Njengamanje, ama-helminthiases wezitshalo abangelwa ama-roundworms (nematode) ayinkinga enkulu ekukhiqizeni kwezolimo. Ukulahleka komhlaba wonke kokukhiqizwa kwezitshalo kusuka kuma-nematode afinyelela ku-7-10%, ngokutheleleka okuthe xaxa, abakhiqizi bezolimo bathola ngaphansi kwesilinganiso se-80% sesilimo.
Amazambane avezwa izinhlobo eziningana zama-nematode. Phakathi kwazo kukhona isiqu (iDitylenchus destrodor), inyakatho gallic (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood), pale (Globodera pallida Stone) kanye negolide (Globodera rostochiensis). Isiqu (tuber) nematode silimaza izingxenye ezingaphansi komhlaba zezitshalo (zombili ngesikhathi sokukhula nangesikhathi sokulondolozwa), zibanga isifo esiyingozi se-ditylenchiasis. Ezicubu ze-tuber ngaphansi kwesikhonkwane amabala amhlophe amhlophe akhiwa ngezimbobo maphakathi nendawo. Izindawo ezithintekile ziba zithambile futhi zitholakale lapho ziba palpating. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezithintekile zigeleza zibole. Imvamisa, ukutheleleka kwezitshalo kwenzeka ensimini, futhi ezimeni zokugcina, lesi sifo siqala ukuthuthuka.
Akunakulimaza kangakanani i-enyode enyakatho, ehlanganisa izimpande kanye nezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane futhi inomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwe-meloidoginosis. Ezimpandeni ze-Dietilenchosis, ezibangelwa izitshalo zamazambane amazambane, kwakhiwa ama-thickenings (galls). Inambuzane ivimbela ukufinyelela ezinhlwini zezitshalo zamanzi nezakhi zomzimba, okuholela ekunciphiseni kwesibalo nekhwalithi yesitshalo. I-nematode ebunjiwe yamazambane iyakwazi ukubangela ukulahleka kwezomnotho okukhulu kwezomnotho. Lesi sinambuzane sihlala esimweni sezulu esibandayo nesithokomele, sisabalele emazweni ase-Europe, futhi singaphansi kokuvalelwa ngaphandle.
Ukuqapha - CYST
Esinye sezinambuzane ezimbi kakhulu i-cyst-yakha amazambane amazambane nematode, abangela isifo esiyingozi - amazambane i-globoderosis (ezinye izitshalo zomndeni wakwaSolanaceae nazo ziyangena, kodwa ngezinga elincane).
I-amazambane yegolide amazambane ifakiwe kuhlu lwezilokazane zokuhlukaniswa ngokubaluleka kwe-Russian Federation.
Yakhiwa kanjani i-NEMATODE CYST?
I-cyst yabesifazane i-nematodes yakha ama-cysts anamaqanda ezimpandeni zamazambane. Ngemuva kokutshala amazambane entwasahlobo, izibungu ezihlaselayo zivela kuma-cysts ngaphansi kwethonya le-root exudates amasonto ama-3-6 futhi zithelele izimpande. Isibungu singena empandeni ngesembozo sezimpande futhi izinsuku ezimbalwa sihamba ngohlelo lokuqhuba izimpande, ngemuva kwalokho luyama bese lwakha indawo yokondla yamaseli amakhulu amakhulu. Ngokuya ngezinga lokushisa kwenhlabathi, abesifazane nabesilisa bakheka kusuka ezibungwini ezinyangeni eziyi-1,5-2. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuhlangana, insikazi iqala ukuqoqa amaqanda emzimbeni womzimba. Izinsikazi ezincane ezinombala omhlophe zithola umbala wegolide ekwindla futhi kulesi simo ziya ebusika. Ekupheleni kokuphila, umzimba wowesifazane ugcwele ngokuphelele amaqanda, aphenduke uhlobo lwe-capsule, embozwe ngegobolondo eliminyene - i-cyst.
AmaCysts ahlala enhlabathini, athela izimpande zezitshalo zezitshalo phakathi komjikelezo okhulayo olandelayo, futhi ungagcinwa isikhathi eside (cishe iminyaka eyi-10) ngaphandle kokubakhona kwesitshalo sokubamba.
Kunzima ukubhekana nama-cysts - izindlela zendabuko (ukufuthisa inhlabathi engaphezulu nokujikeleza kwezitshalo) azisebenzi, cishe azivezwa amakhemikhali.
Njengamanje, ososayensi abaningi nabasebenza kwezolimo babheja ngamathuba okulungiselelwa kwezinto eziphilayo (ngokususelwa kusikhunta esidla ezinye), umgomo wawo osuselwe kuzindlela zemvelo "zokudla". Izidakamizwa ezinjalo, ngaphezu kokusebenza kahle ekuxazululeni inkinga enkulu, zinezinzuzo ezengeziwe: azinabo ubuthi, azibangeli ukulutheka enkingeni.
INDLELA OTHOLA NGAYO INEMATODE
Imatoda yisibungu esincane esiyindilinga (0,5-1 mm ngosayizi) futhi kunzima ukusibona ngeso lenyama. Kepha ungabona isitshalo esinegciwane ngezici eziningi ezihlukile. Izici zokuqala zivele sezivele zingama-3-4 amasonto ngemuva kokuvela kwezithombo: izitshalo zisalela emuva ekukhuleni, ziqala ukujika ziphuzi ngaphambi kwesikhathi (ikakhulukazi kusuka esigabeni esingezansi), zinenani elincane leziqu, amaqabunga azigoqele.
Izimbali ngokuvamile azikho noma zimbi kakhulu. Izihlahlana ezigcwele kakhulu zifa isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuvuna, zikhiqiza izilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane kakhulu noma zingafi nhlobo. Uhlelo lwempande lwezitshalo ezinegciwane lunsundu, luncane kunokujwayelekile, futhi lunezimpande eziningi ezisemaceleni. Maphakathi noJulayi, amabhola egolide akha ezimpandeni zezitshalo zamazambane - okuwukuphela komaka oqondile wokutholwa kwamazambane egolide nematode.
Ukuthola ukuxilongwa okunembe kakhudlwana, izindlela zokunquma umthwalo owonakalisayo zenziwe futhi zachazwa ngokuningiliziwe emibhalweni yobungcweti. Kodwa-ke, ensimini, iningi labo - ngenxa yesidingo sokusebenzisa imishini ekhethekile - alitholakali.
Ngakho-ke, abalimi bayanxuswa ukuba benze ukuhlaziywa kwenhlabathi minyaka yonke ukuze kube khona ama-nematode. Lapho inkinga itholakala maduze, kuzoba lula ukuyiqeda.
UKUFINYELELA NEMATODA
Umthombo wokusatshalaliswa kwe-nematode unezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane ezinegciwane kanye nomhlabathi onegciwane (ngesikhathi sokuvuna, ama-cysts awela ezimpandeni futhi ahlala emhlabathini). Kungama-cysts asebenza njengomthombo oyinhloko wokutheleleka kuzo zonke izindawo ezintsha, ngoba angadluliselwa kumazambane embewu, ngamathuluzi, ngisho nasezicathulweni.
Izindlela eziphambili zokutheleleka:
• lapho utshala nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinegciwane;
• lapho ugcina nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinegciwane kanye nalezo ezinempilo ezimweni zomswakama ophezulu;
• lapho usebenzisa ithuluzi elingafakwanga elihlangane nomhlaba ongcolile;
• lapho ama-ma-tubers atshalwa enhlabathini lapho amazambane atheleleke khona atshalwe phambilini.
Izimo ezithandeka kakhulu ze-nematode yegolide amazambane zakhiwa ezindaweni lapho amazambane ekhula khona unyaka nonyaka, ngaphandle kokubheka imithetho yokujikeleza kwezitshalo.
DISTRIBUTION eRUSSIA
Ngokusho kweRosselkhoznadzor, kusukela ngomhlaka 1 Januwari 2018, indawo ekhonjwe lapho kusatshalaliswa amazambane egolide eRussia cishe angamahektha angama-376 ezinkulungwane, futhi indawo yezindawo ezihlala zodwa ngaphansi kwalesi philisi idlula amahektha ayisigidi.
Uhla lokusatshalaliswa kwamazambane wegolide amazambane njengamanje luhlanganisa izifunda ezingama-64 zezwe (kufaka phakathi ama-Urals, eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude), ezifundeni zomasipala ezingama-906.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwamazambane wegolide amazambane kuthinta kabi ukuthuthukiswa kwamapulazi amazambane futhi kubeka engcupheni enkulu ukuphepha kokudla kwezwe.