Siqhubeka nengxoxo mayelana nenkinga yamanje okwamanje - amazambane rhizoctoniosis.
Umthombo wokutheleleka yizitshalo zamazambane ezigulayo kanye nokhula oluthile. Izici eziyinhloko ekudlulisweni kwe-pathogen unyaka nonyaka yizilimo eziyizigaxa zenhlabathi nezigulayo (imvamisa yokudluliselwa kwe-pathogen ngama-tubers isuka ku-29 kuya ku-70%). Ukudluliswa kwe-pathogen phakathi nenkathi kwenzeka emhlabathini, kanye nama-basidiospores at high humidity (86-96% noma ngaphezulu) ngamaconsi emoyeni, kodwa le ndlela ibaluleke nakakhulu.
Ngakho-ke, ukujikeleza kwe-pathogen emvelweni kwenzeka ngenxa yenhlanganisela yenhlabathi kanye nendlela yokudlulisela i-tuber unyaka nonyaka, nokudluliswa okungeziwe emoyeni phakathi nenkathi. Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, ukuze kuvikelwe ukutshalwa kwamazambane ku-rhizoctoniosis, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa amasu nezindlela zokunciphisa isitokwe sokuqala sokutheleleka kwe-pathogen emhlabathini nasezitshalweni.
Okubaluleke kakhulu ekuvimbeleni ukulimala kwezitshalo ngenxa yezifo ukusetshenziswa okufanele kanye nenhlanganisela yezindlela ze-agrotechnical kanye namakhemikhali.
Ukuze uvimbele ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo ezitshalweni zamazambane, kanye nokutheleleka kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, kubalulekile ukugcina ukujikeleza kwezitshalo futhi ubuyisele amazambane endaweni yawo yasekuqaleni kungakapheli iminyaka engama-3-4. Ukukhulisa amazambane ngokushintshana kwezitshalo ngemuva komquba oluhlaza, ubhontshisi wesoya, okusanhlamvu, utshani obungapheli kunciphisa ukukhula kwe-rhizoctoniosis kumahlumela, iziqu nezilimo eziyizigaxa izikhathi ezingama-2,0-2,7.
Uma kwenzeka kungenzeki ukujikeleza kwezitshalo, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa izitshalo ezinezakhiwo ze-phytosanitary ngokumelene ne-causative agent ye-rhizoctoniosis njengama-precursors. Ukuthuthukisa isimo se-phytopathological kumazambane, njengezitshalo ze-phytosanitary (abanduleli), kunconywa ukusebenzisa okusanhlamvu, utshani obungapheli, izingxube ze-legume-cereal, izaqathe, i-lupins, ubhontshisi wesoya, izitshalo zeklabishi, nefilakisi, ezivimbela kakhulu ukukhula kwe-R. Solani Kühn. emhlabathini.
Isisekelo sokusetshenziswa kwabo ukuthi ukuqala okuthathelwanayo kwama-pathogens kuqhubeka isikhathi eside emhlabathini kuphela esimweni sokulala okuphoqelekile. Izimpande zezitshalo zezolimo ezimelana ne-causative agent ye-rhizoctoniosis yamazambane kubangela ukuhluma kwe-pathogen propagules emhlabathini. Kulokhu, izinhlamvu ze-phytoparasite kanye ne-germinal hyphae yazo, zingahlangani nesitshalo esithintekayo, ziyafa kancane. Ngenxa yokuthi amagciwane enhlabathi, njengomthetho, anekhono lokuncintisana elibuthakathaka uma kuqhathaniswa nama-saprotrophic microorganisms ahlala enhlabathini, le nqubo iholela ekwehleni kwenani labantu be-pathogen.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsalela ezibolayo zangemva kokuvuna zezitshalo ze-phytosanitary zifaka isandla ekwandeni kwenani lama-saprophyte aphikisanayo enhlabathini, okubuye kubangele ukuguqulwa kwezakhiwo ezithathelwanayo zamagciwane, futhi kuthathe indawo yamagciwane endaweni yemvelo.
Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi ukolweni, ibhali, i-oats, i-rapeseed kanye nesinaphi abakhiqizi bezinto ze-antifungal. Ngakho-ke, izitshalo zomndeni we-cereal ziqukethe i-purothionine, i-phenol-type compounds, i-benzoxazolinones, i-hordecin, i-furfrurol, i-gramine alkaloid, i-pigment ephuzi ku-cell sap yayo, futhi izitshalo zeklabishi ziqukethe i-alyl mustard, mustard phenylethyl namafutha e-crotonyl lwesinaphi, i-rafanin, i-heirolin. kuvimbela ukukhula kwe-microflora ye-pathogenic.
ESiberia, phakathi nenkathi eyodwa yokukhula, abanduleli abanjengama-rapeseed kanye nesinaphi i-sarepta ngaphezu kwakho konke banciphisa ukuchichima kwe-R. solani emhlabathini. NgoMeyi wonyaka olandelayo, ngenxa yokukhululwa kwezinto ezivimbela ukukhula kwesikhunta ezinsalela zezitshalo ezibolile, inani le-propagules ye-agent causative ye-rhizoctoniosis liyancipha izikhathi ezingu-2,0. Ama-oats awanawo umthelela omkhulu ekuhlanzeni inhlabathi, kodwa ivumela ukuzinza inani le-pathogen. Ukolweni nebhali akugcini nje ngokuthanda ukuqoqwa kwe-pathogen ngesikhathi sokukhula, kodwa futhi kunomthelela ekuphikeleleni kwayo emhlabathini kuze kube yintwasahlobo elandelayo. Ngakho-ke, ngokombono we-phytosanitary, izandulela ezihamba phambili zamazambane ziyi-spring rapeseed kanye ne-mustard sarepta. Lapho ubeka isitshalo ku-oats, ibhali lasentwasahlobo kanye nokolweni, kubalulekile ukucabangela idatha ekuqoqweni kwe-agent causative ye-rhizoctoniosis emhlabathini.
Uhlu lwemithombo esetshenzisiwe:
- Zeiruk V.N. Ukusebenza kahle kokushintshaniswa kwezitshalo okukhethekile kanye nohlelo lwe-biologized lokuvikela amazambane ezifweni nasezinambuzaneni / V.N. Zeiruk, V.M. Glez, S.V. Vasilyeva, M.K. Derevyagin, V.I. Sedova, N.A. Gaitova, L.V. Dmitrieva // Amazambane akhula ezifundeni zaseRussia: Izinkinga zangempela zesayensi nokusebenza. - M., 2006. - S. 38-47.
- I-Ivanyuk V.G. Izindlela ze-Agrotechnical zokulwa ne-rhizoctoniosis yamazambane / V.G. I-Ivanyuk, O.T. Alexandrov, V.I. I-Kalach // Ukuvikelwa kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezitshalo. - 2001. - No. 11. - S. 18-19.
- I-Ivanyuk V.G. Izici zokubonakaliswa kwe-rhizoctoniosis yamazambane eBelarus / V.G. I-Ivanyuk, O.T. Aleksandrov // Mycology kanye Phytopathology. - 2000. - T. 34, no. 5. - S. 51-59.
- Loshakov V.G. Ukujikeleziswa kwezitshalo kuyisixhumanisi esiyisisekelo ezinhlelweni zesimanje zokulima / Loshakov V.G. // Umbiko we-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. - 2006. - No. 5. - S. 23-26.
- Shaldyaeva E.M. Ukuqapha i-rhizoctoniosis ku-agroecosystems yamazambane eNtshonalanga yeSiberia / E.M. Shaldyaeva, Yu. V. Pilipova, N.M. Konyaev. - Novosibirsk, 2006. - 196 p.
- Shaldyaeva E.M. Ukwenza ngcono isimo se-phytosanitary sokutshala amazambane kusetshenziswa i-spring rapeseed njengesitshalo somquba oluhlaza / E.M. Shaldyaeva, Yu. V. Pilipova, M.P. Shatunova // Ukuvikelwa Kwezitshalo eSiberia: Sat. ezesayensi tr. othisha nabafundi abaneziqu ze-Faculty of Plant Protection. - Novosibirsk, 2003. - S. 77-83
- I-Carling DE Umphumela wokushisa kwe-virulence ye-Rhizoctonia solani nezinye i-Rhizoctonia kumazambane / DE Carling, RH Leiner // Phytopathology. - 1990. - V. 80, No. 10. - P. 930-934.