U-Evgeny Simakov, iNhloko yoMnyango Wokuhlola I-Potato Gene Pool, uDokotela weSayensi yezoLimo, uProfesa we-A.G. Lorch"
Njengamanje, ngenxa yenkinga eyandayo yokuhlinzeka abakhiqizi ngezinto zembewu eqinisekisiwe, isidingo sezinhlobo zasekhaya zesizukulwane esisha, esihambisana nezidingo zesimanje zemakethe yamazambane ngokweqoqo lezici eziyisisekelo eziwusizo kwezomnotho, siye saba sibi kakhulu. .
Ukwenziwa ngcono okukhulu kwesimo kudinga ukuqaliswa kwezinyathelo zesistimu ezisebenza ngempumelelo ezihloswe kakhulukazi ekwenziweni kwesimanjemanje kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe kwesisekelo sezinto ezibonakalayo nezobuchwepheshe sezikhungo zesayensi ezikhona. Uma impumelelo yokuzalanisa yaseRussia ihambisana nezinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu ze-analogue zakwamanye amazwe ezifunwa kakhulu emakethe yembewu namazambane okuhweba, kuyenzeka ukuthi kusheshiswe ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha ezithembisayo ukuze uthole i-elite ephezulu.
Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-Subprogram eqhubekayo "Ukuthuthukiswa kokuzalanisa amazambane kanye nokukhiqizwa kwembewu e-Russian Federation ka-2017-2025", uMnyango Wezolimo kanye Nomnyango Wezemfundo Nesayensi YeRussian Federation bahlonze ababambiqhaza kumaphrojekthi ahlanganisiwe wesayensi nezobuchwepheshe ( I-KSTP) kanye nezinhlelo ezididiyelwe zocwaningo lwesayensi (CPNI) ukuze kwakhiwe futhi kuthuthukiswe ngokushesha izinhlobo ezintsha ezikhiqiza kakhulu ekukhiqizeni okusekelwe kubuchwepheshe besimanje obusebenzayo bokukhulisa imbewu yekhwalithi ephezulu.
Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-agro-ecological yezinhlobo ezintsha zamazambane ezakhiwe ngesikhathi sokuqalwa kwayo, lapho ikhule emabhizinisini ezolimo ezifundeni eziyi-9 zeRussian Federation (North-Western, Central, Volga, Ural, njll.) ikhombisa ukuthi emhlabathini ohlukile. kanye nezimo zezulu, iningi lezinhlobo ezintsha zinikeza isivuno esihle kakhulu esingekho ngaphansi kwezifaniso zakwamanye amazwe. Ukudala isidingo sezinhlobo ezintsha zasekhaya, ukuthandwa kwazo okubanzi akudingekile kuphela ohlangothini lwabanikazi bamalungelo obunikazi, kodwa futhi nakubasunguli. Eqinisweni, ngeshwa, izinhlobo ezintsha ezidalwe abalimi baseRussia, ngemva kokufakwa kwiRejista Yombuso, zihlala zingafunwanga isikhathi eside ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinto eziqinisekisiwe zembewu yabathengi abangase bathenge, okuboniswa ngokucacile yidatha evezwe kuThebula 1.
Ithebula 1. Izinhlobo ezihamba phambili emakethe yamazambane embewu yeRussian Federation (idatha evela kuFederal State Budgetary Institution Rosselkhozcenter, 2020)
Izinhlobo | Umsunguli | Imbewu etshaliwe | ||
amathani | % | |||
Nevsky | FITs amazambane kubo. A.G. I-Lorkha | 11120 | 13,75 | |
Inhlanhla | - // - | 1942 | 2,48 | |
I-Aurora | - // - | 1556 | 1,99 | |
Zhukovsky ekuqaleni | - // - | 936 | 1,26 | |
I-Gulliver | - // - | 392 | 0,50 | |
Inqaba | - // - | 318 | 0,41 | |
I-Charoite | - // - | 318 | 0,41 | |
Indoda yesinkwa se-gingerbread | - // - | 289 | 0,37 | |
I-Meteor | - // - | 242 | 0,31 | |
Intandokazi | - // - | 194 | 0,25 | |
I-Pennant | - // - | 173 | 0,22 | |
I-Sineglazka 2016 | - // - | 125 | 0,16 | |
Grandee | - // - | 117 | 0,15 | |
Фиолетовый | - // - | 110 | 0,14 | |
Sadon | - // - | 80 | 0,10 | |
Ariel | - // - | 40 | 0,05 | |
Isimanga | - // - | 40 | 0,05 | |
I-Fritella | - // - | 36 | 0,04 | |
Hussar | - // - | 25 | 0,03 | |
Ubuhle Meshchera | - // - | 21 | 0,02 | |
KONKE: | 21802 | 26,8 | ||
Ubomvu obomvu | HZPC Holland BV | 15313 | 18,8 | |
Gala | UNorika | 13307 | 16,4 | |
Colombo | HZPC Holland BV | 13283 | 16,3 | |
umsunguli | HZPC Holland BV | 12501 | 15,4 | |
Newton | I-Frito-Lay eNyakatho Melika | 2590 | 3,2 | |
E-Arizona | I-Agrico U.A. | 2475 | 3,1 | |
KONKE: | 59469 | 73,2 | ||
Esimweni samanje, ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhethwa kwasekhaya nokuyidlulisela ezingeni elisha lekhwalithi kungafinyelelwa kuphela ngesisekelo sokubambisana komphakathi kanye nezizimele (Fig. 1). Uma kucatshangelwa iqiniso lokuthi izikhungo eziningi zokuzalanisa, izinhlangano zikahulumeni kanye namabhizinisi okuzalanisa nembewu anokuxhumana okuncane futhi ayaqhubeka nokusebenza ngokuzimela, kuyadingeka ukuhlanganisa imizamo yokuthuthukisa uhlelo lwasekhaya lwesimanje lokuzalanisa amazambane kanye nokukhiqizwa kwembewu emigomeni yokubambisana komphakathi nezizimele. .
Ukuqalisa uhlelo lokungenisa imbewu esikhundleni samazambane eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-20 zokukhethwa kwamazambane e-FRC okuqanjwe ngo-A.I. A.G. I-Lorkha, phakathi kwazo izinhlobo zokuqala ezaziwa kakhulu: Krepysh, Meteor, Gulliver; phakathi nesikhathi sokuqala: i-Ariel, i-Krasa Meshchery, i-Sadon, kanye nezinto ezintsha: Umgijimi, u-Flagman no-Mirage. Iningi lalezi zinhlobonhlobo ngezokusetshenziswa etafuleni.
Enye yezinhlobo ezivame ukuvuthwa ekuqaleni kuka-2010 I-Meteor (kugunyazwe ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi zaseRussia). Akufani nje kuphela ekuqaleni kwe-tuberization, kodwa futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ekubunjweni kokuqala kwesitshalo esithengiswayo. Izinhlobonhlobo zifanelekile ukutshala kuzo zonke izinhlobo zenhlabathi, kodwa kulula ukufeza isimo esiyindilinga esiqondile sama-tubers enhlabathini enesakhiwo esihle. Ukuthola ukukhiqizwa kwasekuqaleni, kuyafiseleka ukufudumala izilimo eziyizigaxa, futhi ukuhluma okulula kungcono (izithombo ezifika ku-1 cm ubude). Isidingo somsoco wamaminerali sivamile ezinhlobonhlobo zakuqala. Uma amazambane ehloselwe ukugcinwa, ukusetshenziswa kwe-nitrogen kufanele kube yi-fractional: 70% ngaphambi kokutshala, 30% ngaphambi kokubunjwa kwe-tuber. Lapho ukhula imikhiqizo yokuqala, isicelo esisodwa siyanconywa. Imithetho ye-phosphorus ne-potash fertilizer ibalwa ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa kwenhlabathi. Ukusabela kwezinhlobonhlobo ekusetshenzisweni okwengeziwe kwe-magnesium ne-manganese kwaphawulwa. Amahlumela avela ngokuthula nangokushesha, ukuvalwa kwemigqa nakho kwenzeka ngesikhathi esifushane, ngakho-ke ukwelashwa okufika ngesikhathi futhi okuvamile ngokumelene nokulimaza sekwephuzile kuyadingeka. Izinguquko emazingeni omswakama wenhlabathi zingaholela ekuqaliseni kabusha okubukhali kokukhula kwe-tuber kanye nokuvela "kokumila" kuma-tubers amakhulu. Izinhlobonhlobo zimelana nokulimala kwemishini, kodwa kuthatha amasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu ngemva kokususwa kweziqongo ukuze kwakheke ikhasi "eliqinisiwe". Izinhlobonhlobo zilungele ukugcinwa isikhathi eside emazingeni okushisa aphezulu + 4оC.
Inqaba - enye izinhlobonhlobo zakuqala, ezingasandile kangako ezindaweni zaseRussia. Ifanele ukutshala kuzo zonke izinhlobo zenhlabathi, nokho, imiphumela engcono kakhulu ngokwenani kanye nokufana kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zitholakala emhlabathini ovundile ophakathi nendawo ovundile. Isikhathi sokulala sifushane, emva kwalokho ukuhluma kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinokushisa okwandayo kwenzeka ngokushesha. Lesi sici sezinhlobonhlobo kubalulekile ukucatshangelwa uma kudingekile ukukhulisa isitshalo sesibili samazambane ezindaweni eziseningizimu yezwe. Ukuthola ukukhiqizwa kusenesikhathi, ukushisa noma ukuhluma okuncane kwezilimo eziyizigaxa (amahlumela afinyelela ku-1 cm) kungenzeka. Ezinhlobonhlobo, ukulima ngaphambi kokutshala kwekhwalithi ephezulu kanye nokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo senhlabathi eqinile kubalulekile, okuzoqinisekisa ukutholakala kwe-tuberization engcono. Inani le-nitrogen elidingekayo libalwa ngokuhambisana nezinga lezinhlobonhlobo zakuqala, kanye ne-phosphorus ne-potassium ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa kwenhlabathi. Lapho ukhula imikhiqizo yokuqala, isicelo esisodwa siyanconywa. Izinhlobonhlobo zisabela kahle ekuniseleni, njengoba umswakama ophezulu wenhlabathi uqinisekisa ukutholakala kwe-tuberization enhle kanye nokuthengiswa okuphezulu. Ukuthuthukiswa okunamandla kwesisindo esingaphezulu komhlaba kanye nokuvalwa ngokushesha kwemigqa kufanele kucatshangelwe lapho kwakhiwa uhlelo lokwelapha isikhunta ezitshalweni zezitshalo. Lapho isivuthiwe, i-peel iqinisa kancane ezinhlobonhlobo, futhi izilimo eziyizigaxa zihlukaniswa kalula nama-stolons. Ukuvuna akuqalwa ngaphambi kwamasonto amathathu ngemuva kokususwa kweziqongo, kwesinye isikhathi ukukhishwa okuphindaphindiwe kuyadingeka. Izinhlobonhlobo zinesilinganiso sokumelana nokulimala kwemishini. Ukuvuna ama-microdamages kungabangela ukulahlekelwa umswakama owedlulele ovela ezigabeni kanye nokuhluma ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Izinhlobonhlobo zenzelwe ukukhiqizwa kusenesikhathi (ukugcinwa kwezinyanga eziyisithupha kuvunyelwe). Izinhlobonhlobo zibonakala isikhathi esifushane sokulala, umbuso wokushisa olungile wokugcina imbewu yamazambane + 4-5.оC. Ukuze uvimbele ukulahlekelwa umswakama ngama-tubers, kubalulekile ukuthi ngesikhathi sokupholisa ngesikhathi sokwelashwa, umehluko phakathi kwezinga lokushisa lamazambane nomoya opholile ube mncane, futhi ukwehla kwansuku zonke kwezinga lokushisa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kufanele kube ngaphakathi. 0,5-0,7оC.
I-Gulliver (kuRejista Yesifunda YeRussian Federation kusukela ngo-2018) iphinde ifakwe eqenjini lezinhlobo zamatafula zakuqala. I-Multi-tuber, idinga indawo yokwakheka kwezitshalo: lapho itshalwa ngenjongo yokuthengisa, ukuminyana okunconywayo kokutshala izinkulungwane ezingama-40 zama-tubers/ha. Amazinga kamanyolo asekelwe kumathani angu-40 ezigaxa ezidayiswayo ukusuka ku-1 ha ukuya ku-(a.i./ha) N:P:K:Mg ngokwesilinganiso 170-180:100-110:310-320:70-80. I-nitrogen ibaluleke kakhulu - 170 kg/ha, ngokusekelwe ku-a.i., kucabangela umhlabathi; sebenzisa i-fractionally 50/50, ikakhulukazi emhlabathini okhanyayo - ekutshaleni nasekukhuleni endaweni ephakeme yesitshalo esingama-cm 15. Izinhlobonhlobo zakuqala: kakade ngo-Agasti, ukuguga ngokomzimba kweziqongo kuqala, ngakho-ke, ukuze kunwetshwe isikhathi sokukhula okudingekayo ukwenza ukugqoka okuphezulu ngesikhathi kanye nokwelashwa kwesikhunta ngokumelene nokulimaza kwakamuva ngenani lika-5 -10 N/ha (ngokwe-a.i.). Kuyadingeka futhi ukunakekela ikhwalithi yezilimo eziyizigaxa ngokungeza i-K ne-Mg. Emhlabathini onengozi enkulu yokuthuthukisa utwayi oluvamile, kunconywa ukuthi unisele ngokushesha ngemva kokuqala kwe-tuberization.
Izinhlobonhlobo zetafula zakuqala ezimaphakathi Ariel ochwepheshe babiza okuguquguqukayo kakhulu emgqeni we-varietal. Ngenxa yepulasitiki yayo ephezulu, ikhombisa imiphumela emihle kakhulu ezimeni zezifunda eziningi zaseRussia. Ngonyaka owomile ka-2021, lapho ikhule ngaphandle kokunisela, inikeze isivuno esiphakathi kuka-43,4 kuya ku-55,5 t/ha. Izinhlobonhlobo zinazo zonke izimfuneko zokungena kusethi ephezulu yomkhiqizi waseRussia. Okokuqala, uhlu lozalo lwezinhlobonhlobo lunabazali abakhiqiza kakhulu, okusho ukuthi lunamandla amahle ofuzo; okwesibili, iyamelana nesomiso, noma ingenawo umswakama, ibeka izilimo eziyizigaxa ezifika ku-15 futhi "izidonsele" kusayizi othengiswayo. Enye inzuzo ukwanda kokumelana nokulimala komshini ngisho nalapho uhlanza ekushiseni kuka +8-10оC. Ukulondolozwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa kuphezulu kakhulu.
Izinhlobonhlobo zetafula zakuqala ezimaphakathi Sadon kufakwe kuRejista Yesifunda YeRussian Federation ngo-2020, lokhu kuyimpumelelo ehlanganyelwe yabafuyi be-FRC Potato eqanjwe ngo-A.I. A.G. I-Lorch ne-FAT-AGRO. Izinhlobonhlobo zilungele ukukhula kuzo zonke izinhlobo zenhlabathi, nokho, imiphumela engcono kakhulu itholakala emaphashini akhiwe kahle. Isivuno esiyirekhodi esingu-2021 t/ha satholwa ezindaweni eziniselwa nge-AFG National ngo-83,3. Izinhlobonhlobo zinesikhathi eside sokulala, kodwa akukho ukubusa kwe-apical ngesikhathi sokuhluma. Ngaphambi kokutshala, kunconywa ukuphatha izilimo eziyizigaxa ngezidakamizwa ezilwa ne-rhizoctoniosis. Isidingo se-nitrogen siphansi ngo-10-15% kunokuvamile ezinhlobonhlobo zaphakathi nendawo. Ukufakwa kwe-nitrogen ye-fractional: 75% ngaphambi kokutshala, 25% ngaphambi kokubunjwa kwe-tuber. Izinga lokusetshenziswa kwe-phosphorus ne-potash fertilizer libalwa ngokuhambisana nemiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwenhlabathi. Ukusetshenziswa komanyolo we-organic akunconywa ngenxa yokulimala okungenzeka kuma-tubers nge-scab evamile. Izithombo zivela kancane, futhi ukukhula kwenqwaba engaphezulu komhlaba kwenzeka ngokushesha, okufanele kucatshangelwe lapho kwenziwa ukwelashwa kwe-fungicidal yezitshalo zemifino. Izinhlobonhlobo zimelana nesomiso, azikwazi ukumelana nokulimala kwemishini ngokushesha (emasontweni amabili ngaphambi kokuvuna) ukususwa kweziqongo. Ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa ngesikhathi sokugcina kungabangela ukuhluma kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Izinhlobonhlobo zetafula zakuqala ezimaphakathi Ubuhle Meshchera futhi kufakwe kuRejista Yesifunda YeRussian Federation ngo-2020. Isivuno siphezulu, inani lezilimo eziyizigaxa ngesihlahla ngasinye liyizingcezu eziyi-14-18. Ibanga lilungele ukulinywa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zenhlabathi. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ziyindilinga-oval, ngokukhula ngokweqile kukhona ukuthambekela kokuma okumise okwepheya. Inkathi yokulala ingeyesikhathi esimaphakathi. Izinhlobonhlobo ziveze ukubusa kwe-apical, ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokutshala, kungcono ukunqamula amahlumela apical futhi kugqugquzele ukuhluma kwamehlo aseceleni usebenzisa umoya oshisayo wokungenisa umoya (+ 20-30).оKUSUKA). Okukhethekile kokusetshenziswa komanyolo ukuthi kungcono ukufaka i-nitrogen ngokwengxenye: 70% ngaphambi kokutshala, 30% ngaphambi kokutshala. Mhlawumbe ukusetshenziswa okukodwa kwe-nitrogen. Ama-fertilizer e-phosphate asetshenziswa kucatshangelwa imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwenhlabathi, futhi umanyolo we-potash usetshenziswa ngo-10-15% ngaphezu komthamo obaliwe ukuze kugwenywe izinkinga zokuba mnyama kwe-tuber pulp lapho kunomthelela. Amahlumela avela ngokushesha, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesisindo esingaphezulu komhlaba kanye nokuvalwa kwemigqa, okufanele kucatshangelwe lapho kwenziwa ukwelashwa kwe-fungicidal. Izinhlobonhlobo zizwela ngokumaphakathi ekulimaleni kwemishini, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukususa iziqongo emasontweni amabili ngaphambi kokuvuna ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla ekhasi. Izici zezinhlobonhlobo ngesikhathi sokugcina - zingakha ngokushesha amahlumela apical; ukuzwela ukushaqeka lapho uthulula endaweni yokugcina (ubumnyama be-pulp kuphawulwe): ukugwema ukulahlekelwa, kuhle ukushisa ama-tubers. Ngenhlangano efanele yokugcina, kungenzeka ukuvimbela "ukuguga" okusheshayo ngokomzimba kanye nokuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi kwezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Ngithanda ukudonsa ukunaka kwabafundi kwentuthuko embalwa yakamuva yokuzalanisa.
Izinhlobonhlobo zetafula zaphakathi nesizini I-Flagship ngokwezici zekhwalithi nosayizi wezilimo eziyizigaxa, ihambisana nezinhlobonhlobo ze-analogue Umcibisholo. Izinhlobonhlobo zakuqala Sprinter yakhelwe ukukhiqiza amazambane asemancane asezingeni eliphezulu. Bobabili bebesovivinyweni Lokuhlukahluka Kwezifundazwe kusukela ngo-2021.