Sergey Elansky
Esinye sezifo eziyingozi kakhulu zamazambane kanye notamatisi ukubola okuphuzile okubangelwa i-oomycete. Ama-infestans ama-Phytophthora (Mont.) De Bary. Le phytopathogen iyingozi kakhulu, ngoba ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezifanele, iyakwazi ukukhula kakhulu futhi ibangele ukulahleka kwesivuno esikhulu, kanye nokuhlukahluka okuqinile, okuyivumela ukuthi inqobe ngokushesha ukumelana kwezinhlobonhlobo kanye nomphumela onobuthi wamalungiselelo e-fungicidal. Kuze kube manje, azikho izinhlobo zamazambane notamatisi ezidaliwe ezimelana ngokuphelele nalawa magciwane.
Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuvikela ukubola sekwephuzile ukusebenzisa amakhemikhali okuvikela izitshalo. I-Epiphytosis ye-blight sekwephuzile iqalwa yi-inoculum eyinhloko. EYurophu, ukutheleleka okuye kwangena enhlabathini ngezilimo eziyizigaxa zembewu ezigulayo, ezidlulele emhlabathini, ama-oospores (izakhiwo zokuzala ezinodonga oluqinile. P. izingane), kanye ne-zoosporangia elethwa umoya ovela ezitshalweni ezitshalwe ezitshalweni ezitshalwe ebusika emasimini angonyaka odlule (izitshalo "zamavolontiya"), noma ezindundumeni zezilimo eziyizigaxa ezilahliwe lapho zigcinwa ukuze zigcinwe. Kulezi, izitshalo ezitshalwe ngezinqwaba zezilimo eziyizigaxa ezilahliwe zibhekwa njengomthombo oyingozi kakhulu wokutheleleka. lapho inani lezilimo eziyizigaxa ezihlumayo livame ukuphawuleka, futhi i-zoosporangia ingathwalwa isuka kuzo ngokuhamba amabanga amade. Eminye imithombo (ama-oospores, izitshalo "zokuzithandela") aziyingozi kangako, ngoba akuyona inkambiso ukutshala izitshalo emasimini afanayo kaningi ngaphezu kokukodwa njalo eminyakeni engu-3-4. Ukutheleleka ngembewu yezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinezifo nakho kuncane ngenxa yohlelo oluhle lokulawula imbewu.
Ngokuvamile, inani le-inoculum eyinhloko kubantu baseYurophu lilinganiselwe, ngakho-ke ukukhula kwalolu bhubhane kuhamba kancane futhi kungalawuleka ngempumelelo kusetshenziswa amalungiselelo amakhemikhali e-fungicidal.
E-Russia, isimo sihluke kakhulu. Iningi lezitshalo zamazambane kanye notamatisi litshalwa ezingadini ezincane ezizimele; Izinyathelo zokuzivikela azenziwanga nhlobo kubo, noma ukwelashwa kwe-fungicidal kwenziwa ngenombolo enganele futhi kuqale ngemuva kokuvela kokubola sekwephuzile eziqongweni. Ngenxa yalokho, izingadi zemifino ezizimele zisebenza njengomthombo oyinhloko wokutheleleka, lapho i-zoosporangia ithwalwa khona umoya iye ezitshalweni zentengiso. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa ngokubona kwethu okuqondile ezindaweni zaseMoscow, Bryansk, Kostroma, Ryazan: ukulimala kwezitshalo ezingadini ezizimele kwabonwa ngaphambi kokuqala kokwelashwa kwesikhunta kokutshalwa kwentengiso. Kamuva, ubhubhane emasimini amakhulu luvinjelwa ukusetshenziswa kwamalungiselelo okubulala isikhunta, kuyilapho ezingadini ezizimele kuba nokuthuthuka okusheshayo kokulimaza sekwephuzile.
Endabeni yokwelashwa okungafanele noma "isabelomali esiphansi" sokutshalwa kwezentengiselwano, i-foci ye-blight ephuzile ivela emasimini; esikhathini esizayo bayathuthuka, babambe izindawo ezikhudlwana.
Ukutheleleka ezingadini ezizimele kunomthelela omkhulu ezikhungweni eziwubhubhane emikhakheni yezohwebo. Kuzo zonke izifunda ezitshala amazambane zaseRussia, indawo ehlala amazambane ezingadini ezizimele inkulu ngokuphindwe kaningana kunengqikithi yamasimu ezinhlangano ezinkulu ezikhiqizayo. Esimweni esinjalo, izingadi zemifino ezizimele zingabhekwa njengensiza ye-inoculum yomhlaba wonke yemikhakha yezohwebo.
Ake sizame ukuhlonza lezo zakhiwo eziyisici sezibalo ze-P. infestans ezingadini ezizimele. Ukutshala imbewu kanye nokulawulwa kokuhlukaniswa kwamazambane, imbewu katamatisi etholwe kubakhiqizi abangabazisayo bangaphandle, ukutshalwa isikhathi eside kwamazambane notamatisi ezindaweni ezifanayo, ukwelashwa okungafanele kwesikhunta noma ukungabikho kwabo ngokuphelele kuholela epiphytoties enzima emkhakheni ozimele, umphumela okuwukuwela mahhala, i-hybridization kanye nokwakheka kwe-oospore ezingadini ezizimele. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuhlukahluka kwe-genotypic okuphezulu kakhulu kuyabonwa, lapho cishe zonke izinhlobo zezinhlobo ze-genotype zihlukile (Elansky et al., 2001), futhi ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo ze-genotypes kubantu kwanelisa isilinganiso se-Hardy-Weinberg (Amatkhanova et al., 2004) ), okufakazela ukuwela kwamahhala emiphakathini. Ama-Oospores akhiwa ngenkuthalo ezingxenyeni zezitshalo ezithintekile (Smirnov, Elansky 1999). Ukutshala imbewu yamazambane anemvelaphi ehlukahlukene yofuzo kwenza kungenzeki ukuthi imigqa ye-clonal ekhethekile yokuhlasela uhlobo oluthile izovela. Izinhlobo ezikhethiwe esimweni esinjalo zihlukaniswa ngokuguquguquka kwazo maqondana nezinhlobo ezithintekile; iningi lazo linenani elisondele kakhulu lezakhi zofuzo ze-virulence (Amatkhanova et al., 2004; Shein et al., 2009). Lokhu kuhluke kakhulu ohlelweni lwe "clonal lines" olujwayelekile emasimini amakhulu amabhizinisi ezolimo anesistimu efakwe kahle yokuvikela ngokumelene nokulimaza sekwephuzile. "Imigqa ye-Clonal" (lapho zonke izinhlobo ze-pathogen ezilimaza kamuva ensimini zimelelwe yi-genotype eyodwa noma eziningana) zitholakala yonke indawo emazweni lapho ukutshala amazambane kwenziwa kuphela ngamapulazi amakhulu: i-USA, i-Netherlands, i-Denmark, njll. (Goodwin et al., 1994, Dyakov, Elansky, 2007, Cooke et al., 2006). Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, "imigqa yama-clonal" yayisakazeke ezingxenyeni zase-Asia naseMpumalanga Ekude yaseRussia (Elansky et al., 2001), okusobala ukuthi kungenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezifanayo zamazambane ekutshaleni kuphela. Muva nje, isimo kulezi zifunda siphinde saqala ukushintsha sibheke ekwandeni kokuhlukahluka kwe-genotypic yabantu (S.N. Elansky, idatha engashicilelwe).
Ukungabikho kokwelashwa okunamandla ngamalungiselelo esikhunta kunomunye umphumela oqondile - akukho ukuqoqwa kwezinhlobo ezimelana nezingadi. Ngempela, imiphumela yethu ikhombisa ukuthi izinhlobo ezimelana ne-metallaxyl mancane amathuba okuthi zitholakale ezingadini ezizimele kunasezitshalweni zentengiso (Elansky et al., 2007).
Ukutshalwa eduze kwamazambane notamatisi ezingadini kusiza ukufuduka kwezinhlobo phakathi kwalezi zitshalo, ngenxa yalokho, eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlukene namazambane, inani lalabo abaphethe isakhi sokumelana nezinhlobo zama-cherry. utamatisi T1, ngaphambili isici kuphela "utamatisi" amagciwane, liye landa. Izinhlobo ezinofuzo lwe-T1 ezimweni eziningi zinolaka kakhulu kumazambane kanye notamatisi.
Eminyakeni yamuva, ukulimaza sekwephuzile kutamatisi kwaqala ukuvela ezimweni eziningi ngaphambili kunamazambane. Izithombo zikatamatisi zingangenwa ama-oospores enhlabathini noma ama-oospores akhona embewu katamatisi noma anamathele kuwo (Rubin et al., 2001). Kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, inani elikhulu lembewu ehlanganisiwe eshibhile, ikakhulukazi engenisiwe, iye yavela ezitolo, lapho iningi labakhiqizi abancane selishintshile. Imbewu ingaletha izinhlobo ezinama-genotypes ajwayelekile ezifundeni zokulinywa kwazo. Esikhathini esizayo, lezi genotypes zifakwe enqubweni yocansi emasimini angasese, okuholela ekuveleni kwama-genotypes amasha ngokuphelele.
Ngakho-ke, izingadi ezizimele "ziyimbiza yokuncibilika" yomhlaba wonke, lapho, ngenxa yokushintshaniswa kwezinto zofuzo, ama-genotypes akhona acutshungulwa futhi avele amasha ngokuphelele. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukukhethwa kwabo kwenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezihluke kakhulu kulezo ezenzelwe amazambane emapulazini amakhulu: ukungabikho komshini wokucindezela i-fungicidal, ukufana kwezinhlobonhlobo zokutshala, ukubusa kwezitshalo ezithintekile izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokutheleleka ngegciwane kanye namagciwane, ukusondela. kumatamatisi nama-nightshades asendle, ukuwela okusebenzayo kanye nokwakheka kwe-oospore, ithuba lokuthi ama-oospores abangele ukuphindeka kwalesi sifo ngonyaka olandelayo. Konke lokhu kuholela ekuhlukeni okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-genotypic yabantu basemuva. Ezimweni ze-epiphytotics ezingadini zemifino, ukubola sekwephuzile kusakazeka ngokushesha okukhulu futhi kukhishwa inqwaba yezinhlamvu, indizela ezindaweni ezitshaliwe eziseduze. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokungena emikhakheni yezohwebo ngohlelo olufanele lobuchwepheshe bezolimo kanye nokuvikela, izinhlamvu eziye zandiza azikwazi ukuqala ubhubhane olubi kakhulu ensimini, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemigqa ye-clonal ukumelana nama-fungicides ayi-10 futhi akhethekile. izinhlobonhlobo ezitshaliwe.
Omunye umthombo we-inoculum eyinhloko kungase kube izilimo eziyizigaxa ezigulayo ezivaleleke ezitshalweni ezithengiswayo. Lezi nezilimo eziyizigaxa zazikhulile, njengomthetho, emikhakheni enobuchwepheshe obuhle bezolimo kanye nokuvikelwa kwamakhemikhali okunamandla. I-genotypes ye-isolates ethinte izilimo eziyizigaxa ijwayele ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zazo. Lezi zinhlobo ziyingozi kakhulu ekutshalweni kwezentengiselwano uma kuqhathaniswa ne-inoculum evela ezingadini ezizimele. Lokhu kucabanga futhi kusekelwa imiphumela yocwaningo lwethu. Abantu abahlukanisiwe nezinkambu ezinkulu ezinokuvikelwa kwamakhemikhali okwenziwe kahle kanye nobuchwepheshe obuhle bezolimo abahlukani ngokuhlukahluka kwe-genotypic. Ngokuvamile lena imigqa eminingana yama-clonal ebonakala ngokuba nolaka oluphezulu kanye nezinhlobo eziningi ezimelana nesikhunta.
Izinhlobo zembewu ethengiswayo zingangena emiphakathini yasezivandeni zemifino futhi zibandakanyeke ezinhlelweni eziqhubekayo kuzo. Kodwa-ke, engadini yemifino, ukuncintisana kwabo kuyoba ngaphansi kakhulu kunensimu yezohwebo, futhi maduzane bazoyeka ukuba khona ngendlela yomugqa we-clonal, kodwa izakhi zabo zofuzo zingasetshenziswa kubantu "bengadi".
Ukutheleleka okuvela ezitshalweni "zokuzithandela" nasezinqwaba zezilimo eziyizigaxa ngesikhathi sokuvuna akubalulekile kangako eRussia, ngoba Ezifundeni ezinkulu ezikhula amazambane eRussia, ukuqandisa kwenhlabathi yasebusika okujulile kuyabonwa, futhi izitshalo ezivela ezigabeni eziye zagcwala ubusika emhlabathini azivamile ukukhula.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba ucwaningo lwethu lubonisa, i-pathogen ye-blight sekwephuzile, njengomthetho, ayihlali emazingeni okushisa amabi, ngisho nasezigabeni eziye zagcina ukusebenza kwazo. Endaweni eyomile, lapho kutshalwa khona amazambane okuqala, ukubola kwakamuva kuyivelakancane ngenxa yenkathi eyomile neshisayo yokukhula.
Ngakho-ke, okwamanje sibheka ukuhlukaniswa kwezibalo ze-P. infestans zibe "insimu" kanye "nezingadi". Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni yamuva nje, kube nezinqubo eziholela ekuhlanganeni nasekungeneni kwezinhlobo ze-genotypes ezivela kulezi zizwe.
Phakathi kwabo, umuntu angaphawula ukwanda okujwayelekile kolwazi lokufunda nokubhala kwabakhiqizi abancane, ukuvela kwamaphakheji amancane amazambane athengekayo, ukusabalala kwamalungiselelo e-fungicidal emaphaketheni amancane, nokulahlekelwa kokwesaba "ikhemikhali" ngabantu.
Izimo ziphakama lapho, ngenxa yomsebenzi onamandla womphakeli oyedwa, amadolobhana wonke atshalwa ngezigaxa zembewu yohlobo olufanayo futhi enikezwa amaphakheji amancane ezibulala-zinambuzane ezifanayo. Kungacatshangwa ukuthi amazambane ezinhlobonhlobo ezifanayo azotholakala ekutshalweni kwezentengiso eduze.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye izinkampani ezihweba ngezibulala-zinambuzane zikhuthaza izikimu “zesabelomali” zokwelapha ngamakhemikhali. Kulokhu, inani lokwelashwa liyancishiswa futhi kunikezwa ama-fungicides ashibhile, futhi ukugcizelelwa akukhona ukuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kokubola okuphuzile kuze kube ukugunda iziqongo, kodwa ngokubambezeleka okuthile kwe-epiphytoty ukuze kwandiswe isivuno. Izinhlelo ezinjalo zifanelekile ngokwezomnotho lapho kukhula amazambane e-ware kusuka kumbewu yezinga eliphansi, lapho empeleni kungekho mbuzo wokuthola isivuno esikhulu. Kodwa-ke, kulokhu, ngokungafani nenani labantu basengadini, isizinda sofuzo esimisiwe samazambane sizovumela ukukhethwa kwezinhlanga ezithile zomzimba ze-phytopathogens, eziyingozi kakhulu kulezi zinhlobonhlobo.
Ukuthambekela ekuhlanganeni kwezindlela "zengadi" kanye "nensimu" yokukhiqiza amazambane kubonakala kuyingozi kithi. Ukuvimbela imiphumela yabo emibi, endlini kanye nasemkhakheni wezohwebo, kuzodingeka kokubili ukulawula ukuhlukahluka kwamazambane embewu kanye nohlu lwama-fungicides olunikezwa abanikazi abazimele emaphaketheni amancane, nokulandelela izinhlelo zokuvikela amazambane kanye nokusetshenziswa. amalungiselelo okubulala isikhunta emkhakheni wezohwebo.
Ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa okubuthakathaka kokukhiqizwa kwembewu eRussia, inani elikhulu lamazambane athengiswa livela phesheya. Kanye nayo, izinhlobo ezintsha, okungenzeka kakhulu ze-pathogenic kanye ne-fungicide-resistant zamagciwane, kuhl. isifo sekwephuzile.
E-Russia, i-gene pool yabo izobandakanyeka enqubweni yemvelo yokukhetha izinhlobo ezintsha ze-genotype ezivumelaniswe nezimo zethu kanye nokunqotshwa kwezinhlobonhlobo ezitshalwa eRussia.
Ezindaweni zemboni yangasese, kukhona ukuthuthukiswa okujulile hhayi nje kuphela okulimazayo, kodwa ne-Alternaria. Iningi labanikazi bezindlu ezizimele abathathi izinyathelo ezikhethekile zokuvikela i-Alternaria, benza iphutha ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-Alternaria ngokubuna kwemvelo kwamahlamvu noma ukukhula kokubola sekwephuzile. Ngakho-ke, ngokuthuthuka okukhulu kwe-Alternaria ezinhlobonhlobo ezisengozini, iziza zasendlini zingasebenza njengomthombo we-inoculum wokutshalwa kwentengiso.
Lo msebenzi wenziwa ngokusekelwa ngokwengxenye kweRussian Science Foundation (iphrojekthi N 14-50-00029).
Isihloko sashicilelwa kujenali "Potato Protection" (No. 1, 2015)