Uhlelo lokukhiqiza imbewu yamazambane eRussia lunomlando omfushane, ngokwesibonelo, namazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu, lapho lwakhiwa khona emashumini ambalwa eminyaka ngaphambili. Isakhiwo senhlangano sokukhiqizwa kwamazambane embewu esakhiwa ngeminyaka yama-60s ekhulwini lokugcina e-USSR sasimelelwe izixhumanisi ezintathu eziyinhloko.
Isixhumanisi sokuqala sasihlanganisa amapulazi akhiqiza i-elite (elitekhozes), okwesibili - amapulazi asakaza abantu abaphezulu (ama-semkhoze), okwesithathu - iziza zembewu yamapulazi ahlangene kanye namapulazi kahulumeni akhiqiza amazambane athengiswayo.
Izinhlinzeko zokuqala ezijwayelekile nezilawulayo emkhakheni wokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane zathuthukiswa futhi zaqala ukusebenza maphakathi nawo-60s, okuhlanganisa "Umthethonqubo ku-potato elite" kanye "nomthethonqubo wezitshalo zembewu yamazambane emapulazini ahlangene nasemapulazini kahulumeni" ( 1966). Ezixhumanisini ezimbili zokuqala, ngokuqondile ngaphansi kokulawulwa kweziphathimandla zezolimo zombuso, ukutshalwa kwamazambane ama-elite kwenziwa ngokuhambisana ne "Regulations on the Potato Elite". Kamuva, "Izimiso Zokukhuliswa Kwamazambane Eziyisisekelo" zamukelwa, zathuthukiswa yi-Research Institute of Potato Farming futhi zavunyelwa nguMnyango Wezolimo wase-USSR (1971).
Esihlokweni sesithathu, ngokuhambisana "neMithetho yembewu yamazambane emapulazini ahlangene nasemapulazini kahulumeni", amazambane embewu yokukhiqiza asakazwa (ukukhiqizwa kwembewu epulazini) ukuze asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni amazambane athengiswayo. Isiqephu sembewu sathathwa njengesixhumanisi esibaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwembewu epulazini, esihlangabezana nezidingo zamapulazi embewu yamazambane ezinhlobonhlobo ezikhishiwe ukuze kukhiqizwe amazambane athengiswayo. Indawo yesiqephu sembewu yayicishe ibe yi-20-30% yezitshalo zamazambane eziphelele epulazini.
Ngokuhambisana nesistimu yokukhulisa imbewu eyasungulwa ngawo-60, amapulazi athenga amazambane embewu - i-elite ehlinzekwa emapulazini akhulayo, noma amazambane asezingeni eliphezulu okukhiqizwa kokuqala noma kwesibili okuvela emapulazini embewu (Fig. 1).
Ekuhleleni nasekwenzeni umsebenzi ohlobene nokuvuna, ukulondolozwa nokudayiswa kwamazambane embewu ye-elite kanye ne-varietal, indima enkulu yabelwa inhlangano ye-Sortsemovoshch. Ukuhlukaniswa kwesakhiwo senhlangano ye-Sortsemovoshch ezindaweni zomsebenzi wabo kuthengiwe futhi kwathengiswa aba-elite, amazambane embewu ye-varietal ukuze kuvuselelwe izinhlobonhlobo kanye noshintsho oluhlukahlukene, kanye nokuthengwa, agcinwe futhi athengiswe izimali ze-republic kanye nezendawo zamazambane amazambane ahlukahlukene kanye nezinhlobo ezihlukene.
Ochwepheshe benhlangano ye-"Sortsemovoshch", kanye nabamele iziphathimandla zezolimo kanye namalabhorethri okulawula imbewu, babambe iqhaza ekuhloleni nasekwemukelweni kwezitshalo namaqoqo ama-elite alungiselelwe ukudayiswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, benza ucwaningo lwensimu, ukugunyazwa kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-tuber kwamazambane embewu yezinhlobonhlobo zokukhiqizwa kokuqala, okuhloswe ukuvunwa nokudayiswa ukuze kuvuselelwe izinhlobonhlobo kanye noshintsho oluhlukahlukene. Ngokwezibalo ezisemthethweni e-USSR, ngasekupheleni kwawo-80, inani eliphelele lamazambane embewu yemikhiqizo ephezulu evunwe futhi ithengiswe yinhlangano yeSortsemovoshch yayingaphezu kwamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-300, okuhlanganisa amathani angaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-100 ku-RSFSR. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kuze kube sekuqaleni kwawo-70, ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane aphakeme ku-RSFSR kwakunganele kakhulu (amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-25-28 ngonyaka), futhi izinga lawo lalidinga ukuthuthukiswa kakhulu. Ukuthuthukiswa okunamandla kakhulu kokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane e-elite eRussia kusukela maphakathi nawo-70 kanye nawo-80. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi lapho ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu ezisekelweni zenhlangano kanye nezinqubo, izinqubo zobuchwepheshe kanye nezinhlelo zokukhiqizwa kwembewu ye-elite zaqala, futhi amazinga aphezulu okwanda kokukhiqizwa kwe-elite afinyelelwa (Fig. 2).
Isakhiwo senhlangano sokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane esasungulwa ku-RSFSR maphakathi nawo-70, sisuselwa ekugxileni okujulile kwamapulazi ekukhiqizeni imbewu yezigaba ezahlukahlukene zokuzala, kufaka phakathi izigaba ezintathu:
- ukutshalwa kwe-super-super elite emapulazini akhethekile okukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane okuqala;
- ukudluliswa kwe-super-elite emapulazini akhulayo (elitekhozes) kanye nokutholwa kwe-elite kuwo ngendlela yokukhiqiza kabili;
- ukudluliswa kwe-elite ngqo emapulazini ahlangene nasemapulazini kahulumeni ukuze kukhiqizwe futhi kukhiqizwe amazambane athengiswayo angekho ngaphansi kwe-III-V reproductions (Fig. 3).
Inethiwekhi esunguliwe yamapulazi akhethekile okukhiqizwa kwamazambane embewu yenza ukuthi ekuqaleni kwawo-80 kukhuliswe umthamo wokuthengisa we-elite ube amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyi-100-110, ukuze kumahektha ayi-100 wokutshala amazambane athengiswayo emapulazini ahlangene nasesifundazweni. amapulazi bekukhona okungenani amathani ama-5 amazambane asezingeni eliphezulu. Indima ebalulekile kulo msebenzi yabelwa i-All-Russian Production and Scientific Association for Potato Seed Growing "Rossemkartofel", eyasungulwa ngo-1976 njengeyunithi yesakhiwo ngaphakathi koMnyango Wezolimo we-RSFSR.
Inhlangano ngaleso sikhathi yayihlanganisa i-Research Institute of Potato Farming (NIIKH), i-NIIKH Breeding Center, i-Experimental Design Bureau, iziteshi zokuhlola namapulazi okuhlola okukhiqiza e-NIIKH, kanye namapulazi kahulumeni akhethekile angaphezu kuka-50 atholakala ezifundeni eziyi-17 6 amariphabhulikhi ezimele RSFSR. Ngokwesisekelo samapulazi ayisipesheli angama-24, kwahlelwa amalabhorethri e-NIIKH okukhiqizwa kwembewu yokuqala yamazambane. Inhlangano yenhlangano "i-Rossekartofel" yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthuthukisa kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwembewu kulezo zifunda, izindawo kanye namaRiphabhulikhi azimele, lapho sekuphelele cishe i-80% yokukhiqizwa kwamazambane aseRussia ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhlangano ye-Rossemkartofel inikeze ukuphathwa okuhlangene okuphakathi kokukhiqizwa kwamazambane asezingeni eliphezulu kanye nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamazambane kuyo yonke i-RSFSR, ihlinzeka ngokuxhumana okuqondile mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane neziphathimandla zezolimo zendawo kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo.
Emapulazini akhethekile eNhlangano yeRossemkartofel, kwabekwa isisekelo esihle sokwanda okuphawulekayo kwevolumu yokukhiqizwa kwembewu eyinhloko yezinhlobonhlobo eziklanyelwe futhi ezithembisayo. Ngo-1979, amalabhorethri okukhiqizwa kwembewu eyisisekelo ye-NIIKH ngesisekelo samapulazi akhethekile akha izindawo zokukhiqiza imbewu yezinhlobo ezingama-44 zamazambane ezazidingeka kakhulu ekukhiqizweni. Ngokusho kwedatha esemthethweni yoMnyango Wezolimo we-RSFSR, izindawo zokulinywa kwamazambane aphezulu zikhuphuke zisuka kumahektha ayi-149 ngo-1976 zaya kumahekthare angama-495 ngo-1979, namazambane ama-elite, ngokulandelana, zisuka kumahektha angama-382 zaya ku-1313 (Anisimov, 1981) . Lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa yokwesekwa okumaphakathi okuvela kuhulumeni kanye nesabelo okuhlosiwe, ngokweSimemezelo SoMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe We-RSFSR (1976), sezimali ezibalulekile ezaziqondiswe ekuthuthukisweni kwesisekelo sezinto ezibonakalayo nezobuchwepheshe zembewu ekhethekile. amapulazi ezifundeni ezinkulu ezikhulayo zamazambane kanye nokudala okuhlomele kahle okwangaleso sikhathi, izindawo zokukhulisa imbewu ze-laboratory-greenhouse, kanye nokwakhiwa kwamakhono okugcina amazambane adingekayo kulezi zinhloso.
Kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo senhlangano sokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane esikhathini seminyaka yawo-70 nawo-80, enye yezinkinga eziphuthumayo kwaba isidingo sokuthuthukiswa okukhulu ezindleleni kanye nokwenza kahle kwezinhlelo zokukhiqiza imbewu yamazambane eziphakeme. Umkhuba osunguliwe waleyo minyaka wawugxile ekukhiqizeni imbewu ye-clonal. Imvamisa, emapulazini amaningi akhulayo asezingeni eliphezulu, izitshalo zokuqala zokukhiqizwa kwembewu yokuqala zikhethwa ezindaweni zama-clones zonyaka wokuqala ngokusekelwe ekuhloleni okubonakalayo kwezitshalo ensimini kanye nokuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri kwamasampula amaqabunga kusetshenziswa indlela ye-serodiagnosis. Kodwa-ke, ingxenye yama-clones onyakeni wokukhetha yayivame ukuba ngaphansi kokutheleleka okusha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izitshalo ezisanda kutheleleka, lapho zihlolwa ensimini, zinganikeza ukusabela okungalungile kumagciwane futhi, njengomthetho, azikwazanga ukutholwa futhi zilahlwe ngonyaka wokutheleleka. Ngenxa yalokho, izitshalo ezikhethiwe kuma-clones wonyaka woku-1 ngokusabela okungekuhle kumagciwane, lapho zivivinywa enzalweni, kakade ngonyaka olandelayo kwatholakala ukuthi zithelelekile ngezinga elikhulu noma elincane, ngokuya ngezinhlobonhlobo nezimo zezitshalo. isikhathi sonyaka odlule. Imiphumela eyimpumelelo eyengeziwe yatholwa kusetshenziswa isheke elengeziwe lokutheleleka kwempahla ye-clonal ekhethiwe enkathini yasebusika ngendlela yenkomba esekelwe "ukuhlolwa kwamehlo" (izitshalo ezikhulayo ezivela kumehlo we-tuber ngamanye (ama-indices) ezimeni ze-greenhouse zaselabhorethri). Lokhu kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlonza nokwenqaba izilimo eziyizigaxa zezitshalo ezinegciwane kanye nama-clone ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu lokwethembeka ngaphambi kokutshala ensimini.
Imiphumela yomsebenzi owenziwe e-All-Union Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR) ibonise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwendlela ye-serological ngokusho kwesistimu echazwe ngokuqinile yokukhiqizwa kwembewu ye-clonal ezimweni zesifunda saseNyakatho-ntshonalanga kwenza kube nokwenzeka thola imbewu ngaphandle kokungenwa amagciwane avame kakhulu (X, S, M). Ibungazwe ngu- V.I. U-Sadovnikova (1965), ukuhlolwa okukhethekile kwe-methodical, lapho kwahlaziywa amashumi ezinkulungwane zezitshalo, kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola isiphetho esinesisekelo sokuthi ezimweni zaseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga, imbewu etholwe ngokohlelo lokukhiqiza imbewu ye-clonal ingakwazi. zigcinwe isikhathi eside esimweni sokukhululeka ekuthelelekeni ngegciwane (Fig. 4). Kwaboniswa futhi ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kokukhetha okungalungile kuphela ngokususa izitshalo ezinegciwane ekutshalweni akuzange kunikeze imiphumela enjalo.
Eminyakeni eyalandela, ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yocwaningo lwe-NIIKH kanye nolwazi oluqoqiwe, kwatholakala ukuthi kusebenza kahle kakhulu ukusebenzisa hhayi izihlahla ezikhethiwe endaweni yokunakekela izingane zonyaka wokuqala, kodwa umuntu ngamunye enempilo (engenazifo) njengoba izilimo eziyizigaxa ezikhethwe enkulisa yokukhetha ekhethekile enokuhlolwa okuphoqelekile ngayinye yazo nge-serodiagnostics ohlelweni lokulawula ngemva kokuvuna. Ukuze kuvuselelwe minyaka yonke inkulisa yokukhetha, kuwo wonke amathani ayi-1 wamazambane ama-super-super elite, kwatuswa ukuthi kutshalwe izilimo eziyizigaxa ezingaba ngu-100 ezinenkomba, okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukunciphisa kakhulu izindleko kanye nenani lokuhlaziya okwenziwe.Ilayisi. Umfanekiso 5. Ukusabalalisa kanye nemikhawulo yokukhethwa kwama-clones lapho kuhlolwa isidleke, kuye ngamaphethini okutshala (izinhlobonhlobo Ramensky, 1979-1981)
Ngale njongo, izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinkulu ezinezikhombo ezinesisindo esingu-100 g noma ngaphezulu zazisetshenziselwa ukusungula indawo yokukhetha. Ukutshalwa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa ezinjalo kwenziwa ngokuhlukaniswa kwemigqa engu-140 cm kanye nebanga phakathi kwezilimo eziyizigaxa emgqeni ka-70 cm.
Imiphumela yocwaningo olwenziwe ngesisekelo sendawo yokukhiqiza umshayeli we-Zavorovo ye-NIIKH ibonise ukuthi uhlelo olunjalo lokutshala izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinenkomba endaweni yokukhetha luqinisekisa ukwanda okukhulu kwenani lezilimo eziyizigaxa esitshalweni nge-tuber ngayinye yokuqala. Ngakho-ke, kwesinye sezivivinyo ocwaningweni lwezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene zokubeka izinkulisa zokukhethwa kwezinhlobonhlobo ezintsha zeRamensky ngaleso sikhathi, imiphumela elandelayo yatholwa. Ekuhlukeni kokulawula (ukutshala ngokohlelo olujwayelekile lwama-70x30 cm, izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinesisindo esingu-60-80 g), ama-45% ezihlahla ezinama-tubers afinyelela kwayi-10 esihlahleni ngasinye avunwa, avame ukulahlwa ngesikhathi sokukhethwa. Kuma-55% asele ezihlahla, ama-47% anezilimo eziyizigaxa eziyi-11-20 kanti angama-8% kuphela anezilimo eziyizigaxa ezingama-21 kuya kwezingama-30 isihlahla ngasinye.
Enguqulweni yokuhlola (ukutshala ngokusho kwesikimu esingu-140x70 cm, izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinkulu ezinesisindo esingu-100 g), ama-11% kuphela ezihlahla ayengafaneleki ukukhethwa (ezinezilimo eziyizigaxa ezingaphansi kweziyi-10 ngesihlahla ngasinye). I-89% esele yezihlahla yayinenani eliphakeme kakhulu lezilimo eziyizigaxa, kuhlanganise nama-tubers angu-47% kuze kufike ku-20 esihlahleni ngasinye, 24% kusukela ku-21 kuya ku-30 no-18% kusuka ku-31 kuya ku-50 ama-tubers esihlahleni ngasinye (Fig. 5).
Kubaluleke kakhulu futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi uhlelo lokutshala olunjalo lwadala izimo ezingcono kakhulu hhayi kuphela ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo, kodwa futhi nasekuziphatheni kahle kokuhlolwa okubonakalayo kwesitshalo ngasinye ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezitshalo, kanye ukuqaliswa kwazo zonke izinyathelo ezidingekayo zokuvimbela nokuvikela endaweni yokukhetha.
Enqubweni yokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kohlelo lokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane emapulazini akhethekile, kwathathwa izinyathelo eziningi ezisebenzayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yayo yezinhlobo eziyinhloko ezikhishwe ngaleso sikhathi futhi ezithembisayo. Kuze kube manje, i-NIIKH yathuthukiswa futhi, njengengxenye yokuhlolwa okubanzi kokukhiqiza, yavivinya ngempumelelo ubuchwepheshe obusha ngaleso sikhathi ukuthola nokusheshisa ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwemithombo yomthombo, eyathuthukiswa ngendlela ye-apical meristem, eyaba yisisekelo segciwane kancane kancane. Uhlelo lokukhiqiza imbewu yamazambane lwamahhala (i-Trofimets, i-Boyko, i-Anisimov, njll., 1990). Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bufake izinto ezilandelayo ezibalulekile:
- ukulungiswa kwezilimo eziyizigaxa zokuhlukanisa ama-apical meristems; ukuhlola ukutheleleka kwabo kokuqala nge-enzyme immunoassay (ELISA); ukuhluma ebumnyameni ekushiseni kwe-35-37 ° C inyanga eyodwa kuya kwezimbili;
- ukuhlukaniswa kwama-meristems anosayizi wama-microns ayi-100-200 ebhokisini le-microbiological ngaphansi kwe-binocular microscope enegridi yesikali ekukhuliseni izikhathi ezingama-30-50 futhi itshalwe kumashubhu okuhlola endaweni enezakhi ezinesisekelo samaminerali ngokusho kuka-Murashige-Skoog. ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-kinetin;
- ukukhulisa izitshalo kumashubhu okuhlola egumbini elinezimo ezilawulwayo zokushisa, umswakama kanye nokukhanya (izinga lokushisa elingu-23 ° C, umswakama womoya 70%, ukukhanyisa 5-10 ayizinkulungwane lux ngesikhathi sokukhanya samahora angu-12);
- ukusika izitshalo ezitholiwe ngokwenani lama-internode kanye nokutshalwa kokusikwa endaweni enomsoco kumashubhu okuhlola; ukusetshenziswa kokusikwa okukodwa esisekelweni sesitshalo ngasinye ukuze kunqunywe ukuhlaselwa yi-electron microscopy kanye ne-enzyme immunoassay (ELISA);
- ukuhlolwa okuphindwe kabili okuphindwe kathathu kwemigqa yokutheleleka ngamagciwane yi-ELISA ngesikhathi sokuxhunyelelwa;
- ukufakelwa izitshalo kusuka kumashubhu okuhlola kuya ezindlini zokugcina izithombo ukuze uthole isitshalo sezilimo eziyizigaxa;
- ukuqinisekiswa kwezitshalo ze-greenhouse ngu-ELISA; ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokusheshisa ukusabalalisa ku-vitro ukuze kutholwe amaqoqo amakhulu ezinto zokuqala ezidingekayo ekukhiqizeni imbewu (ukuqothulwa kweziqongo kanye namahlumela e-axillary yezitshalo, ukutshala ukusikwa ngendawo yokudla elinganiselwe - 6x6 cm , ukusikwa kwamahlumela ngemuva kokuhluma isikhathi eside kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, njll. .);
- ukuhlolwa kwensimu kanye nokusakazwa kwama-greenhouse meristem clones endaweni eqinile yodwa kunoma iyiphi enye indawo yamazambane.
Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zama-meristem clones phakathi nonyaka owodwa ukuze zifakwe ekukhiqizweni kwembewu yokuqala yamazambane.
Enqubweni yokufunda kahle ubuchwepheshe bokuthola i-meristem source material yokutshala amazambane angenagciwane, i-NIIKH iqale izifundo ezikhethekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe inqubo yezobuchwepheshe yokukhiqiza kabusha okulandelanayo kwezitshalo ezingenalo igciwane ngokuhlola inzalo yazo ekuqaleni. i-nursery yasensimini nokuziletha ku-super-super-elite kanye ne-elite. Ngasikhathi sinye, imisebenzi yabekwa emathubeni okunciphisa isikhathi sokukhulisa i-elite (ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezintsha nezithembisayo), ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi nokunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqizwa kwayo. Ukuze kuxazululwe imisebenzi eyamiswa ngo-1972-1977, kwafundwa izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokulima eziphakeme eMnyangweni Wokukhulisa Imbewu we-NIIKH: ngokuhlolwa kwe-clone yeminyaka emibili (isikimu sendabuko), ngenkulisa yonyaka owodwa, njenge kanye nezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zokuhlola ezinokukhethwa kwe-clone yonyaka owodwa kanye nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwezinto ezihlanganisiwe ze-clone kusetshenziswa indlela yeyunithi ye-tuber.
Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yocwaningo olwenziwe ngu-V.N. Ezimweni zesifunda saseMoscow i-Akatiev, isebenzisa umthombo othuthukisiwe ngendlela ye-apical meristem, ukuze isetshenziswe kabanzi ekusebenzeni, kunconywe uhlelo lokukhiqiza imbewu ye-elite ngokuhlolwa konyaka owodwa wama-clones, okuhlanganisa:
- Ukuhlolwa kwenkundla kwama-clones e-meristem.
- Ukusatshalaliswa kwangaphambili kwama-clones ahlanganisiwe.
- Ukuzala.
- Ukutshalwa kwe-super-superelite.
- Ukutshalwa kwe-super-elite.
- Ukukhulisa i-Elite.
Ububanzi nokulandelana komsebenzi owenziwe ngaphansi kwalolu hlelo lokukhiqizwa kwembewu esezingeni eliphezulu kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 6.
Ukuze kuzuzwe amazinga aphezulu okuphindaphinda ezindaweni zokunakekela izingane, ukuhlolwa kwenkundla kwama-meristem clones kanye nokusabalalisa ngaphambilini, umphumela omuhle obalulekile watholakala lapho kukhula izinto ezinempilo (ezingenazifo) kusetshenziswa indlela yeyunithi ye-tuber. Ingqikithi yale ndlela yayimi kanje: ngaphambi kokutshala, izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinesisindo esisuka ku-60 g ku-clone ngayinye zazisikwa zibe izingxenye eziningana ukuze isisindo sengxenye ngayinye okungenani sibe ngu-30 g, neso elilodwa noma amabili. Zonke izingxenye ze-tuber ngayinye ezisikiwe ezakha "i-tuber unit" zafakwa esikhwameni esihlukile. Zonke izikhwama ezine-tuber units ezivela ku-clone eyodwa zafakwa esitsheni esihlukile. Ama-clones alungiswe ngale ndlela ayetshalwa emgqeni owodwa. Lapho ukutshala, imingcele phakathi kwama-clones yahlukaniswa, ngaphakathi lapho amayunithi angama-tuberous nawo ahlukaniswa. Ku-clone ngayinye, amayunithi angama-tuberous anenani elikhulu lezingxenye zembewu aqale atshalwa, bese kuba nenombolo encane (ngokuhlelwa kokwehla) futhi aphethe izilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane ezinganqunyiwe zengxenyana engu-25-50 g (Fig. 7). Ngokusebenza, indlela elula yayivame ukusetshenziswa, lapho izilimo eziyizigaxa zisikwa amasonto ambalwa ngaphambi kokutshala, zishiya ibhuloho elixhuma phakathi nendawo noma phansi kwe-tuber. Kulokhu, izingxenye ze-tuber zahlala zicindezelwe komunye nomunye. Ekugcineni, ama-tubers ahlukaniswa abe izingxenye ngqo ekutshaleni.
Iziqukathi ezengeziwe zamayunithi we-tuber bezingadingeki.
Ngesikhathi sokukhula, izitshalo zahlolwa futhi zahlolelwa amagciwane ngokubonakalayo nange-serologically. Uma okungenani isitshalo esisodwa esigulayo sitholakala kuyunithi ye-tuber, yalahlwa ngokuphelele, kodwa-ke, yonke i-clone ayizange inqatshwe, kodwa kuphela i-tuber unit ehambisanayo isusiwe; iqembu lezitshalo ezitholakala ku-tuber eyodwa. Idatha etholiwe ibonise ukuthi ukutshala i-clone nursery kusetshenziswa indlela yama-tuber units ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukukhulisa isici sokuphindaphinda ngokukodwa nesigamu kuya izikhathi ezimbili futhi, ngokufanele, kunciphisa kakhulu inani lezitshalo ezikhethiwe kanye nama-clones futhi kwehlise kakhulu izindleko. ngamathani ayi-100 wamazambane ama-super-super elite. Ngasikhathi sinye, kwatholakala umphumela obalulekile ekuthatheni indawo yenkulisa yama-clone onyakeni wesibili esikhundleni senkulisa yokuzalanisa ama-clone ahlanganisiwe.
Ngokufanisa nendlela yamayunithi we-tuber, ngokususelwa ekusetshenzisweni kokusika izilimo eziyizigaxa zokutshala, ezikhungweni zokukhiqiza imbewu eyisisekelo, lapho kusetshenziswa izinto zomthombo we-meristem, ezinye izindlela zokwandisa isici sokuphindaphinda sezisakazeke kakhulu ekusebenzeni, ikakhulukazi ukukhulisa izithombo zamazambane. kusuka ezitshalweni ezihlumayo ezimbizeni ze-peat ezitshalwe kamuva ensimini, ukukhiqiza kabusha ngokufaka izingqimba, ukusikwa kwesiqu, njll. (Anisimov, Maksakova, 1975).
Ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kokuqhathanisa kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinhlelo zokukhiqiza imbewu eziphakeme, kwaboniswa ukuthi lapho kusetshenziswa izinto zomthombo ezitholwe indlela yesiko le-meristem ngokuhlanganiswa ne-clonal micropropagation, isikhathi sokukhiqiza samazambane ama-elite singancishiswa sibe iminyaka emithathu kuya kwemine, okuyinto bekubaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizeni okusheshisiwe nasekukhuthazeni ukusebenzisa izinhlobo ezintsha nezithembisayo. Emapulazini okukhiqiza umshayeli we-NIIKH ngaphansi kwezimo zesifunda saseMoscow, ngokusho kwazo zonke izinhlobo ezifundwayo zezinhlelo zokuhlola, kutholwe amaqoqo amazambane aphezulu-super-super elite wekhwalithi ephezulu. I-super-superelite, etholwe ngokusho kohlelo ngokuhlolwa kwe-clone yonyaka owodwa, kuye, kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo, kusuka ku-90 kuya ku-99% wezitshalo ezinempilo, i.e. icishe ifane ne-super-super-elite, etholwe ngokohlelo ngokuhlolwa kwe-clone yeminyaka emibili. Izinga lokukhiqiza le-super-super elite lamazambane atholwe ngokwezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene nalo lalicishe lifane futhi laliphakathi kuka-300-350 c/ha.
Enye yezinkomba ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kohlelo lokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane ngaphandle kwegciwane sekuyinhlangano yokukhiqiza okuphakathi kwezinto zokuqala ezingenagciwane ngamavolumu amakhulu ukuhlinzeka ngamapulazi akhethekile okukhiqizwa kwembewu okuyisisekelo. Kuze kube manje, ngaphakathi kohlaka lwenhlangano yeRossemkartofel, kwakuhlelwe ukuthi kukhiqizwe i-super-super elite ngaphandle kwegciwane enani lamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingu-7,5 ezinhlobonhlobo ezingu-34 ezazidingeka kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Ngokwezibalo ezivezwe kuThebula 1, ukuze kukhule ivolumu ehleliwe ye-super-superelite kusuka kumthombo we-meristem kusetshenziswa izindlela ezisheshayo zokusakaza ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo ze-NIIKH, ama-tubers ayizinkulungwane ezingama-1,2 atshalwa minyaka yonke endaweni engamahektha ayi-400, evunwa ngalinye. tshala esikhwameni esihlukile. Izinto ezitholakele zidluliselwe ezikhungweni zokukhiqiza zokuhlola zesikhungo, lapho zatshalwa khona ezinkulisa ze-clonal - endaweni engamahektha ayi-8 ngokugcinwa okuqinile kwezinkambiso ezimisiwe zokuhlukaniswa kwendawo okungenani okungaba ngu-0,5 km ukusuka ekutshalweni kwamakilasi aphansi. wembewu yamazambane. Ngesikhathi sokukhula, zonke izinyathelo ezidingekayo ze-agrotechnical kanye ne-phytosanitary zenziwa ngokunakekelwa okukhethekile ezindaweni ezingazodwa zensimu.
Umphumela we-clone ehlanganisiwe enani elingamathani ayi-160 yasatshalaliswa kumapulazi ayisipesheli angama-24 anamalabhorethri okukhiqiza imbewu yokuqala (ngenani lamathani ama-2 ukukhiqizwa kwawo wonke amathani ayi-100 e-super-elite ephezulu). Indawo ephelele yezindawo zokukhiqiza imbewu yokuqala emapulazini akhethekile okukhiqizwa kwembewu yokuqala yayingamahektha angama-40, lapho kutholwe khona amathani angama-800 wembewu. Ngonyaka olandelayo, le nto yatshalwa endaweni engamahektha angama-200 endaweni yokuzalanisa futhi kwatholwa amathani angama-3000 wezilimo eziyizigaxa, ezasetshenziswa ngonyaka olandelayo ukutshala endaweni engamahektha angama-750 futhi bathola amathani angama-7500 we-super. -i-super elite standard seed fraction (Ithebula 1).
Ithebula 1. Inhlangano ngesisekelo se-NIIKH yamapulazi akhethekile okukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane okuqala (i-Trofimets, Anisimov, Litun, 1978)
Umthamo wokukhiqiza | |||
Izinhlobo zomsebenzi | Abadlali | Indawo yokuhlala, ha | |
Ukuthola ama-clone e-meristem elabhorethri izimo zokugcina ukushisa | Ilabhorethri yokuthola izinto zokuqala ezingenalo igciwane eLabhorethri ye-NIIKH yokukhiqiza kabusha okusheshayo nokuhlolwa kwensimu yezinto ezingenagciwane ze-clone esikhungweni. | 1,2 | 400 ayizinkulungwane nezilimo eziyizigaxa |
Ukuhlolwa kwenkundla i-clonal impahla nge isicelo indlela ye-tuberous amayunithi | Amalabhorethri okukhiqiza kabusha okusheshisiwe ukuze kuhlolwe insimu yezinto ze-clonal ezingenalo igciwane e-OPH yeSikhungo. | 8 | I-160 T |
okwandulelayo ukuzalanisa kubumbene ama-clones avela isicelo indlela ye-tuberous amayunithi | Amapulazi akhethekile okukhiqizwa kwembewu yokuqala i-PNO "Rossekartofel" | 40 | I-800 T |
Ukukhiqiza impahla | Into efanayo | 200 | I-3000 T |
Ukulima super super elite | 750 | I-7500 T |
Ngokusho kwe-NIIKH, lapho kukhula i-super-super-elite ngokohlelo lokukhiqizwa okuphakathi kwezinto ezingenayo igciwane, ngenxa yekhwalithi ethuthukisiwe, isivuno ku-elite kanye nokukhiqizwa kwayo kukhuphuke ngokwesilinganiso kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezihloliwe ngo-20-25% .
Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-90s, phakathi nezinguquko eziqhubekayo endaweni yezimboni zezolimo, amanye amapulazi akhethekile okukhiqizwa kwembewu okuyisisekelo namapulazi ama-elite awasekho, futhi umthamo wokukhiqizwa kwamazambane asezingeni eliphakeme wehla kakhulu, okube nzima kakhulu futhi. kuphazamise kakhulu uhlelo olumisiwe lokushintshwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezikhathi ezithile kanye nokuvuselelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane ezijwayelekile mayelana nokushoda kwembewu yemikhiqizo ephezulu emapulazini akhiqiza amazambane athengiswayo. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90s, uhlelo lokukhiqiza imbewu yamazambane eRussia kancane kancane lwaqala ukwakhiwa emigomeni yobudlelwano bemakethe ngokususelwa kuhlaka lomthetho nokulawula olwakhiwe ngaleso sikhathi emkhakheni wokuzalanisa nokukhiqizwa kwembewu yezitshalo zezolimo (i-Malko). , Anisimov et al., 2003).
Ngalesi sikhathi, ukunakekelwa okukhulu kwakhokhelwa ekuthuthukisweni nasekuthuthukisweni kohlaka lokulawula emkhakheni wokulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nezitifiketi zembewu yamazambane, kucatshangelwa ulwazi oluqoqiwe lwezinqubo ezihamba phambili zomhlaba. Lokhu kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukukhulisa kakhulu izidingo zokulawula ikhwalithi yezohwebo yezigaba ezahlukahlukene zembewu yamazambane ekuhlanganisweni kwawo kanye nokusondela kuzidingo zesimanje zokulawula okuvunyelenwe ngazo namazwe ngamazwe (Anisimov, 1999; Anisimov, 2005; Simakov, Anisimov, 2006, 2007) )
Ngemuva kokwethulwa kwe-Law on Seed Production (1997) e-Russian Federation, kwasungulwa uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lokuhlukaniswa kwembewu yamazambane, okubandakanya izigaba ezintathu zezinto zembewu: amazambane ama-mini-super-super elite seed (isizukulwane sesibili sasensimini) akhiqizwa. ngumsunguli wezinhlobonhlobo noma umuntu ogunyazwe nguye futhi ohloselwe ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane embewu ye-elite.
Imbewu yamazambane ama-Elite: imbewu yamazambane (i-super elite, i-elite) etholakala ekusakazweni okulandelanayo kwembewu yamazambane okuqala.
Imbewu yokukhiqiza amazambane: imbewu yamazambane (1-2 reproductions) etholwe ekusakazweni okulandelanayo kwamazambane embewu ye-elite.
Ukuhlaziywa okuqhathanisayo kwezinhlelo zokuhlukanisa ezamukelwa eRussia nasemazweni e-EU kukhombisa ukuthi isigaba samazambane okuqala singalinganiswa nesigaba samazambane angaphambi kwesisekelo (PB). Ngakho-ke, isigaba samazambane embewu ye-elite singalingana nesigaba samazambane ayisisekelo (amakilasi SE kanye no-E) futhi isigaba samazambane embewu yokukhiqiza siqhathaniswa nesigaba samazambane embewu eqinisekisiwe (amakilasi A 1-2). Ngasikhathi sinye, lapho uqhathanisa izigaba eziqhathaniswayo ngokuya ngenani lezizukulwane zensimu zamazambane e-Russian Federation namazwe e-EU, umehluko omkhulu ungabonakala ngokucacile (Ithebula 2).
Ithebula 2. Ukuqhathaniswa kwezigaba eziqhathanisekayo zamazambane ngenani lezizukulwane zasensimini eRussian Federation kanye namazwe e-EU.
Ubhatata wembewu | Inani lezizukulwane | Izikhundla |
Uhlelo lokuhlukaniswa kweRussia | ||
Okwangempela (OS) | 2 | PP-1 kanye ne-SSE |
Elite (ES) | 2 | SE kanye no-E |
Ukukhiqiza (RS) Ingqikithi Yezizukulwane | 2 6 | I-RS1-2 |
Ukuhlukaniswa emazweni e-EU | ||
Isisekelo sokuqala Kuqinisekisiwe | 4 3 2 | I-PB – PB 4 S, SE, E A1 – A2 |
Ingqikithi Yezizukulwane | 9 |
Kuhlelo lwesimanje lokuhlukaniswa kweRussian lwembewu yamazambane ngokusho kwe-GOST 33996-2016 "Imbewu yamazambane. Ukucaciswa kanye Nezindlela Zokunquma Ikhwalithi” inombolo enkulu yezizukulwane zasensimini akufanele idlule izigaba zokuzalanisa eziyisi-6, okuhlanganisa nesigaba se-OS - 2, ES - 2 kanye ne-RS - 2 izizukulwane. Emazweni e-EU, ngokwezincomo ze-European Seed Association (ESA), kuvunyelwe izizukulwane zensimu eziyisi-9, okubandakanya esigabeni sembewu ye-prebasic - 4, eyisisekelo - 3 kanye nezitifiketi eziqinisekisiwe - izizukulwane zensimu ezi-2 (Anisimov, 2007 ; Simakov, Anisimov 2008).
Ngokubuka okujwayelekile, uhlelo lwesimanje lwezigaba ezilandelanayo zokukhiqizwa kwamazambane okuqala, asezingeni eliphakeme kanye nokukhiqiza kabusha kuboniswa kuMfanekiso 8.
Inzuzo enkulu yokwakheka kwenhlangano yesimanje yokukhiqizwa kwembewu evezwe emdwebeni ukuthi womathathu amabhlogo akhona ezigaba ezilandelanayo zokukhiqiza imbewu yamazambane okuqala, asezingeni eliphakeme kanye nokuzala kabusha axhumene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa ngezixhumanisi eziqondile. Lokhu kuvula amathuba amasha wangempela okuthuthukiswa kwezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokubambisana phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlangano ezibambe iqhaza, okuhlanganisa izinhlangano zesayensi ezikhethekile nezinhlaka zebhizinisi.
Ezimweni zanamuhla, ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kokukhiqizwa kwamazambane amakhulu akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kohlelo olusungulwe kahle lokuhlinzeka ngamabhizinisi ezolimo akhula amazambane, amabhizinisi abalimi (amapulazi) kanye nosomabhizinisi ngabanye abanembewu yekhwalithi ephezulu yamakilasi e-elite kanye nokukhiqiza okuphezulu. Mayelana nalokhu, ukwanda kwenani lokukhiqiza kanye nokwenyuka okukhulu kwekhwalithi yamazambane okuqala kanye nembewu ye-elite sekuyizinto ezibalulekile ekuphathweni okuzinzile nokunenzuzo embonini yamazambane.
Isimo samanje ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla akhona ezinhlobonhlobo zamazambane afuywayo sidinga ukwanda okusheshayo kokukhiqizwa kwembewu. Ngakho-ke, ukwamukelwa kwezinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokwenza isisekelo sezinto ezibonakalayo nezobuchwepheshe zokukhiqiza imbewu yamazambane zibe sesimanjemanje kanye nokwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda edingekayo yokukhetha nezikhungo zokukhiqiza imbewu kuba omunye wemisebenzi ephuthumayo ekuthuthukisweni kokukhiqizwa kwamazambane eRussia. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuqaliswa ngempumelelo kwephrojekthi edidiyelwe yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe (KSTP) eyenziwa ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-Subprogram "Ukuthuthukiswa kokukhetha nokukhiqizwa kwembewu yamazambane" ye-Federal Scientific and Technical Programme for Development of Agriculture for 2017- I-2030 izoba ngobaluleke kakhulu. Ukuqaliswa ngempumelelo kwezinqumo ezibalulekile ezibalulekile kule ndawo maduzane kuzoba neqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni okusha kwemboni, ukuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kwamazambane okuzinzile, ukudala izinhlelo zesimanje zokuthuthukisa izinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu ezivela kubasunguli baseRussia ziye emakethe, kunciphise ukuthembela kwamanye amazwe kanye ukuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka kokudla eRussia.