UMaria Erokhova, umcwaningi omncane All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, i-imeyili: maria.erokhova@gmail.com
UMaria Kuznetsova, Inhloko yoMnyango Wezambane Nezifo Zemifino we-All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Candidate of Biological Sciences
Esimeni sokuqiniswa kwezolimo kanye nohwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-WTO, i-stem nematodes yohlobo. I-Ditylenchus (D. umbhubhisi, D. i-dipsaci) zibonwa njengesinye sezinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu ezitshalweni. Emazweni amaningi D. umbhubhisi и D. i-dipsaci bathole isimo sezinambuzane ezilawulwayo: e-Russian Federation nase-EU, banesimo sezinambuzane ezilawulwayo ezingezona zodwa (RNQPs) kumazambane embewu [19, 18]. Ngokuhambisana nemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe, ukuba khona kwesimo se-RNQP kuvumela izindinganiso zamazinga ahlukene ukusungula ukubekezelelana (imingcele engaphezu kwalokho okungavunyelwe ukuba khona kwezinambuzane eziwuhlupho kumazambane amaningi embewu). Isibonelo, ngokuya ngezidingo zendinganiso kazwelonke yase-Scotland, ukubekezelelana kokuqukethwe okuyiziro kusethiwe D. umbhubhisi kuzo zonke izigaba zamazambane angaphambi kwesisekelo kanye namazambane ayisisekelo ngokulingana nezinambuzane eziningi ezihlukanisayo [11] ngenxa yokuthi lesi sifunda sinesimo seSifunda SeBanga Eliphezulu ukuze kulinywe futhi kudayiswe amazambane angaphambi kwesisekelo kanye nesisekelo futhi siyasebenza. kumazinga aqinile kunalawo abekwe yi-EU.
Isilinganiso sokusatshalaliswa kwe-phytopathogenic nematodes yohlobo I-Ditylenchus emazweni anamazinga ahlukene okuthuthukiswa kokukhula kwamazambane, kunjalo, ayahluka. Kwamanye amazwe, ama-stem nematodes ayenzeka ngamanani amancane, kwamanye, ngokwengxenye ngenxa ye-monoculture, ukusetshenziswa kwembewu engcolile kanye nezinto zokutshala, ziyinkinga enkulu. Ngakho, ngokuhambisana nedatha ye-EPPO Global Database, etholwe ezincwadini zesayensi zababhali baseSoviet [15, 21, 12, 22, 23, 16] kanye ne-International Center for Agricultural and Biological Sciences of the Member States of the British Commonwealth. (CABI), ngezinsuku ze-USSR endaweni yeRussian Federation D. umbhubhisi yayinesimo sezinambuzane ezisabalele [18]. Futhi kuze kube manje, isimo asikashintshi [7]. E-UK, ngokusho kwe-NPPO, isimo D. umbhubhisi – “okwamanje, ngobuningi obuphansi (ukutholwa okumbalwa)” [5]. Mayelana D. i-dipsaci, bese ngokusho kolwazi oluvela emithonjeni efanayo, kwenzeka eRussia, kodwa kunolwazi oluncane ngakho, e-UK, ngokuphambene nalokho, kutholakala yonke indawo [18].
Ngokusho kwe-EPPO Global Database D. umbhubhisi i-polyphage ebanzi: isitshalo esiyinhloko samazambane (I-Solanum tuberosum)ngaphezu kwalokho, inkathazo idala umonakalo omkhulu kugalikhi (I-Allium sativum)i-beetroot (i-beta vulgaris), imbewu yekarothi (I-Daucus carota subsp. sativus), i-codonopsis enezinwele ezincane (Codonopsis pilosula), i-crocus (I-Crocus), dahlia (I-Dahlia, i-gladiolus (i-gladiolus), i-hyacinth (I-Hyacinthus, iris Dutch (Iris × hollandica)ipigogo tigridia (Tigridia pavonia), i-clover (i-trifolium), i-tulip (I-Tulip [ishumi nesishiyagalombili]. Ngokusho kwe-CABI, uhla lwezitshalo ezithintekile zokusingathwa D. umbhubhisi nakakhulu: u-anyanisi (I-Allium cepa), amantongomane angaphansi (I-Arachis hypogaea), ushukela beet (I-Beta vulgaris Kukhona. i-saccharifera), itiye (UCamellia sinensis), upelepele omnandi (Capsicum ngonyaka)i-chrysanthemum engadini (I-Chrysanthemum morifolium), ikhabe elivamile (I-Citrullis lanatus), Iwolintshi (I-sinicisensens), i-Melon (I-Cucumis melo), ikhukhamba elivamile (Cucumis sativus), ithanga le-nutmeg (Cucurbita moschata), isitrobheli engadini (UFragaria unanassa), ubhontshisi wesoya (I-Glycina max), i-common hop (I-Humulus lupulus), ubhatata (Ama-Ipomoea batatas), iminti (UMentha), i-ginseng (I-Panax ginsengi-ginseng pentaphyllum,I-Panax quinquefolius), utamatisi (I-Solanum lycopersicum), isitshalo seqanda (I-Solanum melongena), ukolweni othambile (I-Triticum aestivum), amagilebhisi alinyiwe (I-Vitis vinifera), ukolweni (Zea mays) [ishumi nane]. Ngaphandle kwalokho, D. umbhubhisi Ithelela ukhula: i-gauze emhlophe (I-albhamu yeChenopodium), umjikelezo ogcwele (I-Cyperus rotundus), i-dope evamile (I-Datura stramonium), utshani behansi (Eleusine indica), utshani bokulala (U-Elymus uyaphendula), intuthu yokwelapha (fumaria officinalis), black nightshade (I-Solanum nigrum), ukhula lwasensimini (Sonchus arvensisama-marigolds amancane (Iminithi le-Tagetes)i-dandelion officinalis (I-Taraxacum officinale), i-cocklebur evamile (I-Xanthium strumarium) [14]. Kuyaphawulwa ukuthi ububanzi bezitshalo ezisingathwayo bunganwetshwa njengoba ulwazi olwengeziwe lutholakala [18].
Ngokusho kwe-EPPO Global Database, inani lezitshalo ezisingathwayo zeD. i-dipsaci futhi inkulu ngokwedlulele [18]. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukujikeleza kwemifino kungase kungasebenzi ekwehliseni isibalo sama-nematode.
Ngokusekelwe kuzifundo ze-morphological, biochemical, molecular nezinye D. i-dipsaci sl ihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amaningana [6]: abalulekile ngokwezomnotho awo D. dipsaci sensu stricto и D. gigas n. sp. (eyakamuva itholakala kubhontshisi ojwayelekile (ubhontshisi) emazweni amaningi aseYurophu) [17]. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uma kukhona izinhlanga ezithize kakhulu D. i-dipsaci ukujikeleziswa kwezitshalo iminyaka emithathu nezitshalo ezimelana nezitshalo kunganciphisa izinombolo zakho, inqobo nje uma kuthathwa izinyathelo ezifika ngesikhathi zokulwa nokhula okungezinye izitshalo ezingasingathwa [10].
Izitshalo ze-nematodes zohlobo I-Ditylenchus yizinto eziphilayo eziyingozi zezitshalo, ezidluliselwa ngezilimo eziyizigaxa zembewu kanye nama-bulbs ezitshalo zezolimo [14]. Umthombo wokutheleleka inhlabathi engcolile, izitsha zokhuni, nezinto zokupakisha [14]. Ebangeni elifushane, izinambuzane zingasakazeka kanye namanzi okunisela noma amaconsi emvula athwalwa umoya aye emasimini angomakhelwane anegciwane [14].
I-Stem nematodes yi-endoparasites ehlala ngaphakathi kwezicubu zezitshalo (izimpande, izilimo eziyizigaxa, ama-rhizomes, ama-bulb) [10, 14]. Kokubili abesilisa nabesifazane bacekela phansi izindonga zamaseli ngesikhathi sokudla kwabo [10]. Ngokusho kososayensi baseBrithani, ukuzala D. i-dipsaci ingafinyelela amaqanda angama-500 insikazi ngayinye [10]. I-stem nematode ingaqhubeka ikakhulukazi njengezibungu ze-instar yesine iminyaka eminingana [10]. Abantu abadala namaqanda bayakwazi ukudlula ubusika emhlabathini noma ezicutshini zokhula [14]. Entwasahlobo, izibungu zichanyuselwa emaqandeni, avele aqoqe izitshalo ezifanelekayo; izinambuzane zingena ezigabeni zamazambane ngokusebenzisa udali [14]. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-nematode ingadla ku-mycelium yesikhunta eziningi, kuhlanganise I-Alternari a kushintshana и A. solani [ishumi nane]. Izibungu zesine D. i-dipsaci (Ngokungafani D. umbhubhisi) ukuze usinde ezimeni ezimbi zakha amaqoqo phezu kwezicubu zezitshalo ezinegciwane (okuthiwa "uboya be-nematode") [10]. Ama-Nematode aqala ukusebenza futhi ngemva kokuba “uboya” bumanzi [10]. Emhlabathini oswakeme, zingaphikelela lapho zingekho izitshalo ezikhona isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka [10].
Izimpawu zokulimala kwezinambuzane zihluke kakhulu.
Njengomthetho, cishe akunakwenzeka ukunquma ukuthi isitshalo sithintwa i-nematode evela ezingxenyeni zasemoyeni zamazambane (ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi izitshalo ezibuthakathaka zakhiwe ngezilimo eziyizigaxa ezithinteke kakhulu, ezingase zife kamuva) [14]. Ukuhlasela kwe-nematode kusenesikhathi kungabonwa ngokukhipha isikhumba ku-tuber, ngaphansi kwalokho kulula ukubona amachashaza amancane amhlophe enyameni enempilo. Kamuva, la machashaza ayanda, abe mnyama, futhi izicubu zithola ukuthungwa okuxekethile [14]. Uma izilimo eziyizigaxa zigcinwe endaweni enomswakama, ziyabola futhi ukutheleleka kwe-nematode kudluliselwa kwezinye izilimo eziyizigaxa.
Kuma-tubers athinteke kakhulu, kwakheka izindawo ezicindezelekile kancane, lapho kwakheka khona imifantu, futhi ikhasi lishwabene, eduze kakhulu ne-pulp [14]. Inyama iba yomile, ishintsha umbala: isuka kumpunga iye ensundu ngokumnyama noma emnyama. Ukushintsha kombala kubangelwa ikakhulukazi amagciwane esibili (isikhunta, amagciwane kanye nama-nematode aphilayo mahhala) [14].
Lapho ehluliwe D. i-dipsaci imifantu akwenzeki phezu kwezilimo eziyizigaxa, kodwa ukubola okunombala omnyama kusakazeka enyameni ngaphakathi. Iziqongo ziba mfushane futhi zikhubazekile.
I-nematode iphinde ibangele umonakalo omkhulu kwezinye izitshalo.
Ezitshalweni ezithintekile nasezitshalweni zika-anyanisi ezincane, isisekelo sesiqu siyavuvukala, amaqabunga agobile futhi asontekile [10]. Izicubu ezithintekayo yi-nematode zinokuthungwa okuxekethile [10]. Izitshalo zibola ezingeni eliphansi. Ukulimala okubuthakathaka ezitshalweni nge-nematode kungase kungabonakali, kodwa ama-bulb anjalo kancane kancane abola endaweni yokugcina.
Izicubu zezithombo zezithombo zikashukela ezithintekile ziyavuvukala futhi zithole ukuthungwa kwesiponji [10]. Ama-Galls angase akhe, ezindaweni zokukhula, izicubu zikhubazekile noma ziyafa, okubangela ukugoba kwe-apex kanye nokwakheka kwamaqabunga amancane. Ekwindla, inyongo iyabola ngenxa yamagciwane esibili.
Ukulimala kukabhontshisi kuvame ukuzibonakalisa njengokushintsha kombala kwesiqu [10].
Ezitshalweni ze-oat, isisekelo se-stem siyakhukhumala, amaqabunga aphenduka aphuzi, agoqe futhi abe mfushane.
Unqume lokho D. umbhubhisi kubangela umonakalo omkhulu ekushiseni kwe-15-20 °C kanye nomswakama ohlobene ngaphezu kuka-90% [14].
Kufakazelwe ukuthi ama-stolons nezimpande zezitshalo zamazambane zithinteka kakhulu lapho i-stem nematode yonakaliswa. I-Rhizoctonia solani [14] Futhi, ngokusho kwedatha yokuqala evela ezifundweni eziqhubekayo, kwatholakala ukuthi ukuba khona kwe-nematodes emhlabathini kubangela ukwanda okuphindwe kashumi kwenani lamabhaktheriya abangela umlenze omnyama wamazambane, ngaleyo ndlela kwandisa amathuba okuthuthukisa i-nematodes. isifo. Amagciwane angena esitshalweni ngamanxeba abangelwa ama-nematodes [9].
Ukunciphisa ubungozi be-stem nematodes, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa isethi yamasu njengengxenye yesu elididiyelwe lokuvikela izitshalo, kuncike kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwembewu enempilo (engenalo izinambuzane) nokutshala kanye nokushintshanisa izitshalo ezinde. .
Ngokubulala amagciwane enhlabathini ngama-pathogens, ama-phytonematodes nokhula, kunconywa ukuhlwanyela, ukugaya nokufaka izitshalo ze-biofumigating enhlabathini (i-sarepta mustard).brassica juncea), isithombo esivamile (URaphanus sativus), i-arugula (I-Eruca sativa[1]. I-Isothiocyanates, eyakhiwe ngesikhathi sokubhujiswa kwamangqamuzana alezi zitshalo, ivimbela ukuphefumula kwamangqamuzana neminye imisebenzi, ikakhulukazi kuma-cyst nematode amazambane. Babangela ukukhululwa kwezibungu emaqandeni, ama-cysts ngokungabikho kwesitshalo esifanelekayo. Izibungu, zingasitholi isitshalo esifanelekayo, ziyafa. Ubuchwepheshe bokutshala nokusebenzisa izitshalo ze-biofumigating buchazwe ezincwadini zolimi lwesiRashiya [5, 1].
Ngokuqondene nokusetshenziswa kwendlela yamakhemikhali, emazweni amaningi e-EU, imvume ye-Vidat (a.i. oxamil) njenge-nematicide nesibulala-zinambuzane isebenza kuze kube umhla ka-31.01.2023/20/10 [4,4]. Ngokusho kweDathabase ye-EU, kunconywa ukutshala ama-granules ezidakamizwa ekujuleni okungama-5,0 cm kumthamo we-20-0,01 kg/ha, kuye ngohlobo lwenhlabathi [20]. Ngokusho kwedatha yaseYurophu, okuqukethwe okuphezulu okuvunyelwe kwezinsalela ze-oxamyl kumazambane ngu-XNUMX mg/kg [XNUMX].
Ososayensi bamaNgisi baphakamisa ukuthi kusetshenziswe iNematorin 10 G (a.i. phosphiazat) kanye neVelum Prime (a.i. fluopyram) njengamanye ama-nematicides [1]. Kubikwa ukuthi i-Nematorin 10 G isetshenziswa ngokumelene ne-potato cyst nematodes kanye ne-free-living nematodes eyingxenye ye-pp. I-Trichodorus и I-Paratrichodorus, okungabathwali begciwane le-rattle virus [1]. Ku-database ye-EU yezibulala-zinambuzane, i-phosphiasate isivele ibhalisiwe emazweni amaningi e-EU (kusuka ku-01.01.2004/31.10.2022/20 kuya ku-3/20/0,02) njenge-nematicide ngokumelene nama-cyst nematodes kanye ne-gall nematodes [20]. Ngokwezincomo ze-EU, umthamo omncane wokufakwa kwe-phosphiazat ngu-XNUMX kg/ha lapho utshala entwasahlobo [XNUMX]. Ngokusho kwedatha yaseYurophu, okuqukethwe okuphezulu okuvumelekile kwamanani ayinsalela e-phosphiasate kumazambane ngu-XNUMX mg/kg [XNUMX]. E-Russia, le nto esebenzayo ayikakabhaliswa.
E-United States, ukubhaliswa kwesidakamizwa i-Velum Prime kubikwa, okuhloswe ukucindezela i-phytoparasitic nematodes, kanye nezifo eziningi: ukugqwala okumhlophe, i-alternaria, i-powdery mildew kanye ne-verticillium. I-Fluopyram iyisibulala-sikhunta seqembu le-FRAC. Kusizindalwazi se-EU, i-fluopyram ibhaliswe njengesibulala-sikhunta [7].
Ngokusho kwedatha ye-pesticide ye-EU njenge-nematicide kukhukhamba nezaqathi kusuka ku-01.10.2013/30.09.2023/XNUMX kuya ku-XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX. ukulungiswa kwebhaktheriya okubhalisiwe Bacillus eqinile I-1582 [20]. Kukhukhamba kanye nezaqathi I-Bacillus firmus I-1582 ayisunguli okuqukethwe okuphezulu okuvumelekile kwezinsalela kanye nesikhathi sokulinda, esivumela ukuthi sikubheke njenge-prophylactic esetshenziselwa ukutshalwa kwezitshalo zemifino endaweni evikelekile futhi, ngokunokwenzeka, ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ephilayo kanye ukukhiqizwa kokudla kwezingane. E-Russia, lesi sidakamizwa asikabhaliswa.
Ikhowe libhaliswe nase-EU I-Purpureocillium i-licacinum uhlobo 251 [20]. Ukusetshenziswa komuthi kuvunyelwe kusuka ku-01.08.2008/31.07.2022/20 kuya ku-XNUMX/XNUMX/XNUMX. emazweni amaningana e-EU ngenani lezitshalo endaweni evikelekile nevulekile [XNUMX]. Kumazambane, kunconywa ukulwa I-Pratylenchus spp., ne-CCN (I-Globodera spp.) [20]. Ubuchwepheshe bokwethula umuthi emhlabathini buyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ukusebenza kahle kwesenzo sesikhunta kuncike ezimweni zemvelo [20].
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi azikho izinhlobo zamazambane ezimelana ne-stem nematodes yohlobo I-Ditylenchus.
Ngokufingqa lokhu okungenhla, kungaphethwa ngokuthi izindlela eziyinhloko zokulawula i-stem nematode kumazambane njengengxenye yesu lokuvikela elihlanganisiwe yilezi:
- ukusetshenziswa kwembewu yamazambane anempilo;
- ukukhethwa kokujikeleza okude kokujikeleza kwezitshalo, okuvumela ukunciphisa ukutheleleka kwensimu nge-stem nematode. Kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi amanye amasiko angathinteka kakhulu izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-nematodes zohlobo I-Ditylenchus, isibonelo: i-clover ebomvu nemhlophe, i-garlic no-anyanisi [13];
- Ukulawulwa kokhula kanye "nezitshalo zokuzithandela" zamazambane: izinhlobo eziningi zokhula zisebenza njengezinye izitshalo ezibamba i-nematode;
- Ukubulala amagciwane ezitsheni, izinto zokusebenza kanye nezitolo zamazambane ezinezibulala magciwane ezamukelekile. Ububanzi nemithethonqubo yokusetshenziswa kwalawa ma-ejenti inikezwe ezincwadini zolimi lwesiRashiya [2], kanye nasezingeni le-European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) enguqulweni ehunyushiwe [3].
- i-biofumigation yomhlabathi ngezitshalo ze-biofumigating ezivela emndenini we-cruciferous (mustard sareptskaya)I-Brassica juncea), i-arugula (I-Eruca sativa), isithombo esivamile (URaphanus sativus[1].
- ukusetshenziswa komanyolo we-calcium ngesikhathi sokutshala nangesikhathi sokumiswa kwe-tuber mass, ngoba ukunikezwa kwe-calcium eyanele yezitshalo zezolimo kunomthelela ekwakhiweni kodonga olucinene lwesitshalo, okwenza kube nzima ukuthi i-nematode ingene esitshalweni, futhi ikhulise isitshalo. ukumelana namazambane ekulimaleni kanye ne-bacterial blackleg [4].
- Ukulawulwa kwezinga lokungcoliswa kwenhlabathi nge-nematode ye-stem (ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela nokutshala izitshalo, kunconywa ukuhlaziya inhlabathi elabhorethri). Esimeni lapho kuhlaselwe kakhulu, insimu enjalo ngeke isetshenziselwe ukutshala izitshalo ezisengozini ye-stem nematode. Ukuze unciphise ukungcoliswa kwayo, kunconywa ukusebenzisa ama-nematicides - njengengxenye yokuvikela okuhlanganisiwe, ngokuhambisana nemithetho yokuphatha ngokuphephile izibulala-zinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukulahla kahle futhi ngesikhathi esifanele izinsalela ze-nematicides neziqukathi zabo, ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kokunisela namanzi angaphezulu. Ukusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele kwama-nematicides kuzonciphisa umthelela omubi enhlabathini nasemanzini ama-micro- kanye nama-macrobiota.
Isithombe ngu-Maria Kuznetsova, VNIIF
Izithombe eziqinisekiswe yi-British Commonwealth International Center for Agricultural and Biological Sciences (CABI) futhi zathunyelwa ku-CABI Compendium of Invasive Species (14)
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