziyi-12-15 kuze kube yilapho ubukhulu bekholoni lokulawulwa kwama-pesticides bekungama-70-80% wobubanzi besitsha sePetri, ngemuva kwalokho ubukhulu bamakholoni balinganiswa ngokuhlukahluka kokulawula nokuhlola.
Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngezimpinda ezi-3. Ucwaningo lokwakheka kwama-oospores lwenziwa kwi-agar oat medium (30 ml esitsheni sePetri) ngokufakwa kwe-fungicide ekugxileni kwe-0.1, 1.0, 10.0, kanye ne-100.0 mg / L nakwisimo esingenayo i-fungicide (control). Ngale njongo, ama-agar block ngohlobo lokumatanisa i-A1 kanye ne-A2 isolates abekwa ngababili ebusweni bendawo yezakhamzimba ebangeni lama-5 cm komunye nomunye. Ama-inoculations afakwa ku-ph enkulu yokukhula. Izinsana ezingeni lokushisa le-18 ° C izinsuku ezingama-20. Ngemuva kokutshalwa, okuphakathi kokudla okunomsoco okunezinhlamvu kwavuselelwa ngomxube ku-30 ml wamanzi acolisisiwe, namalungiselelo we-microscopy alungiswa kusuka ekumisweni okuholelekile. Kokuhlukile ngakunye, izinkambu zokubuka eziyi-180 zahlolwa (izimpendulo ezi-3, izinkambu zokubuka ezingama-60). Ngemuva kwalokho ukuhlushwa kwama-oospores kwabalwa kabusha (ama-pcs / μl aphakathi nendawo).
Imiphumela yezibulala-zinambuzane ekukhuleni kwe-radial colony. I-Difenoconazole, i-thiamethoxam ne-imidacloprid azibanga nomthelela ophawulekayo ngokwezibalo ezikhulayo ze-Ph. ama-infestans (Ithebula 1). I-herbicide metribuzin idale ukubambezeleka kokukhula okuncane esikhathini sokuqala (izinsuku ezingama-5-7 zokukhula); kepha, ngosuku lweshumi, ubukhulu bamakholoni baba ngosayizi ofanayo. I-Fludioxonil ngokwezibalo ivimbele kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Ph. ama-infestans endaweni yokuhlushwa endaweni engaphezu kuka-10 mg / l.
Ithebula 1
Umphumela wezibulala-zinambuzane ekukhuleni kobukhulu bamakholoni Ama-infestans ama-Phytophthora
I-Fungicide-DV (isidakamizwa) | Ububanzi beColony ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene (mg / L) DW maphakathi, mm | ||||
0.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | |
I-Thiamethoxam (isidakamizwa i-Aktara) | 82 ± 6 | 81 ± 7 (99%) | 82 ± 6 (100%) | 81 ± 6 (99%) | - |
I-Imidacloprid (Tanrek) | 792 ± 6 | - | I-76 ± 9 (96%) | I-77 ± 8 (97%) | 76 ± 5 (96%) |
I-Fludioxonil (Maxim) | I-82 ± 6 | - | I-74 ± 12 (90%) | I-56 ± 10 (68%) | 46 ± 3 (56%) |
I-Metribuzin (Zenkor) | I-88 ± 12 | - | I-85 ± 12 (97%) | I-86 ± 9 (98%) | I-80 ± 5 (91%) |
I-Difenoconazole (Scor) | I-82 ± 7 | - | I-76 ± 9 (93%) | 84 ± 4 (102%) | I-81 ± 6 (99%) |
Qaphela. Uphawu oluthi “±” lulandelwa yisikhawu sokuzithemba sezinga lokubaluleka elingu-0.05. Amanani akuma-parentheses aveza isilinganiso sobubanzi bamakholoni ngokuhlukile kokuhlola kulokho okusekulawuleni ngaphandle kwezibulala-zinambuzane. Uphawu oluthi “-” lusho ukuthi akwenziwa ucwaningo.
Ithebula 2
Imiphumela yezibulala-zinambuzane ekwakhiweni kwama-oospores Ama-infestans ama-Phytophthora nge-agar medium
I-Fungicide-DV (isidakamizwa) | Inani lama-oospores phakathi nendawo kokugxila okuhlukile (mg / l) DV, pcs / μl | ||||
0.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 10.0 | 100.0 | |
I-Thiamethoxam (isidakamizwa i-Aktara) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | 79.8 ± 3.8 (100%) | I-79.1 ± 3.9 (100%) | 71.4 ± 3.7 (90%) | - |
I-Imidacloprid (Tanrek) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | - | 70.0 ± 3.4 (88%) | 66.0 ± 3.1 (83%) | 35.8 ± 2.8 (45%) |
I-Fludioxonil (Maxim) | 112.7 ± 6.9 | - | 98.4 ± 8.6 (87%) | 73.6 ± 5.4 (65%) | 42.3 ± 3.7 (36%) |
I-Metribuzin (Zenkor) | 135.0 ± 9.5 | - | 103.0 ± 9.8 (70%) | I-118.2 ± 9.3 (88%) | 74.8 ± 8.1 (55%) |
I-Difenoconazole (Scor) | 79.6 ± 3.6 | 72.5 ± 3.6 (91%) | 82.2 ± 3.7 (103%) | 54.9 ± 2.8 (69%) | 35.8 ± 2.3 (45%) |
Ukufundwa komphumela wezibulala-zinambuzane ekwakhiweni kwama-oospores Ph. ama-infestans endaweni enomsoco. Kutholakale ukuthi ukwehla okuphawulekayo kwezibalo kwinani lama-oospores ezindaweni ezithile kubangelwe yizo zonke izidakamizwa eziphenyiweyo (Ithebula 2). Ekuhlanganisweni kwezinto ezisebenzayo ze-1.0 mg / l, yonke imishanguzo yokubulala izinambuzane, ngaphandle kwamalungiselelo e-Aktara ne-Skor, iholele ekwehleni okubonakalayo kwenani lama-oospores akhiwe (ngo-12-24% ngokuqhathaniswa nolawulo). Ukwanda okwengeziwe kokuhlushwa kwezinto ezisebenzayo phakathi kwaholela ekwandeni komphumela wokuvimbela. Amalungiselelo asuselwa ku-thiamethoxam ne-difenoconazole adale ukwehla okuphawulekayo kwezibalo kwinani lama-oospores lapho ukuhlushwa kwento esebenzayo kulokho bekungaphezu kuka-10 mg / l.
Ingxoxo nesiphetho. Ukufundwa komphumela wezibulala-zinambuzane ezingabhaliswanga ngokumelene nokulimaza okwedlulele kwamazambane ekukhuleni kobukhulu be-mycelium kubonise, njengoba bekulindelekile, ukuvinjelwa kokukhula okubuthakathaka (fludioxonil) noma kungabi namphumela ekukhuleni (eminye imithi yokubulala izinambuzane efundwe).
Ithebula 3. Ukugxila kwezinto ezisebenzayo kuketshezi olusebenzayo
Ukulungiselela (fungicide-DV) | Isetshenziswe emsebenzini wokuhlushwa kwe-DV endaweni enomsoco, mg / l | Ukugxila kwe-DW kuketshezi olusebenzayo ngesikhathi sokucubungula amazambane, mg / l |
---|---|---|
I-Aktara (thiamethoxam) | 0.1, 1, 10 | 37-75 * |
I-Tanrek (imidacloprid) | 1, 10, 100 | 50-100 |
Ubuningi (fludioxonil) | 1, 10, 100 | 1000 |
I-Zenkor (metribuzin) | 1, 10, 100 | 1630-4900 |
I-Scor (difenoconazole) | 0.1, 1, 10, 100 | 188-625 |
* Amanani ethulwa ngokuya "kukhathalogi Kahulumeni yemithi yokubulala izinambuzane kanye nama-agrochemicals" ka-2014.
Zonke izibulala-zinambuzane ezifundwe zabangela ukwehla kokwakhiwa kwama-oospores endaweni yezakhi. Ukuhlolisiswa okuhloliwe kwezibulala-zinambuzane okuphakathi kwakuphansi noma kucishe kufane (kwe-imidacloprid) kokugxila okuvumelekile kuketshezi olusebenzayo (Ithebula 3). Ekuvivinyweni kwethu, ukucindezelwa kokwakhiwa kwama-oospores kwanda njengoba umthamo wesidakamizwa ukhula, okuphakamisa ukwanda komphumela lapho uhlangana noketshezi olusebenze kakhulu. I-Difenoconazole ibangele ukwehla okuphawulekayo kokuhlungwa kwama-oospores hhayi kuphela ekuhlolweni kwendawo yokudla okunomsoco, kepha nasekuvivinyweni kwamaqabunga amazambane anqunyiwe abekwe kuketshezi olune-fungicide. Ngakho-ke, ezinhlobonhlobo ze-Vektar Belorussian, ama-oospores angama-32 nge-1 mm2 yendawo yeqabunga abonwe kulawulwa, ekugxileni kwe-difenoconazole emanzini we-10 mg / l - 24, naku-100 mg / l - 12 oospores / mm2. Umehluko ekugxileni kwama-oospores ku-100 mg / l we-fungicide futhi ekulawulweni kubaluleke kakhulu ngokwezibalo (U-Elansky, Mytsa, ongashicilelwe).
Ama-pesticides angathinta izinqubo ezahlukahlukene kumaseli wefungal. Emibhalweni, asikwazanga ukuthola imininingwane echaza ngandlela thile umthelela wezidakamizwa eziphenywayo ekwakhiweni kwama-oospores. Ake sizame ukwenza imibono ethile mayelana nesenzo se-difenoconazole. Indlela yokusebenza kwesikhunta sayo ukuvimbela i-enzyme ye-C14-dimethylase, edlala indima ebalulekile ku-sterol biosynthesis. AmaSterols ahlanganiswa isikhunta, izitshalo nezinye izinto eziphilayo futhi ayingxenye yolwelwesi lwamaseli awo. Ama-Oomycetes ohlobo lwePhytophthora, ngokungabikho kwama-sterols, akwazi ukukhula kuphela kwezitshalo; ukwakheka kwama-oospores kucindezelwe ngokuphelele (U-Elliott et al., 1966).
Ama-Oomycetes awakwazi ukuhlanganisa ama-sterol ngokwawo; afaka ezingxenyeni zawo ama-sterol atholakala esitshalweni sokubungaza, ukuwaguqula. Ekuvivinyweni kwethu, sisebenzise i-oat agar medium ecebile ku-â-sitosterol nase-isofucosterol (Knights, 1965), okungukuthi, izinto ezishukumisa ukwakheka kwama-oospores. Kungenzeka ukuthi i-difenoconazole ivimbela umsebenzi wama-enzyme abandakanyeka ekuguqulweni noma ekusetshenzisweni kwamakhemikhali e-sterol atholakala ezitshalweni. Lokhu nakho kunganciphisa ukuqina kokwakheka kwe-oospore.
Ekugxileni okuphansi, njengoba kukhonjisiwe emsebenzini wethu, i-difenoconazole ibinomthelela obuthakathaka okhuthazayo ekukhuleni kwe-mycelium nokwakhiwa kwama-oospores.
Ukucindezelwa kokwakhiwa kwama-oospores endaweni yezakhamzimba kuboniswe phambilini ngama-fungicides we-anti-phytophthora. Ngakho-ke, emsebenzini kaKessel et al. (2002) uphenye izidakamizwa ezingaphezu kwe-10 ze-antiphitofluoroids. I-Fluazinam, i-dimethomorph, ne-cymoxanil ekugxileni okungabulali kucindezele ngokuphelele ukwakheka kwama-oospores endaweni ephakathi kwe-agar; i-metalaxil, i-maneb ne-propamocarb ikhombise ukusebenza ngokulingene; i-mancozeb ne-chlorothalonil yayingenamphumela ekwakhiweni kwe-oospore. Emsebenzini we-S.A. Kuznetsov (Kuznetsov, 2013), kuvinjelwe ukwakheka kwama-oospores endaweni enomsoco ngokugxila okungabulali kwe-metalaxyl.
Ukuhlola kwethu kukhombisile ukuthi amalungiselelo wezibulala-zinambuzane asetshenziswa kumazambane, angazange abe nomthelela oqondile wokuvimbela ukukhula kwesifo se-blight sekwephuzile, acindezela ukwakheka kwama-oospores. Ngakho-ke, ukuvikelwa kwamakhemikhali okwenziwe kahle kwamazambane kusetshenziswa isikhunta, izinambuzane kanye nokubulala ukhula kunciphisa amathuba okwakhiwa kwama-oospores emaqabungeni ezitshalo.
Lo msebenzi ubusekelwa yiRussia Science Foundation (iphrojekthi No. 14-50-00029).
Lo mbhalo ushicilelwe ephephabhukwini elithi "Mycology and Phytopathology" (Umqulu 50, Issue 1, 2016).