USergey Ariskin, uChwepheshe oyiNjiniyela, i-Agrotrade Company LLC
Izinga eliphezulu lomhlabathi ngesikhathi sokuvuna amazambane libe yinkinga enkulu kubalimi ngesizini ka-2020. Kwamanye amapulazi, kuze kufike kuhhafu wezitshalo ezithuthwa ensimini kwakunamagaqa omhlabathi. Lokhu kunciphise kakhulu umkhiqizo wokuthola izakhiwo ngesikhathi sokugcinwa. Ngokuyisisekelo, amahlule kwakufanele akhethwe ngesandla kumaconveyor. Futhi nakulokhu, ingxenye yezwe yayithenjiswe ukuthi izogcinwa. Ngokwemibono yethu, kwamanye amapulazi okuqukethwe kwawo ekuvuneni okulayishwe kusitoreji kufinyelela ku-20 ... 25%.
Isiphi isizathu esiyinhloko esenza kube nenani elikhulu lezigaxa ngesikhathi sokuhlanza? Yebo, lokhu kuwukubumbana kwenhlabathi ngesikhathi sokutshala nokutshala ngaphambi kokutshala. Ngeke sicabangele isihloko sokucekelwa phansi komhlabathi ngenxa yomthelela wezinhlelo ezisebenzayo zemishini yezolimo. Emkhiqizweni wamazambane, ukusetshenziswa kwamathayi abanzi, anengcindezi ephansi kanye nezinhlelo zokuhambisa umkhondo akukenzeki. Akwenzeki futhi ukushiya izinto zokusebenza zokulima ezinemizimba esebenzayo. Lezi zici ezimbili ziholela ekucekeleni phansi kwesakhiwo senhlabathi (inhlanganisela yomhlabathi). Inhlabathi engakhiwe iyakwazi ukucaka futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukwakheka kwezigaxa.
Izazi zezolimo namahlathi ziyazi ukuthi imbangela eyinhloko yokucinana kwenhlabathi ngesikhathi somsebenzi wensimu yasentwasahlobo umswakama. Umhlabathi ogcwele umswakama uhlangana kalula. Isikhathi sokuphumula kwenhlabathi emva kokuhlangana, njengomthetho, sihlala isikhathi eside kunenkathi yokukhula kwamazambane. Ngokubeka inhlabathi ehlangene ethangeni, maningi amathuba okuthi sithole izigaxa ngesikhathi sokuvuna.
Kunento efana ne-LOWEST SOIL MOISTURE CAPACITY (MC) - inani eliphezulu lomswakamo inhlabathi endaweni yawo yemvelo engakwazi ukubamba esimweni sokumiswa ngemva kokuphuma mahhala kwamanzi adonsela phansi. Kuvezwe njengephesenti lesisindo noma umthamo wenhlabathi. Kunqunywa ukwakheka kwe-granulometric, i-mineralogical kanye namakhemikhali enhlabathi, ukwakheka kwayo, ukuminyana, i-porosity - izici, futhi, esingenakukwazi ukuzithonya ngokushesha. Ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, lokhu akusekho ukungcola, kodwa uma inhlabathi icindezelekile kulesi simo, isigaxa asiwi lapho siwela phansi.
Isikhathi esifanele sokulima yinkathi lapho inhlabathi isesimweni esibizwa ngokuthi ukuvuthwa ngokomzimba. Emhlabathini osindayo ovundlile lokhu kungu-40...70% NV, wenhlabathi elula - 40...60%. Uma uhumusha lokhu kumaphesenti omswakama emhlabathini, uthola u-12...24%, kuye ngohlobo lwenhlabathi.
Ithebula 1. Izikhawu zokuswakama komhlabathi ukuze kulinywe izinga eliphezulu
Umkhawulo womswakamo | ||||
Ephansi, ukutshala inhlabathi kunzima, akunakwenzeka ukubhubhisa izigaxa nothuli | Inhlabathi engaphezulu, enamathelayo, ukwakheka kwamagaqa ahlangene | I-agrotechnically eyamukelekayo ekulimeni | Ngokucubungula kwekhwalithi ephezulu nokumelana okuphansi kakhulu | |
I-Sod-podzolic | 11 | 22 | 12… 21 | 15… 18 |
Ihlathi elimpunga | 14 | 24 | 15… 23 | 17… 18 |
Ama-Chernozems | 13 | 25 | 15… 24 | 15… 18 |
I-Chestnut | 12 | 24 | 13… 23 | 14… 16 |
I-Chestnut solonetzic | 12 | 21 | 13… 20 | 16… 17 |
Okumpunga-nsundu kanye nsundu | 13 | 21 | 14… 20 | 15… 17 |
Ama-Serozem | 14 | 21 | 12… 24 | - |
Njengoba kubonakala kuThebula 1, isikhathi esivumelekile sokulungiswa nokutshala kwenhlabathi yisikhathi lapho umswakama womhlabathi uphakathi kuka-15...20%. Lokhu cishe yizinsuku eziyi-7..10.
Intwasahlobo ka-2020 yayinemvula futhi ithatha isikhathi eside ezifundeni eziningi. Ukutshala amazambane kwamanye amapulazi kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kukaJuni. Amazambane ayevame ukutshalwa emhlabathini ogcwele amanzi. Lokhu kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwezigaxa.
Yini engenziwa?
Ngokombono wethu, into yokuqala okufanele yenziwe ukukhipha igeja elilodwa. Lima minyaka yonke ekujuleni okuhlukene. Okusebenza kahle kakhulu ukuxegisa okujulile ngamageja eshizolo. Enye inketho ukufaka izidladla ezijulile ngemuva komzimba wegeja. Cishe bonke abakhiqizi bamageja banikeza lolu hlobo lwemishini emigqeni yomkhiqizo wabo. Kodwa, ngeshwa, bambalwa abantu abazi ngalokhu. Empeleni, asikaze sihlangane namageja ngemishini enjalo. Ukucekelwa phansi kwesisekelo senhlabathi kuthuthukisa kakhulu ibhalansi yamanzi enhlabathini - umswakama ugcinwa kangcono ezingxenyeni ezingezansi, futhi ukucwiliswa akwenzeki ezindaweni eziphansi. Inhlabathi ngokushesha ifinyelela esimweni sokuvuthwa ngokomzimba.
Ngaphambi kokutshala ukulima
Akufanele neze ukwenza ikhava ihlukumeze ngesikhathi umhlabathi ugcwele amanzi. Uhlelo lokugijima lukagandaganda ngokuqinisekile luzohlanganisa umhlabathi, futhi mancane amathuba okuthi kususwe lokhu kucinana esikhathini esizayo. Okufanayo kusebenza ekulimeni ngama-tine cultivators. Izigaxa eziminyene kakhulu ezimanzi zivele phezulu ngemuva kokoma azikwazi ukucekelwa phansi ngisho nayimishini yokugaya.
Izazi zezolimo namahlathi ezinolwazi ziyazi ukuthi igebe phakathi kokutshalwa kwenhlabathi ngemishini yokugaya (ukugaya okuqondile noma ukugaya okuvundlile) nokutshala kufanele kube kuncane. Esimweni sezulu esomile, esinomoya, umswakama uyalahleka uma kunegebe elikhulu. Entwasahlobo enemvula, indawo ephathwayo kodwa engatshaliwe ingase ihlale imile izinsuku ezimbalwa. Umhlabathi uyazihlanganisa, futhi ukutshala kuvame ukuqala ngomswakama ophezulu. Lokhu ngokuqinisekile kuzoholela ekuhlanganiseni.
Ukutshala amazambane
Ama-coulter nama-disc harrows ezitshalo anomthelela omkhulu emhlabathini. Ezimeni zokutshala ezimanzi, lapho inhlabathi isindayo kunalapho ivuthwa ngokomzimba, kuba nezigaxa ezihlangene bese umbhede wembewu uhlangene. Into engathandeki kakhulu ukuthi lezi zigaxa zigcina eduze nangaphezulu kwe-seed tuber. Akunakwenzeka ukuwabhubhisa ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwama-ridge ngomshini wokugaya. I-ridge yangaphambili ixegisa inhlabathi KUPHELA PHAKATHI KWEMIROMA; emgqeni, izigaxa zihlala zisesimweni sazo sokuqala.
Kusukela kukho konke okungenhla, singaphetha ngokuthi akunakwenzeka ukugwema ukunqwabelana usebenzisa noma yiziphi izindlela zobuchwepheshe noma ze-agrotechnical ezimweni zesiphethu esigcwele amanzi. Ukuhambisana kuphela nezikhathi ezifanele zezolimo kuzosiza ukunciphisa le nkinga.
K S