USergey Banadysev, Udokotela Wezesayensi Yezolimo, iDoca-Gene Technologies LLC
Iyaphela. Ukuqala kwendatshana kusencwadini ethi "Potato System" No. 2 (2020)
Njengoba kuphawuliwe engxenyeni yokuqala yalesi sihloko, ekukhiqizeni imbewu yamazambane, kubalulekile ukulawula ngokuthembekile izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane ngenxa yobukhulu bazo. ERussia, kuye kwangeniswa ukubekezelelana okuqinile kokutheleleka okufihlekile, okunqunywa izindlela zokuxilonga zamangqamuzana. Ibhizinisi ngalinye kufanele lenze ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwama-aphid vectors okutheleleka ngegciwane futhi lihlole izinga lomthwalo othelelanayo, ngoba ubungozi bezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-aphid buhluke ngokuphelele. Ukusetshenziswa kwendawo ekukhiqizeni imbewu kusebenza kahle kakhulu, ngoba izimo zezulu zithinta kakhulu isizinda esithathelwanayo.
Ithebula 4. Amandla wehlobo nokwakheka kwezinhlobo zezintwala ezinamaphiko ezithwala amagciwane, insimu ye-VNIIKH
Igama (izinhlobo) zezintwala | I-2003 | I-2005 | I-2007 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ama-pcs. | % | ama-pcs. | % | ama-pcs. | % | |
Ipentshisi liluhlaza | 116 | 26.1 | 58 | 50 | 54 | 49.5 |
IBuckthorn | 35 | 7.9 | 6 | 5.2 | 4 | 3.7 |
Amazambane ajwayelekile | 9 | 2 | 5 | 4.3 | 3 | 2.6 |
Ubhontshisi omnyama | 230 | 51.7 | 32 | 27.6 | 36 | 33 |
Amazambane amakhulu | 16 | 3.5 | 5 | 4.3 | 5 | 4.8 |
Pea | 39 | 8.8 | 10 | 8.6 | 7 | 6.4 |
Inani: | 445 | 100 | 116 | 100 | 109 | 100 |
Ezintweni ze-VNIIKH ne-VIZR (Zeyruk V.N. et al., 2017), kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izinguquko ku-biology ye-phytofauna ziholele ekukhuleni okukhulu kwenani lezinhlobo eziyingozi kakhulu zama-aphid - ipentshisi eliluhlaza. Uma ngo-1970-1971. (Isifunda saseRamenskiy, esifundeni saseMoscow) lesi sizwe sabantu bonke sasendaweni yesine phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlonziwe, kwathi eminyakeni engama-35 kamuva saba yiyona eyinhloko (Amathebula 4, 5).
Esifundeni saseLeningrad, isibalo esiphezulu sama-aphid kumazambane siyabonwa kusukela maphakathi noJulayi kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti, kanti izinhlobo ezinjengezimbali ze-buckthorn nezitshalo ezinemilenze zihamba phambili (iBerim M.N., 2017). Ama-aphid avamile kanye nama-aphid amazambane amakhulu atholakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisentshonalanga naseningizimu-ntshonalanga yesifunda. Ngokwezibalo zochwepheshe be-VIZR, ezifundeni eziphakathi nasempumalanga isibalo esiphezulu sezintwala sifinyelela kubantu abangama-300-600 kumaqabunga ayi-100 (lapho izitshalo zingama-40-70% kugcwele abantu), okuyizinga lesilinganiso sabantu; entshonalanga - abantu abangu-1000-1400 (kufika ku-100% wezitshalo ezakhiwe) - izinga eliphezulu labantu. Ukutadisha ukundiza kwama-aphid eningizimu (isifunda saseKotlassky) nasenyakatho (isifunda saseKholmogorsky) i-Arkhangel
isifunda ngo-2017-2018 ekutshalweni kwamazambane embewu (uPopova LA et al., 2019) kukhombise ukungabi bikho kwe-peach aphid futhi, ngokujwayelekile, isizinda esithathelanayo esiphansi, siphansi kakhulu kunamapharamitha we-European IVD wesizini (Ithebula 6).
Ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane embewu ezifundeni ezinobusika obunzima, imvula ephezulu, amazinga okushisa aphansi anciphisa kakhulu ubungozi bokusabalala kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Imvamisa, ikakhulukazi eNetherlands, indawo engasogwini kanye nokuqubuka kwemimoya enamandla kubhekwa njengezici ezinhle. Yebo, izintwala ezindizayo zithuthukiswa kakhulu lapho isivinini somoya singaphansi kuka-3 m / s. Kepha uma siqhathanisa ama-roses omoya ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene (Umdwebo 6), kuyacaca ukuthi i-aphid yaseDashi inamathuba anele okushaya amazambane ngomsila womoya: amathuba awekho ngaphansi kuka-35%. Okungukuthi, ngokwesilinganiso izinsuku ezimbili umoya kuma-polders ushaya ngempela kusuka olwandle, futhi njalo ngosuku lwesithathu - kusuka eningizimu noma empumalanga. Ukukubeka ngokunenhlanhla, i-aphid esogwini isebenza ngokuya ngohlelo: ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbili. "Umoya waqhuma olwandle" iqhinga lokumaketha elinamahloni, kungukujaha ukuthembela kulo kuphela emkhakheni wokulawulwa kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.
Ithebula 5. Amandla wehlobo nokwakheka kwezinhlobo zezintwala ezinamaphiko ezithwala amagciwane, 2016
Igama (izinhlobo) zezintwala | Inani lezintwala, selilonke | Kubandakanya izinyanga, amashumi eminyaka | ||||
nakanjani | Agasti | |||||
I | II | III | I | II | ||
I-EB "Korenevo", isifunda saseLyuberetskiy, esifundeni saseMoscow. | ||||||
Ipentshisi liluhlaza | 6 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
I-buckthorn, i-buckthorn | 12.4 | 0.8 | 2 | 6 | 1.2 | 2.4 |
Amazambane ajwayelekile | 1.6 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0 |
Ubhontshisi omnyama | 2.9 | 0.3 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
AmaCicadas | 48 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 7 | 31 |
Inani: | 22.9 | 1.1 | 3.4 | 9.9 | 3.9 | 4.6 |
U-Eb "Ilyinskoe", isifunda saseDomodedovsky, isifunda saseMoscow | ||||||
Ipentshisi liluhlaza | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
I-buckthorn, i-buckthorn | 4 | 0 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0 |
Amazambane ajwayelekile | 1.2 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 |
Ubhontshisi omnyama | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0 |
AmaCicadas | 17 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 10 | 0 |
Inani: Izintwala | 7.9 | 0.1 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 0 |
AmaCicadas | 17 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 0 |
Ithebula 6. Izinhlobo zezinhlwathi ezibanjwe izingibe eziphuzi ngo-2017-2018.
Izinhlobo | Isifunda saseKotlas | Kholmogorsky esifundeni | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I-2017 | I-2018 | I-2017 | I-2018 | |||||
Ingqikithi, ama-pcs. | % | Ingqikithi, ama-pcs. | % | Ingqikithi, ama-pcs. | % | Ingqikithi, ama-pcs. | % | |
Aulacorthum solaniKalt. | 43 | 30.71 | 21 | 12.72 | 34 | 40 | 13 | 12.15 |
I-Aphis fabae Scop. | 25 | 17.86 | 44 | 26.67 | 7 | 8.24 | 19 | 17.75 |
IHyperomyzus lactucae L. | 17 | 12.14 | 23 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 13.08 |
I-Aphis nasturtii Kalt. | 14 | 10 | 12 | 7.27 | 33 | 38.8 | 8 | 7.48 |
IMacrosiphum rosae L. | 10 | 8.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
I-Rhopalosiphum padi L. | 9 | 6.43 | 26 | 15,76 | 2 | 2.35 | 25 | 23.36 |
I-Sitobion avenae F. | 8 | 7.51 | 15 | 9.1 | 7 | 8.24 | 9 | 8.41 |
ICapitophorus elaeagni Guerc. | 6 | 4.29 | 2 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
I-Aphis sambuci L. | 4 | 2.86 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
I-Rhopalosiphoninus ribesinus Goot. | 2 | 1.43 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
U-Anoecia corni F. | 2 | 1.43 | 4 | 2.42 | 1 | 1.16 | 11 | 10.28 |
I-Acyrthosiphon pisum Harr. | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2.42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
I-Brachycaudus cardui uKalt. | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
IMacrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas | 0 | 0 | 5 | 3.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ICinara costata Zett. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2.36 | 2 | 1.87 |
I-Rhopalosiphum insertum Walk. | 0 | 0 | 8 | 4.85 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 5.61 |
Ingqikithi | 140 | 100 | 165 | 100 | 86 | 100 | 107 | 100 |
Inqubo yokufuduswa kancane kancane kokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane yaseRussia ezifundeni eziningi ezisenyakatho ezinengcindezi ephansi yevektha isiqalile. Amabhizinisi anamuhla asevele esebenza ezindaweni zeKostroma, iNovgorod, iVologda, i-Arkhangelsk, iKarelia. Umphumela wePrimorsky usetshenziswa esifundeni saseKaliningrad. Akungabazeki ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwesimo sezulu nokuhlukaniswa okunamandla kwendawo ekulweni nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kunika amabhizinisi asenyakatho izinzuzo ezinkulu. Ebukhoneni bamathuba anjalo emvelo, ukuqhubeka nokuzibandakanya ekukhiqizeni imbewu yamazambane eCentral ChZZ, esifundeni iVolga, ngisho nangaphezulu eningizimu kuyingozi engafanele. Ngokuvamile, ngokombono wami, ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane osezingeni elifanele kufanele kubekwe ngaphezu kwama-54 parallel, lapho izinga lokushisa lenyanga elijwayelekile lingadluli kuma-20оС, kanye nenani lemvula ngesikhathi sokukhula lingaphezu kuka-260 mm. Izimo zezulu ezinethezekile azihlukaniswa nje kuphela nesizinda esiphansi esithathelwanayo sezintwala, kepha futhi ziqinisekisa ukwakheka kwezimfanelo ezivumela imbewu. Amazambane acindezelekile futhi asabela kabi enzalweni emazingeni aphezulu okushisa omoya nomhlabathi kanye nokuntuleka komswakama. Ukuya enyakatho kungcono? Cha, kunemikhawulo evela enyakatho nasempumalanga - isikhathi esingenamakhaza kufanele okungenani sibe yizinsuku eziyi-100, inani lamazinga okushisa asebenzayo kufanele lidlule ama-1200 degrees. Umthamo wokukhiqizwa kwembewu yasenyakatho ukhawulelwe yizinkinga zokuhleleka, ukuhlelwa kokukhiqizwa, ukungabi basebenzi kanye nenhlabathi efanelekile. Kungaba ukuhlakanipha ukuqondisa izinsizakusebenza zohlelo lokukhulisa amazambane kanye nohlelo lokukhulisa imbewu lwango-2018-2025 ukwakha insimu eyodwa yezimbewu ezisenyakatho ezikhulayo ezweni lesilinganiso sebanga eliphakeme, kepha lolu hlelo alufinyelelanga ezingeni eliphakeme kangaka lokuqonda ngezinkinga zamanje nezindawo eziphumelelayo zentuthuko.
Indima yamasiko okuvimba
Izitshalo zokuvimbela kufanele zisetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni imbewu kunoma yiliphi izinga le-vector pressure. Umehluko wombala phakathi kwezinto zezitshalo nenhlabathi engenalutho ukhonjisiwe ukuheha ama-aphid, okwenza ukuthi izintwala eziningi ziwele ezitshalweni ezimbi kakhulu. Njengesiza sokufika, izintwala zibheka noma yiziphi izindawo zenhlabathi ezingasetshenzisiwe - izikhala, izisihla, ukususwa kwezitshalo ezingaphezu kwezintathu zilandelana ngesikhathi sokuhlanzwa kwe-phyto, trammlines of sprayers kanye nemishini yokufafaza. Ukunciphisa inani lomhlabathi ongenalutho nxazonke naphakathi kwezitshalo zamazambane kunciphisa kakhulu inani lezintwala ezindizayo. Ngokunjalo, ukushiya noma yiziphi izindawo kungavaliwe izitshalo kuziza zembewu, kungaba ukwahlukanisa imigqa, ukuphela kwamasimu, kuhle, kepha kuvusa ukusabalala kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane (isithombe 11).
Kulungile ukubeka izithiyo ezivimbela izitshalo zamazambane, bese ushiya umusi omnyama, izindlela ngemuva kwazo (isithombe 12, 13). Kulokhu, i-aphid iphendula ngokungafani kombala bese ihlala ezitshalweni zesiko lesithiyo. Ngesikhathi sokudla noma sokulingwa
imijovo, izinto zakhe zomlomo zisuswa izinhlayiya ezibangelwa amagciwane. Njengoba izilimo zokuvimbela zingenawo amagciwane, ama-aphid aba "ahlanzekile" noma atheleleke kancane lapho ehambela amazambane. Lokhu kusebenza ngempumelelo yezifo eziningi ezinamagciwane, ngaphandle kwe-FLRV.
Indawo lapho kukhula khona isivuno sezithiyo iba yisihibe esisebenzayo sezintwala uma ingamamitha ambalwa nje ububanzi, ukudlula okukodwa noma okubili kokubhola. Ukukhethwa kwezitshalo kubanzi ngokwanele, into esemqoka ukuthi akuzona izithwali zamagciwane amazambane. Izinhlamvu ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ukolweni, irye, ibhali, amabele, amabele, iryegrass, njll. (isithombe 14). Kunengqondo impela, kepha kudinga ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kuziza zembewu, izinketho zokwakha isithiyo sezinambuzane zitshalwa eduze kwamadlelo nezindawo ezinotshani (isithombe 13) bese utshala insimu ezungeze umjikelezo namazambane (isithombe 15). Kodwa-ke, umuntu kufanele azi ukuthi ayikho ingozi yokuxuba izinhlobo kuphela uma kuningi lenhlanyelo ebekwe enkundleni efanayo.
Uma izitshalo zokuvimbela zingasetshenziswanga, ngakho-ke kunengqondo ukuhlakulela indawo yezimbewu yemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo eceleni komjikelezo kaningi kune-massif enkulu noma usebenzise isivuno esisuka emigqeni engaphandle ngezinhloso zokudlela. Ekukhiqizweni kwembewu yamazambane ephilayo, olunye uhlobo lwesithiyo sombala lwenziwa kabanzi - ukumboza inhlabathi nge-oat noma ngetshe lamabele (isithombe 16). Umbala omhlophe obonakalisiwe uxosha ama-aphid futhi uwavimbele ekuhlukaniseni umgoqo wombala phakathi kwenhlabathi engenalutho nezitshalo zamazambane. Kuyacaca ukuthi le ndlela ingasetshenziswa kuphela ezinkambu ezincane.
Izitshalo zokuhlala
Indawo yokuhlala yezitshalo ukuvikelwa kuma-aphid athwala izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane ekukhiqizeni imbewu yamazambane ayandile. Yize imilayezo ngezikhathi ezithile ngalesi sihloko ivela, futhi izinhlobo ezimbili zokumbozwa ziyatholakala nokuthengisa. Owokuqala uhlanganisa amanetha enziwe ngemicu yepulasitiki (uhlobo lwamanetha omiyane, isithombe 17), ngesimo semikhakha ebanzi. Ama-aphid endizayo, amaqabunga, ama-psyllids awakwazi ukungena kumaseli angaphansi kuka-0,6 mm. Ngasikhathi sinye, sibonga iminyaka eminingi yocwaningo olwenziwe ososayensi baseNew Zealand (Merfield CN 2014, 2017, 2019), sekutholakele ukuthi ngisho nangaphansi kwemesh enamaseli angu-0,3 mm, kunezintwala eziningi. Kanjani? Imvelo yokudla yalesi sinambuzane inamandla kakhulu. Ama-aphid athola amazambane ngaphansi kwesembozo. Akakwazi ukungena ngokwakhe, kahle, kukhona nezingane - ama-nymphs amancane kakhulu (isithombe 18), lowo i-aphid ibeletha ngokushesha ephila futhi elambile. Bakhasa ngamaseli amancane kakhulu. Futhi ngaphansi kwesembozo baqala ukwanda ngokushesha. Ukuze zihehe izilwane ezizingelayo ngokulandelana kwazo. Obani futhi okufanele bathole ukuthi bangayinqoba kanjani indawo yokukhosela. Photo 19 - amaqanda lacewing, okuyinto zafakwa ngokusebenzisa indlela yokukhosela.
Omunye umphumela omubi wenetha elukiwe ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa. Ubuncane besayizi yeseli, izinga lokushisa liyakhuphuka. Ku-0,3 mm, izinga lokushisa ngaphansi kwekhava liphakeme ngama-30% kunesizinda semvelo. Isici sesithathu ukungena okungaphelele ngaphansi kwendawo yokukhosela yemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo. Abathuthukisi nabalandeli balobu buchwepheshe baphoqeleka ukuba bancome ukusetshenziswa okuphindaphindiwe kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezinomphumela we-fumigant. Ukuze ubazise, udinga ukuphakamisa indawo yokukhosela, yebo, hhayi okwesikhashana, okwenza into yokuhlukaniswa ibe nemibandela kakhulu.
Okwesine, indawo yokukhosela ayikuvumeli ukuhlanzwa, futhi lapho utshala amazambane embewu, ayadingeka, ngisho nasezigabeni eziphakeme kakhulu. Okwesihlanu, ukuqina kwabasebenzi okuphezulu komsebenzi. Ngosizo lwezobuchwepheshe, ungakhululeka kuphela futhi ubuyisele emuva leyo nto (isithombe 20). Kepha kuzodingeka ukuthi welule ngesandla, ubambe futhi umboze ngenhlabathi. Ithimba labantu abayi-10 lihlanganisa amahektha angama-3 ubuningi ngokushintsha ngakunye. Njengoba ukusebenza komhlaba kunzima ngokomzimba, ikhwalithi yempuphu incike ekwazini kwabasebenzi. Uma inhlabathi ingasetshenziswanga ngokwanele, okungenani ezindaweni, ngenxa yomoya ophakeme ovela emoyeni onamandla, impahla iyagqashuka, nomphumela wokukhosela kufanele ubuyiselwe futhi. Futhi okokugcina - izindleko eziphezulu zempahla yeselula, kusuka ku-5 kuya ku-10 ayizinkulungwane zamaRandi ehektheleni ngalinye, isikhathi sokukhangisa seminyaka eyi-10.
Izinto zokumboza ezingalukiwe - uboya bezimvu, i-spunbond, i-agrospan - azikulungeli kangako ukukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane. Inhloso yabo enkulu ukuvikela isithwathwa nokusheshisa ukuvuthwa kwezitshalo zemifino. Bangakwazi ukuvikela kakhulu ama-aphid, ngoba awanawo amaseli. Kepha kuphela ngenkathi ugcina ubuqotho, okunzima ukukugcina. Impahla eyi-17-40 microns ubukhulu idabula kalula umoya, isichotho, izilwane zasendle, amathayi emoto (isithombe 21). Okunye ukungalungi kucishe kufane nalokho esikhulume ngakho lapho sibonisa ukumbozwa kwamaselula. Njengoba izinto zokumboza ezingalukiwe zilahlwa, izindleko zayo zonyaka ngamunye ziyafana nezindleko zemeshini - $ 600-700 / ha. Umbuso wamazinga okushisa kanye nokungena kwemikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo akuhambisani neze kahle. Ehlobo, izinga lokushisa ngaphansi kwaleyo ndawo yokukhosela linganqoba ibha yama-degree angama-40, lapho kungangabazeki ngesimo esijwayelekile samazambane embewu, ishubhu kanye nokuqoqwa kwezitshalo kuyeka. Kunomqondo othile ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto zokumboza ezingalukiwe kuphela ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokukhula - ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwezingqimba kanye nokwethulwa kwe-herbicide yenhlabathi, yimboze, inqobo nje uma isuswa ekuqaleni kokwakhiwa kwamatshe. Ngakho-ke, izitshalo zizovikeleka ngokuthembekile ekuthelelekeni esikhathini esibucayi kakhulu, kepha kuzokwazi ukugwema umphumela omubi wendawo yokukhosela ku-tuberization, izakhiwo zokukhiqiza kanye nekhwalithi yezinyathelo zokuzivikela. Yize abalimi bezinhlamvu ezingama-90% besabheka lo mkhuba wezolimo njengongenalusizo, ngoba izitshalo zizohlala zingaphansi kwezinsuku ezingama-20-25 kuphela.
Amafutha amaminerali
Uwoyela wamaminerali waqale waphakanyiswa ukuvimbela ukudluliswa kwegciwane ngawo-60 futhi manje selisetshenziswa kabanzi ngabalimi bamazambane embewu emhlabeni jikelele (Prasad R. et al., 2011). Uwoyela wamaminerali kapharafini uhlinzeka kahle ngokuvinjelwa kokudluliswa kwegciwane. Kunemikhiqizo eminingi emakethe (Sunoco 7E, Sunspray Ultrafine 85%, Sunspray 850 EC, Glacial Spray Fluid, Organic JMS Stylet Oil, Purespray / 13E), yonke le mikhiqizo ivunyelwe ukusetshenziswa kwezolimo.
Amafutha amaminerali akhonjisiwe ukunciphisa ikhono lama-aphid ukuthwala amagciwane angaphikisi ngezindlela ezintathu: ukuguqula indlela yokudla; ube nomthelela oqondile wokubulala izinambuzane futhi uguqule ukuxhumana kwegciwane nama-aphid ngendlela yokuthi ukudluliswa kwegciwane kuphazamiseke.
1. Ithonya ekuziphatheni kwama-aphid. Ukungena kwe-stylet esitshalweni kubambezeleka lapho isitshalo sifuthwa ngamafutha amaminerali. Uma izitshalo ziphathwa ngamafutha amaminerali, inani le-aphid eliqala ukondla phakathi nemizuzwana engama-30 yokuqala esitshalweni lincishiswa ngama-50%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uwoyela awudingi ama-aphid, kodwa uhlala cishe emizuzwini engama-30 ngemuva kokufafaza.
2. Isenzo esiqondile sokubulala izinambuzane ezintabeni. Ucwaningo oluningi lukhombisile ukubhujiswa okuqondile kwezintwala ngaphansi kwethonya lamafutha ezimbiwa. Njenganoma imuphi umuthi wokubulala izinambuzane, ukusebenza kukawoyela wamaminerali kuncike ekutheni usetshenziswa isikhathi esingakanani. Uma u-oyela efuthwa emaqabungeni ngaphambi kokuvela kwe-aphid peach eluhlaza, izinga lokufa lisuka ku-11,7 kuye ku-20,8% (UMartin et al., 2004). Izifutho ezifakwe ngemuva kwamaqabunga zifakwe ikholoni yi-aphid green peach kwaholela ekufeni okungu-80% (Martin et al. 2006). Amafutha asebenza kakhulu lapho inani le-aphid labantu liphansi.
3. Ukwehlisa ukudluliswa kwegciwane. Kutholakale ukuthi owoyela bamaminerali bavikela ukuthi igciwane lingagcini emlonyeni we-aphid nasesitayeleni. Ngokuvamile, izinhlayiya ze-PVY zingahlala esitayeleni se-aphid eluhlaza okotshani cishe amahora ayi-17 ngemuva kokudla isitshalo esinegciwane. Kodwa-ke, ukwelashwa kukawoyela kwezitshalo kuholela esikhathini sokugcina amagciwane imizuzu emibili kuphela (Wrobel B., 2), eyehlisa inani lokutheleleka ngama-2009-50% uma kuqhathaniswa nezilawuli ezingalashwa (Powell et al., 70; Boiteau et al. , 1998).
Ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zinto kwenza uwoyela wamaminerali ube elinye lamathuluzi asebenza kakhulu ekulweni nokusabalala kwamagciwane. Kulokhu, umphumela omkhulu kakhulu ungatholakala ngokucutshungulwa okujwayelekile kwensimu yonke.
Kunamabhentshi amaningi wokusetshenziswa ngempumelelo kukawoyela. Okokuqala, zingasetshenziswa kuphela engxenyeni yokuqala yesizini ekhulayo, ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa. Umthamo osebenzayo ulitha elilodwa ngosuku, i.e. uma ukuvikelwa kuhlelwe izinsuku ezinhlanu, khona-ke isilinganiso singama-5 l / ha, uma izinsuku eziyi-5, bese kuba ngu-10 l / ha. Kepha ngesilinganiso esikhulu, akunakwenzeka ukugcina lo mkhawulo olandelayo - ukugxila okuhle emanzini yi-10-1,0%. Ngaphezu kuka-1,5% wokuhlushwa kukawoyela, kubonakala ukusha okukhulu kwamaqabunga, okufana nezimpawu ze-Alternaria (Izithombe 2, 22).
Uhla lwamafutha atholakala ngokusemthethweni eRussia Federation lwanele. Owoyela bakaphalafini bakudala yimikhiqizo iPreparation 30 Plus (NPF Sober) ne-Olemix (Sumitomo), ama-ester kawoyela adutshuliwe - iMero (Bayer) neRapsol (Elite Agrosystems) futhi kukhona amalungiselelo ahlanganisiwe asuselwa ku-malathion no-oyela wamaminerali - i-Prophylactin ( Agasti). Akekho kubo onemvume eqondile yokusetshenziswa njenge-aficide embewu yamazambane. Futhi, ngokuvamile, azibekiwe njengezindlela zokuvikela, kepha njengezithasiselo - ama-wetting agents akhulisa ukusebenza kwezibulala-zinambuzane. Kodwa kulesi sikhundla ayikho imikhawulo yokusetshenziswa.
Uku-oda kwamanani kawoyela wamaminerali namuhla kusuka ku-150 (Ukulungiselela 30 Plus) kuya ku-700 (Mero) ruble / litre. Zixubana kahle nanoma yimiphi imikhiqizo yokuvikela izitshalo, kepha kunemininingwane ngemiphumela engathandeki lapho ixutshwe ne-Ranman Top, ama-fungus e-Shirlan, ama-fungicides aqukethe ithusi nesibabule nomanyolo omncane, kanye nesibulali zinambuzane seBiscay. Ukuqinisekisa ukulawulwa okuqhubekayo kwama-aphid, u-oyili usetshenziswa kangcono wedwa noma uhlanganiswe nama-insecticide wokuthinta, ngezikhathi eziphakathi kokufakwa kwe-fungicides kanye ne-systemic zinambuzane.
Izibulala-zinambuzane
Ukwakha uhlelo olusebenzayo lokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ukulwa nama-vectors wezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane, kubalulekile ukuqonda ngokucacile zombili izinketho zokudluliswa kwamagciwane ngama-aphid. I-Potato leaf roll virus idluliselwa ngokuqhubekayo. Ingena esimisweni sokujikeleza kwegazi se-aphid, lesi sinambuzane sihlala sithathelana kukho konke ukuphila kwaso. Lolu hlobo lokudlulisa ludinga isikhathi eside sokudla. Ukudluliswa kwegciwane kusuka ku-plant-to-aphid okuyimpumelelo kuthatha okungenani imizuzu eyi-10-20, futhi isikhathi esifanayo siyadingeka ukudluliswa kwegciwane esitshalweni esinempilo. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-aphid kufanele ahlale esitshalweni isikhathi eside. Ama-aphid amabili ahlanganisa amazambane aphambili, i-peach amazambane aphid i-Myzus persicae kanye ne-amazambane aphid iMacrosiphum euphorbiae, yizona ezithwala igciwane eliphikelelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-peach aphid inamandla okudlulisa okuphindwe kayishumi uma kuqhathaniswa namazambane. Imodi eqhubekayo yokudlulisela kulula ukuyilawula. Wonke ama-insecticide ayasebenza kuleli cala. Ngakho-ke, ukwenzeka kwe-VSLV kumazambane embewu kunyamalale.
Okungaphikisi, okungukuthi, ngokuyinhloko ngomshini, zonke ezinye izinhlobo zamagciwane abangela ukusabalala kwe-mosaic yamaqabunga: A, X, M, S, Y. Lawa magciwane adluliselwa ku-stylet (ukondla izingxenye zomlomo) zama-aphid ezivela ezitshalweni zamazambane ezinegciwane kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo ngokushesha, ngomzuzu nje. Lapho i-aphid indiza isuka kwesinye isitshalo iye kwesinye, iyayihlola, iyinambithe, futhi uma ingayitholi yamukelekile, iyaqhubeka nokudlulela phambili. Ngenxa yokuqoqwa okufushane nezikhathi zokutheleleka ngezifo, izintwala ezingahambisani namakoloni zidlala indima enkulu ekusakazekeni kwamagciwane kaMoseic. Ngalesi sizathu, amagciwane anjalo angasakazeka kuyo yonke insimu ngesilinganiso esisheshayo kune-FLRV. Ukusetshenziswa kwesibulali zinambuzane akuvamisile ukuthola noma yikuphi ukulawula unomphela kula magciwane. Ngokuphikisana nokujova kwecala, ukuhambela amazambane ngengozi, ama-insecticide we-knockdown ayasebenza kakhulu. Izidakamizwa ezinelebuli yokudla ekhethiwe (i-pymetrozine, i-flonicamide) ngokushesha zikhubaza ama-aphid azama ukondla. Ama-insecticide we-systemic, translaminar awadlali indima enkulu ekuvimbeleni ukudluliswa ngokuhamba kwezinhlobo. Kepha zihlala ziyingxenye ephoqelekile yohlelo lokuvikela abalimi abaningi bamazambane embewu, ngoba zikhawulela ukwanda kwesibili, ukutshala nokutshala, kwamagciwane ngokucindezela ngokuthembekile izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-aphid.
Uhlu lwezinambuzane ezivunyelwe ukucindezela i-aphid eRussian Federation lucebile futhi luyehluka. Umphumela wokugoqa unikezwa ngezithako ezisebenzayo: i-deltamethrin, i-cypermethrin, i-deltamethrin, i-lambda-cyhalothrin. Izidakamizwa ze-Neocotinoid zimelelwa ngama-molecule asebenzayo e-acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam. Kungenzeka usebenzise i-d. Eziqhingini nezinye izindlela zokusebenza: i-bifenthrin, i-pymetrozine, i-spirotetramate, i-chlorantraniliprol, i-dimethoate, i-flonikamide. Umphumela wokucindezela onzima unikezwa yimithi enhlanganisela ye-lambda-cyhalothrin + acetamiprid, spirotetramate + imidacloprid, thiacloprid + deltamethrin, thiamethoxam + chloranthraniliprol.
Ububanzi bemithi yokubulala izinambuzane evela kubalimi bezimbewu baseRussia iyisimanjemanje kakhulu futhi ngemajini ivumela ukuhlinzeka ngokuvikelwa okusebenzayo. Ku-EU efanayo, iningi lama-neonicotinoid ayevinjelwe ngenxa yengozi yezinyosi. Yiziphi izikimu ezinhle kakhulu? Isibonelo, amafemu iSyngenta neBayer banikela ngezinhlelo zabo zokuzivikela kuma-aphid, ngoba banezinambuzane eziningana ezihambisanayo zokubulala izinambuzane. In-in. Kepha esimweni ngasinye udinga ukukhetha ngokuqonda, kungcono ukuhlanganisa imikhiqizo evela kubakhiqizi abahlukile. Lapho kwakhiwa uhlelo lokuvikelwa kwamakhemikhali, kuyadingeka ukuthi kugcinwe imigomo eyaziwayo: ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa okungaguquguquki kwanoma yisiphi isibulala-zinambuzane, ukushintshanisa izidakamizwa ngendlela ehlukile yokusebenza. Ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sokukhula, izibulala-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid zanele; njengoba amafomu amaqabunga aminyene nomfutho we-vector uyanda, shintshela ezintweni ezisebenzayo ze-translaminar nemikhiqizo ehlanganisiwe. Kuma-pyrethroids, uphahla lokushisa lokusebenza kahle ngama-25оC. Isikhathi sesenzo esisebenzayo sama-pyrethroids - kufika ezinsukwini eziyi-7, izidakamizwa ezihleliwe nezihlangene - izinsuku eziyi-14.
Kunolwazi mayelana nokuvela kokumelana ne-peach aphid eYurophu ku-deltamethrin, acetamiprid, ne-esfenvalerat. E-United States, awekho amaqiniso anjalo alotshiwe. Ungawasebenzisi ama-insecticide ayingozi (d.v.-va: deltamethrin, flonikamide, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, pymetrozin) ngesikhathi sehlobo lezinyosi ezisebenza kule ndawo, ukutholakala kokhula oluqhakazayo emasimini amazambane, noma uma ukuthuthukiswa kwamakholoni ama-aphid kuvunyelwe futhi kwakhiwa uju, kuheha izinyosi. Abanye d.-va, uma isilinganiso sokufaka isicelo singanele noma ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokufakwa kwesicelo, kungadala ukufa kwe-aphid, kepha kube nomphumela odakayo nomsebenzi owandisiwe, isb. kungabuye kube nokwanda okuyindida ezingeni lokutheleleka ngegciwane ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane. Kungcono ukwelashwa kuphela lapho kufinyelela umkhawulo wokulimaza. Kuyadingeka ukuthi ucabangele umthelela kuma-aphid ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sokukhula ngemithi yokubulala izinambuzane esetshenziswayo lapho utshala imbewu. Ukuvikelwa kufanele kuqhubeke kuze kube yilapho iziqongo sezome ngokuphelele. Ukuphindaphinda kwayo kuholela ekwandeni okukhulu kokutheleleka ngegciwane.
Ekuphetheni, sigcizelela futhi ukuthi ukulimala okuphezulu nokwanda njalo kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kungenxa yezici zazo zebhayoloji nokuba khona kwezinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokusabalala. Ezimweni zesizinda esiphakeme esithathelwanayo nengcindezi ye-vector, konke
Amakhambi akhona awakwazi ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwezitshalo zamazambane ngamagciwane angaphikisi. Ukuze kuthintwe ngempumelelo izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane emazambane ekukhiqizweni kwembewu, kuyadingeka ukuthi usebenzise imbewu enokutheleleka okuncane kwamagciwane, thola ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane embewu ezifundeni ezinesizinda esiphansi esithathelwanayo nengcindezi ye-vector, sebenzisa izivimbelo zezitshalo, ukwenza ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwamandla ehlobo nokwakheka kwezinhlobo zama-aphid, usebenzise uhlelo lokucindezela ama-aphid lapho ukufinyelela umkhawulo wokulimaza osuselwa ekusetshenzisweni kukawoyela wamaminerali nokukhethwa okucabangelayo kwezibulala-zinambuzane.