Ukukhulisa isivuno esinothile, ukuthola imbuyiselo kuyo yonke imitha yomhlaba kuyimisebenzi ejwayelekile yanoma yiliphi ipulazi. Abakhiqizi bezolimo bazixazulula unyaka nonyaka, futhi kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi bakwenza ngempumelelo enkulu: izinkomba zokukhiqiza zikhuphuka ngokuqhubekayo.
U-Alexey Egorov, iNhloko Yezinto Zokuvikela Izitshalo, i-Agrotrade
Masikhumbule ukuthi ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90s, ukuthola u-10 t / ha wamazambane kwakuthathwa njengomphumela omuhle, u-15 t / ha kwaba umphumela omuhle, kanti u-20 t / ha kwakuyimpumelelo enhle nje. Manje, lapho sikhuluma ipulazi elikhiqiza kahle kakhulu, sisho ukuthi lapha kuqoqwa cishe u-50-70 t / ha. Eqinisweni, eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule, isivuno emkhakheni wezimboni sikhule izikhathi ezingama-10-4,5 (kuya ngepulazi).
Yini ebangela lezi zinombolo? Umthwalo ophindaphindayo ukwanda emhlabathini.
Sikhuluma ngomthwalo, sisho ukususwa okwandayo kwezakhi zomzimba enhlabathini, kanye nokubhujiswa kwesakhiwo sawo, nokwenziwa komhlaba, kanye nokwanda kwesibalo sezilokazane, ukhula kanye nokuwohloka kwesimo se-phytopathological.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene, abakhiqizi abaningi bamazambane benqaba ukuthobela imithetho yokujikeleza kwezitshalo. Amapulazi, okungenani, afezekisa imibandela ethela izithelo, lapho amazambane ebuyela emasimini ngonyaka noma emibili, kodwa akuyona into engjwayelekile ukuthi amazambane atshalwe ensimini efanayo iminyaka eminingana, okuthinta kabi ikhwalithi nokukhiqiza.
Ngokuphikisana nalesi sizinda, ukusetshenziswa kukamanyolo wamaminerali nemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo yamazambane akhulayo kuye kwanda kaningana. Namuhla, lapho utshala amazambane, umlimi usebenzisa okungenani izinto ezintathu, noma ngisho ezinhlanu kuya kweziyisikhombisa zokuhlanganiswa kwezakhi zamakhemikhali nezivikelo zemvelo. Ngaphandle kokuqanjwa ngobumnene nokuqhathaniswa kobungani bemvelo kwabavikeli bezitshalo zanamuhla kanye nomanyolo wamaminerali, izinto ezisetshenzisiwe zinomphumela obonakalayo hhayi umthelela omuhle kakhulu kwi-biota yenhlabathi.
Emvelweni wemvelo, yonke i-pathogen inezitha zemvelo. Sisebenzisa izindlela zamakhemikhali noma zebhayoloji zokuvikela nomanyolo wamaminerali, sicasula ibhalansi, sincisha i-microflora enenzuzo yesithako esinomsoco, sinciphise ukuthuthukiswa nokukhiqizwa kwamagciwane amancane adingekayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, izifo zesikhunta zithathelwa indawo ngama-bacterioses, izinhlanga ezingamelana kakhulu futhi eziqinile zesikhunta, izinambuzane eziphikisana namakhambi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, sandisa uhlu lwemikhiqizo esetshenziswe enhlabathini. Umbuthano uvaliwe.
Bayazi le nkinga, abanye abalimi bethula ngababili ubuchwepheshe be-sideral kubuchwepheshe, obunomthelela omuhle ekulinganiseni kwezinto eziphilayo zenhlabathi, ukwenza ngcono isimo se-microbiological, kepha lesi silinganiso sisodwa asinawo umthelela omkhulu.Njengoba kusaziwa ezincwadini zokukhiqiza kwezitshalo, amazambane akufanele abuyele ensimini ngaphambili kunangemva kwalokho Eminyakeni emine emva kwenkathi yokukhula, ngalesi sikhathi (kuncike kokushintshwa kwezindiza ezandulele kanye nomanyolo oluhlaza), insimu idala izimo zemvelo zokuhlala zodwa emhlabathini Inani lokutheleleka okujwayelekile kwamazambane kanye nezinambuzane ezithile liyancishiswa.
Abalimi bavame ukubuza: yimuphi umuthi osebenza kakhulu ekusizeni ukuqeda i-nematode? Ikhambi elihle kakhulu lama-nematode ukushintshaniswa kwezitshalo okuqukethe umquba oluhlaza okotshani kanye okungenani nezimbili ezingaphambi kwalezi zimila. Imikhiqizo yebhayoloji neyamakhemikhali ukulwa ne-nematode kufanele yethulwe ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi, ukusetshenziswa okukodwa kwanoma yisiphi isidakamizwa kuholela ekwehleni kwabantu be-nematode, kepha hhayi ekuqedeni ngokuphelele. Kungenzeka ukubhekana nalesi silokazane esiyinkimbinkimbi kuphela uma zonke izindlela zifakwa ngasikhathi sinye: lezi yizinyathelo zokuhlukaniswa, nokujikeleza kwezitshalo, nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo ngemithamo ephelele.
Kepha siyaqhubeka nesihloko sokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo. Ngokusobala, le ndlela isho ukwanda okukhulu kwezindleko zabakhiqizi bezolimo. Uma ishumi leminyaka elidlule izindleko zemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo ekuhlelweni kwezindleko zamazambane angathengiswayo zivela ku-3 ziye ku-10%, manje zingafinyelela ku-20%.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu, iphesenti lomkhiqizo okhiqizwayo emapulazini awukaze uguquke eminyakeni edlule. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90s, ukumaketha emapulazini athuthukile kwakusezingeni lama-75-85%. Namuhla izibalo zicishe zifane. Yize kungakhethi, kungaphawulwa ukuthi wona kanye umqondo wokuthi "ukuthengiseka" eminyakeni edlule ushintshe kakhulu: phambilini noma yimaphi amazambane amakhulu abhekwa njengamakethi.
Kepha ukwakheka kokusetshenziswa nakho sekuguqukile. Eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule, abathengi abaningi bathenga amazambane emakethe ngezikhwama, namuhla abahlali bedolobha beza esitolo bezokhetha iphakethe elincane lamazambane asezingeni eliphakeme lokudla kwakusihlwa kusuka ku-assortment etholakalayo. Isabelo sokudla nokupheka okusheshayo naso sikhuphukile. Umphumela wakho konke lokhu kwaba ukwanda kwezidingo zekhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa nokukhuphuka kwentengo yokuncintisana phakathi kwabakhiqizi bezolimo.
Futhi wonke umuntu uyakuzwa lokho. Lapho kubalwa izindleko nokutshalwa kwezimali ekupheleni kwesizini, iningi labatshali bezambane likaphoqelelwa ukusho ukuthi isivuno siya ngokuya sibiza njalo ngonyaka.
Yini engaba yindlela yokuphuma kwalesi simo?
Ngokubona kwami, ekukhiqizweni kwamazambane udinga ukugxila kwifomula esobala: ukukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali kahle kanye nokujikeleza kwezitshalo kanye ne-biologization yezobuchwepheshe.
Yize kungewona wonke umuntu ozokwazi ukusebenza kukho ngokoqobo. Uma amapulazi amakhulu kuzoba lula ngandlela thile ukubukeza izimiso zokusetshenziswa komhlaba wawo, kuzoba nzima kakhulu kubalimi ababamba iqhaza ekulimeni izilimo endaweni engamahektare ayi-100200, XNUMX. Indlela engenzeka yokuphuma kula mapulazi ingaba ukubambisana kwezobuchwepheshe, ukwakha izindlela ezijwayelekile zobuchwepheshe ezilimini ezikhulayo.
Cabanga ngakho: ukuhlonza i-nematode yegolide yamazambane emasimini kubangela ukuba umlimi wamazambane aphinda kabili izindleko zohlelo lokuvikela isitshalo. Kepha ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali kumele kuhlanganiswe nokuhlukaniswa kwezindawo ezinegciwane. Ezimweni ezinjalo, umbono wokubambisana uba isihluthulelo sokusinda kwamabhizinisi amaningi.