Izimo eziqinisekisa izinga eliphezulu nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezigcinwe ukuze zigcinwe.Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza amazambane bungamelwa ngendlela yamabhuloki amabili: ibhulokhi yomsebenzi wensimu kanye nebhulokhi yokugcina. Mayelana nalokhu, ukuthola isivuno esikhulu kuyingxenye yempi; kubalulekile futhi ukukwazi ukukulonda. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngembewu yamazambane, agcinwa isikhathi eside uma kuqhathaniswa namazambane okudla. Okunzima kakhulu futhi okunomthwalo wemfanelo ukugcinwa entwasahlobo, ngoba kuyadingeka ukugcina izimfanelo zokutshala eziphezulu zezilimo eziyizigaxa, ukuvimbela ukuhluma ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Ukulahlekelwa ngesikhathi sokugcinwa kuhlanganisa ukulahleka kwemvelo, imfucumfucu yezobuchwepheshe (izilimo eziyizigaxa ezithinteke kancane ngenxa yokubola, ikakhulukazi ezomile), ukubola okuphelele (izilimo eziyizigaxa ezibole ngokuphelele - ukubola okumanzi) kanye nezithombo. Ngezindlela eziningi, lezi zinkomba zincike kwikhwalithi yokuqala yezilimo eziyizigaxa, ebuye inqume izimfanelo zokutshala zamazambane. Imbewu yamazambane kufanele ihlangabezane nezidingo ze-GOST 33996-2016, ngokusho kwembewu:
- Ukuba khona kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinezimpawu zokuqunjelwa, eqandisiwe, ngokushiswa, kubi, ngokukhula nokuphuka kalula ukukhula, ukusika, ukuchotshozwa, ngesikhumba esihlutshiwe (ngaphezulu kwe-1/4 yobuso be-tuber) akuvunyelwe;
- ukuba khona komhlaba nokungcola kwangaphandle kuvunyelwe, akukho ngaphezu kuka-2% ngesisindo ezigabeni ze-OS, ES, RS1-2;
- ubukhona bezilimo eziyizigaxa ezivunyelwe, ngamaphesenti:
- engahlangabezani nezidingo zosayizi - hhayi ngaphezu kuka-3%;
- ezinye izinhlobo ze-botanical - akukho ngaphezu kwe-0,5% (kuphela isigaba se-PC);
- ethintekile ngokubola kwendandatho - akukho ngaphezu kwe-0,5% (kuphela kwe-PC yesigaba);
- ehlaselwe yi-stem nematode - akukho ngaphezu kwe-0,5% (kuphela ku-PC yesigaba);
- ngokubonakala kwe-glandular kanye nobumnyama be-pulp (uma ngaphezu kwe-1/4 yesigaba se-longitudinal ye-tuber kuthintekile) - akukho ngaphezu kwe-5% (inani);
- ngokulimala komshini okungaphezu kuka-5 mm ukujula nobude obungaphezu kuka-10 mm (ukusikeka, izinyembezi, ukuqhekeka, ama-dents ku-tuber tissue) - akukho ngaphezu kuka-5% (inani);
- ngokulimala kwezinambuzane zezolimo ngaphandle kokulimala kwamehlo (ama-wireworms - ukunyakaza okungaphezu kokuthathu, amagundane, amabhungane nama-cutworms) - akukho ngaphezu kwe-2% isiyonke.
Izinga lembewu lincike kakhulu kubuchwepheshe bokulima, ukucubungula emva kokuvuna kanye nokugcinwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Okokuqala, ngesikhathi sokukhula (ngokuhambisana nezimo zezulu, ngesikhathi esifanele nangenani elidingekayo), izitshalo kufanele ziphathwe ngokuthintana, amalungiselelo e-systemic kanye ne-translaminar ngokumelene nokulimaza sekwephuzile, i-alternaria, i-anthracnose nezinye izifo zefungal kanye ne-bacterial. Ukuze unciphise ukucindezeleka emithini yokubulala izinambuzane, kuyadingeka ukufaka izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo ohlelweni lokuvikela. Okwesibili, ukuze kugwenywe ukuminyanisa okukhulu kwenhlabathi yezilimo eziyizigaxa, uhlelo lokulungisa umhlabathi ngaphambi kokutshala kanye nokulinywa phakathi kwemigqa kufanele kuqinisekise ukuxega kwenhlabathi emagqumeni naphakathi kwemigqa kuze kube ukuvunwa. Ezifundeni eziningi, ukutshala okunezikhala zemigqa okungamasentimitha angama-90 kuzibonakalise kahle.Okwesithathu, ukususwa kweziqongo zangaphambi kokuvuna ngamakhemikhali kufanele kwenziwe (Reglon Super 2,5 l/ha, Sukhovey 2,5 l/ha, Basta 2,0 l/ ha), izindlela zemishini noma ezihlanganisiwe, kuye ngezimo nokuthuthukiswa kweziqongo, okungenani izinsuku eziyi-10-12 ngaphambi kokumba izilimo eziyizigaxa. Okwesine, ukuhlanza kufanele kwenziwe ekushiseni komoya okungenani +10 0C, ngaphandle kwalokho iphesenti lezilimo eziyizigaxa ezilinyazwe ngomshini futhi lithinteke ukubola kweFusarium likhuphuka kakhulu.
Ukukhethwa kwemishini yokuhlanza. Njengamanje, amazambane avunwa kusetshenziswa izinhlanganisela noma ama-diggers futhi acoshe ama-tubers ngesandla. Inketho yesibili ihlotshaniswa nezindleko ezibalulekile zomsebenzi wezandla kanye nesidingo esikhulu sezikhwama noma amanetha okupakisha amazambane. Nokho, uma kuqhathaniswa nokusetshenziswa ihlanganisa, ukusetshenziswa diggers inikeza izinga eliphansi kakhulu umonakalo mechanical kuya nezilimo eziyizigaxa. Njengoba kunikezwe amandla aphezulu okusebenza, ukuvuna nge-digger kufanele kusetshenziswe ikakhulukazi ohlelweni lokukhiqiza imbewu eyinhloko (kulokhu, amazambane ayatshalwa, njengomthetho, ezindaweni ezincane). Ngokuhlukile, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe kuvunyelwe ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, lapho izivuni ezihlangene zingasebenzi ngenxa yenhlabathi engalungile nezimo zezulu.
Ukugunda iziqongo ngenhlanganisela ngasikhathi sinye nokumba izilimo eziyizigaxa (i-top crusher ifakwe engxenyeni etholwayo yenhlanganisela) akwamukeleki ezindaweni eziningi zaseRussia, ngoba inhloso enkulu yokubhujiswa kwayo ilahlekile: isikhathi sokuvuthwa nokuqina. kwekhasi alifakiwe; akukho kuncipha kumathuba kanye nezinga lokulimala kwe-tuber ngokulimaza sekwephuzile. Ukusetshenziswa kwale ndlela kungenzeka kuphela lapho kuvunwa amazambane okuqala athengiswa ngokushesha.
Uma uqhathanisa izinto zobuchwepheshe ezizihambelayo nezilandelanayo (abavuni, abamba, abalayishi), ukukhetha ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane amakhulu kufanele kunikezwe amayunithi aziqhubela wona. Naphezu kwezindleko zabo eziphakeme, ngokuvamile zisebenza kahle kakhulu ngokwezinkomba zokusebenza nezomnotho.
Ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amazambane ukuze agcinwe. Ukuvuna kulandelwa isigaba sezobuchwepheshe sokugcina amazambane ukuze agcinwe. Kukhona ubuchwepheshe obuthathu bokubeka - ukugeleza, ukushintshwa nokugeleza okuqondile, ngayinye enquma izinga elihambisanayo lokulimala kwemishini kuma-tubers (Ithebula 1).
Ithebula 1. Ukulimala kwemishini kuma-tubers kuye ngobuchwepheshe bokugcina, %
Izinhlobo zomonakalo | Ubuchwepheshe | ||
emugqeni | ukuthutha | ukugeleza okuqondile | |
Hlanza kuze kufike ku-½ wendawo ye-tuber | 16,5 | 6,9 | 5,5 |
Hlanza ngaphezu kwengxenye ye-tuber surface | 22,6 | 5,7 | 4,6 |
Ukuqhekeka, izinyembezi kanye nokusikeka ku-pulp of nezilimo eziyizigaxa | 9,3 | 6,8 | 2,9 |
Ukwenza kube mnyama kwe-pulp ngosayizi nokujula okungaphezu kuka-5 mm ngenxa yemithelela | 18,0 | 11,9 | 7,2 |
TOTAL umonakalo | 66,4 | 31,3 | 20,2 |
Isamba sokulahlekelwa kwezinyanga eziyi-8 zesitoreji, % | 32,2 | 18,7 | 8,3 |
Imfucuza yokuhlanza i-tuber,% | 26,0-28,0 | 20,0-22,0 | 13,0-15,0 |
Ukusakaza - Amazambane avunwe ngenhlanganisela noma i-digger athunyelwa esiteshini sokuhlunga ukuze ahlukanise ukungcola futhi ahlelwe abe yiziqephu, kulandelwa ukugcinwa. Uma kuqhathaniswa nobunye ubuchwepheshe, lokhu kubangela inani elikhulu lokulimala kwemishini kuma-tubers. Ngakho-ke, kufanele isetshenziswe kuphela endabeni yokuthengiswa kwamazambane ekwindla noma lapho amazambane avunwe ngenhlanganisela evela ensimini enengxube yenhlabathi engaphezu kuka-25-30% kanye nezinsalela zezitshalo. Futhi, ukusetshenziswa kwalobu buchwepheshe kuvunyelwe uma sikhuluma ngokuvuna izilimo eziyizigaxa ezivuthwe ngokugcwele, ezinezikhumba ezinamandla futhi ezingathinteki izifo.
Transshipment - Ngaphambi kokugcina noma ukuhlunga endaweni ethile, izilimo eziyizigaxa zigcinwa ezinqwabeni zesikhashana. Ukuzikhethela okuvuna lobu buchwepheshe kufanele kwenziwe uma kwenzeka umonakalo omkhulu kuzilimo eziyizigaxa ngokucindezelwa, ukubola sekwephuzile, ukubola okumanzi, noma esimweni lapho ukuvuna kwenziwa emakhazeni nasemvula, ikakhulukazi ngokuhlanganisa enhlabathini enzima.
Ukugeleza okuqondile - Amazambane afika evela ensimini agcinwa ngokushesha ngaphandle kokuhlelwa kwekwindla. Ngokuya ngezimo, ukuhlanza kungenziwa ngezimo ezimbili. Uma ingxube yenhlabathi enqwabeni ingeqi ku-10-15%, futhi okuqukethwe kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane ezifika ku-30 mm ubukhulu kumthamo ophelele wesitshalo akubalulekile, zivunwa ngokulandela uhlelo olulula "lokuhlanganisa-isitoreji" , i.e. Amazambane asuka ekuhlanganiseni ayiswa endaweni yokugcina futhi alayishwe ku-hopper ye-TZK-30/60 yohlobo lwe-conveyor-loader, ebeka izilimo eziyizigaxa endundumeni. Uma ingxube yenhlabathi ingaphezu kwama-20% futhi iphesenti lezilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane liphezulu, khona-ke amazambane avela kunhlanganisela alayishwa ku-hopper yesimanje yokwamukela (ngokwesibonelo, eyenziwe yi-GRIMME), efakwe phambi kwesango lokugcina. I-bunker ifakwe umshini wokuhlanza inqwaba, ohlukanisa inhlabathi nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane, futhi ingxenye eyinhloko yamazambane yondliwa uhlelo lwe-conveyors (ama-conveyors) endaweni yokugcina, lapho i-pile stacker ikhona. Ku-conveyors, izilimo eziyizigaxa ezingajwayelekile, izigaxa, amatshe nokunye ukungcola kukhethwa ngesandla. Amazambane embewu atshalwe kusetshenziswa lobu buchwepheshe agcinwa kuze kube intwasahlobo, futhi izingxenyana ziyalinganiswa ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwangaphambi kokutshala; ngasikhathi sinye, izilimo eziyizigaxa ziphathwa ngesixazululo seMaxim, Prestige, Aktara, njll., noma lapho kutshalwa endaweni yokutshala. ovulayo.
Kusukela kudatha ekuThebula 1 kulandela ukuthi ngaphandle kokuthengiswa kwekwindla, amazambane epulazini kufanele agcinwe kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokugeleza okuqondile, futhi ezimeni ezimbi kakhulu - kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-transshipment. Ngobuchwepheshe be-in-line, ngaphezu kwezinga eliphakeme elijwayelekile lokulimala kwemishini kuma-tubers, iphesenti lokuba mnyama kwe-pulp kusuka emiphumeleni likhuphuka kakhulu, okuholela ekwandeni kwemfucuza lapho uhlanza izilimo eziyizigaxa - ngokuphindwe kabili ngenxa yokuncipha okujwayelekile kwe-pulp. izinga lamazambane uma liqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe bokugeleza okuqondile.
Uhlobo lwezindawo zokugcina amazambane. Izinsiza zokulondoloza uhlobo lwebhin ezinephaseji elimaphakathi noma ezinezingxenye ezingazodwa zifaneleka kahle ukugcina imbewu yamazambane. (isithombe 1).
Kumazambane we-ware, izinsiza zokugcina zomklamo olula (ikakhulukazi uhlobo lwenqwaba) zisetshenziswa, ezinezinga eliphezulu lokusetshenziswa kwezakhiwo. Imbewu yamazambane, ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizeni imbewu yokuqala, nayo igcinwa ezitsheni (Umfanekiso 2).
Umfanekiso 2. Ubuchwepheshe besitsha sokugcina amazambane:
a) amakhabethe anomfutho womoya anikezela komoya ngezisekelo ezime mpo ngaphezu kweziqukathi; b) ukupakisha iziqukathi ngezigaba ezinhlanu
Lena indlela ebiza kakhulu, kodwa inikeza ukuhamba okuphezulu komsebenzi ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwempahla kanye nokuhlelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene kanye nokukhiqizwa kabusha.
I-algorithm yobuchwepheshe bokugcina isikhathi eside. Ubuchwepheshe besitoreji, obuqinisekisa ukulahlekelwa okuncane uma bulandelwa ngokuqinile, buhlanganisa izikhathi ezinhlanu eziyinhloko: ngokulandelana ukomisa nezilimo eziyizigaxa ohlelweni lokulayisha amazambane endaweni yokugcina ngenxa yokungena komoya oqhubekayo onomoya wangaphandle ngesilinganiso esingu-100-200 m.3/t ngehora; isikhathi sokwelashwa - izinsuku ezingama-20-25 ekushiseni kwe-18-20 0Nge-ventilation ye-cyclic enomoya wangaphakathi usebenzisa indlela yokubuyisela kabusha imizuzu engama-30-40 ngosuku; isikhathi sokupholisa ngomfutho 0,5 0C ngosuku; isikhathi esiyinhloko ekushiseni kwesitoreji 4-5 0Ngokungena komoya ngezikhathi ezithile imizuzu engama-40-50 izikhathi ezimbili kuya kwezintathu ngesonto futhi inkathi yasentwasahlobo - enomthwalo wemfanelo kakhulu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi, ngoba kuyadingeka ukuvimbela ukuhluma ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, ikakhulukazi lapho izinsuku zokutshala noma ukuzitshala kona zibambezeleka ngenxa yezizathu zesimo sezulu. Umsebenzi uwukungabandakanyi ukungena komoya oshisayo wangaphandle ofudumele endaweni yokugcina nokugcina izinga lokushisa endaweni yokugcina lisezingeni elinikeziwe ngokungenisa umoya wesikhashana esifushane ngesikhathi esibanda kakhulu sosuku, isibonelo, emahoreni angaphambi kokuntwela kokusa.
Umswakama womoya ohlobene endaweni yokugcina ngesikhathi sokugcina amazambane, ngaphandle kwenkathi yokomisa, kufanele ube sezingeni lama-90-95%.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali kanye nezivuseleli zokukhula. Eminyakeni yamuva, phesheya naseRussia, ubuchwepheshe bokugcina amazambane embewu, ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezivikelayo nezivuselelayo (Maxim 0,2 l/t, njll.), buya ngokuya bufaka inqubo efana ne-carbonation ne-phytohormone ethylene. Ngokwemiphumela yocwaningo olwenziwe e-Federal State Budgetary Institution VNIIKH ngo-2015-2017, ukugcinwa kwamazambane embewu endaweni ye-phytohormone ethylene kusukela ngoNovemba kuya kuMeyi ekushiseni okungu-4. 0I-C ibe nomthelela ekwenyukeni kwenani lamehlo aphuzi (ikakhulukazi ngenxa yangemuva ngaphandle kokubusa kwe-apical), ngaphambili (ngezinsuku ezi-3-5) nokuvela okufanayo kwezithombo, ukwakheka kwenani elikhulu leziqu ngesihlahla ngasinye ( ngo-19,9-36,0% ngokuya ngezinhlobonhlobo), ukwanda kobude besitshalo ngo-2-3 cm, ukwanda kwenani lezilimo eziyizigaxa esihlahleni ngasinye (ngo-6,3-19,0%) ngokuqala kwangaphambili kwe-tuberization, ukwanda kwesivuno. (inani - ngo-9,9-19,0% , ethengiswayo - ngo-7,0-23,9%, ikakhulukazi uma usebenzisa ukuchelela), ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sezitshalo ezifanayo (Ithebula 2).
Ithebula 2. Izinkomba ze-biometric kanye nesivuno samazambane kusetshenziswa isibonelo sezinhlobonhlobo ze-Gala zasekuqaleni lapho usebenzisa i-ethylene, kuye ngezimo zokukhula ezilandelayo (isilinganiso sika-2015-2017)
Indawo ekhulayo | Inketho yokugcina izilimo eziyizigaxa zembewu nokusebenzisa ukuchelela | Inani leziqu, ama-pcs./bush | Inombolo yama-tuber pcs./bush | Ukukhiqiza, t / ha | |
jikelele | iyathengiswa (ingxenye yezilimo eziyizigaxa>50 mm) | ||||
I-Lyubertsy (i-sandy loam inhlabathi) | ukulawula | 5,4 | 17,4 | 23,9 | 19,1 |
nge-ethylene | 7,2 | 21,2 | 27,3 | 22,2 | |
I-Ozersky (inhlabathi enodaka) | ukulawula | 5,8 | 18,3 | 29,4 | 25,3 |
nge-ethylene | 7,7 | 22,9 | 34,5 | 30,5 | |
control (irrigation) | 6,3 | 19,2 | 33,9 | 30,4 | |
nge-ethylene (ukuchelela) | 8,6 | 24,0 | 40,3 | 37,0 |
Iminyaka eminingana, isidakamizwa i-Vist 10 g/t (isithako esisebenzayo se-thiabendazole) sithole ukuhlolwa okuhle komthelela wawo ekugcineni izinga lamazambane. Ukusebenza kwe-Rhizoctonia sclerotia ngemuva kokufuthwa ngalo muthi ngokungena komoya osebenzayo kwehle izikhathi eziyi-14. Ezivivinyweni zokukhiqiza (esifundeni saseMoscow), ukulahleka kwe-tuber kwehle ezinhlobonhlobo ze-Amadeus ngo-8,7%, i-Asterix - ngo-9,4%, i-Udacha - ngo-17,3%, i-Nevsky - ngo-25,8%. Isivuno samazambane anempilo sikhuphuke ngo-9,4-11,8%. Izindleko zokukhiqiza zehle izikhathi ezingu-1,2, futhi izinga lenzuzo laliphakathi kuka-49,6-75,5%.
UStanislav Maltsev, Udokotela Wesayensi Yezolimo; Vladimir Zeyruk, Udokotela Wesayensi Yezolimo;
USergey Andrianov, umfundi oneziqu; USofya Shishkova, umcwaningi omncane,
I-Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “FRC of Potato eqanjwe ngo-A.G. Lorcha"